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2026-05-18T17:39:48Z

Kirk:

US Electoral System-Solutions

2026-05-18T17:38:47Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
|title=Electoral News
|description=Links to articles pertaining to electoral system
|keywords=Electoral system, election, majority, voting rights, voter participation, ranked choice voting,
|image=File:ElectoralCollege2028.svg.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200
}}

''''' See improvements you could make on this page?--Go ahead [[Special:CreateAccount|become a member]] and make your changes.'''''

[[Ranked Choice Voting]]

{|
|-
|'''''Electoral Solutions'''''
[[File:ElectoralCollege2028.svg.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/US_Electoral_System-Solutions Solutions Electoral Systems]]]
|'''''Electoral Systems Other Countries'''''
[[File:Governments can solve at local.jpg|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Government-Electoral_Systems_Other Electoral Systems Other Countries]]]

|}

===== Welcome to the American petrostate =====
[https://thebulletin.org/2024/11/welcome-to-the-american-petrostate/ by Michael E. Mann 7/11/24 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists]
The United States is now a failed Democratic state. With the reelection of Donald Trump, a candidate who has flaunted his desire for autocracy—aided and abetted by a Republican-controlled Congress that will not constrain him with guardrails—the United States is now poised to become an authoritarian state ruled by plutocrats and fossil fuel interests. It is now, in short, a petrostate.

===== Analysis: Ranked choice voting gave New Yorkers more choice, more voice =====
[https://fairvote.org/analysis-ranked-choice-voting-gave-new-yorkers-more-choice-more-voice/ by Deb Otis 1/7/25 FAIRVOTE]
Last week, New Yorkers used ranked choice voting (RCV) to choose nominees for mayor, City Council, and other offices. Today, the New York City Board of Elections released preliminary ranked choice results, and SurveyUSA released an exit poll on voters’ attitudes toward RCV.

===== It's Time to End the Presidency =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2025/6/23/2329476/-It-s-Time-to-End-the-Presidency?pm_campaign=front_page&pm_source=trending&pm_medium=web by angryea 23/6/25 DAILY KOS]
This is not, of course, a novel opinion. Political scientists have been saying for as long as I can remember, certainly since I was taking poly sci classes in college, that presidential systems are failures waiting to happen. There is a reason that the US government, when setting up new “democracies” almost never uses the presidential model — it is simply too broken to support a democracy.

===== Students Solved Gerrymandering For A Science Project. =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/9/6/2191782/-Students-Solved-Gerrymandering-For-A-Science-Project-The-Court-Should-Use-Their-Method-In-Alabama by shaggydaahoud 9/06/23]
Back in 2020, three middle school students from Eastern New York solved the issue of gerrymandering, and their team leader won a $10,000 STEM prize for it. Kai Vernooy, James Lian, and Arin Khare devised a method for determining the level of gerrymandering in a state, and then applied a mathematical algorithm to draw fair and balanced districts. Coincidentally, in this 2020 article from Forbes about their project, Alabama was used as an example.

=====America Is a Republic, Not a Democracy’ Is a Dangerous—And Wrong—Argument=====
[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/11/yes-constitution-democracy/616949/?utm_campaign=the-atlantic&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook&fbclid=IwAR18yDKXS7-jk1mBBUyNr2C_kGCqbMxc1NEDmwJvZZeIL5-RpTgJhQ49yPA NOVEMBER 2, 2020 George Thomas The Atlantic] America Is a Republic, Not a Democracy’ Is a Dangerous—And Wrong—Argument Senator Mike Lee of Utah have taken to reminding the public that “we’re not a democracy.” It is quaint that so many Republicans, embracing a president who routinely tramples constitutional norms, have suddenly found their voice in pointing out that, formally, the country is a republic. There is some truth to this insistence. But it is mostly disingenuous. The Constitution was meant to foster a complex form of majority rule, not enable minority rule.
The founding generation was deeply skeptical of what it called “pure” democracy and defended the American experiment as “wholly republican.” To take this as a rejection of democracy misses how the idea of government by the people, including both a democracy and a republic, was understood when the Constitution was drafted and ratified. It misses, too, how we understand the idea of democracy today.

=====Tom Steyer proposes national referendum, term limits on Congress=====
[https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/blog/meet-press-blog-latest-news-analysis-data-driving-political-discussion-n988541/ncrd1028746#blogHeader National Referendums]
It's part of Steyer's new structural reform plan, which also proposes fairly novel ideas like 12-year term limits on members of Congress, a national vote-by-mail system, public campaign financing, giving the Federal Elections Commission more teeth and different composition, and imposing independent redistricting commissions to tackle gerrymandering.

=====Tom Steyer Structural Reform=====
[https://2020.tomsteyer.com/structural-reform/ Tom’s plans to make our democracy work for the people]
'''Increase Voter Participation with a National Referendum'''
Voters should feel that their voices count, and should be more directly involved in deciding important issues that affect their lives. We plan to have bills introduced in both the House and Senate to establish a national referendum process, establish an office to implement and oversee this process, and develop criteria to place no more than two key issues annually before the national electorate to vote on. This process would increase voter participation, thwart congressional gridlock, and give the American people more power over their democracy.

=====Here’s What Everyone, Including Mary Trump, Gets Wrong About Donald Trump’s Failed Response to COVID-19 =====
https://wallstreetonparade.com/2020/07/heres-what-everyone-including-mary-trump-gets-wrong-about-donald-trumps-failed-response-to-covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR07ZidqDxr1v5bxCJNgg1XM3MhMee4HB6Wu4WEcMQf0qWSWwwrLfvCgexE Wall Street on Parade By Pam Martens and Russ Martens: July 17, 2020 ~
According to Nicholas Confessore, writing for the New York Times in January 2015, the Koch Brothers (Charles and David) and their billionaire minions that meet secretly twice a year at tony resorts to strategize on running the country, agreed to spend upwards of $900 million “to shape a presidential election that is already on track to be the most expensive in history.” This, writes Confessore, would allow the Koch machine to “operate at the same financial scale as the Democratic and Republican Parties.”

Once Trump was in the Oval Office, the Koch machine, known then as Freedom Partners, wasted no time in laying out its agenda for Trump to follow. In a document titled “Roadmap to Repeal: Removing Regulatory Barriers to Opportunity,” the Koch front group lists the laws and regulations it expects to be repealed in the first 100 days of his administration. And like a dutiful courtier, the Trump administration responded quickly. Repeal the Paris Climate Accord – done. Tax cuts for corporations and the wealthy – done. Gutting federal regulations and the Environmental Protection Agency – lots accomplished there.

=====The Jade Helm Fiasco Says More About Texas Than it Does Russia=====
https://www.texasobserver.org/jade-helm-fiasco-says-more-about-texas-than-russia Texas Observer 05/2018 Christopher Hooks
"In his telling, Russians, with the help of domestic fringe media, sowed so much havoc they fooled the good-hearted governor of Texas into embracing a conspiracy theory."

"But that’s not really what happened.Some people did actually believe that Obama’s military was turning empty Walmarts into prisons, in preparation for an imminent purge. But there are always dumb and credulous people. What Jade Helm-gate signified was that the governor saw those people as his people. He was cooking red meat specifically for them. It mattered more to him what the commenters on Breitbart Texas were saying than anyone else. And the fact that Texas politics is unduly paranoid and fearful long predates 2015.

If you are reading this, Abbott is almost certainly not thinking of you as he lies awake at night. He’s thinking of the people who fear imprisonment in a FEMA concentration camp, and the people who think Barack Obama was a secret Muslim, and the people who believe George Soros is going to make gay marriage mandatory.

He’s thinking of those people because he is smart, and because they are how you win re-election in Texas. He writes fundraising appeals specifically for them. This is the natural and expected result of what happens when general elections are not competitive and the dominant party’s primary is controlled by that party’s fringe. It is a very American problem, and in a way a very mundane one.

Even if Ivan had nothing to do with Jade Helm, the episode is still evidence for the proposition that the American body politic is weak and easy to manipulate. People here will believe anything, apparently, and those in power have no qualms about using that against them. That’s been the consistent through-line of Texas politics for many years."

Climate Change-Effects

2026-05-18T17:36:22Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
|title=Climate Change Effects
|description=Huge source of climate change information and how it's effecting the world.
|keywords=methane, co2, coastal flooding, glaciers, climate, climate change, global warming, global weirding, disinformation, sea level rise, ocean acidification, fossil fuels, greenhouse gases,
|image=File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200
}}

===[[Sea Level Rise Tools]]===

We live in a rare time in the history of the Earth. A rapidly changing climate is clearly bringing on the 6th Mass Extinction in Earth's history. It threatens all species, including our own. We were once capable of preventing it, now we are only capable of reducing its impact, though this could mean the difference between a climate we can adapt to and one that we are unable to adapt to. Rather than shutting our eyes with dread or denial, we need to open them and see what is happening to our dear Earth.

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
NYTime Greenland Melt.jpg| [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/opinion/sunday/science-climate-change.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&fbclid=IwAR1ziUwAwSpQ36fNuF47Bi1i69wW-UyBSGd4Ay3nbwc2m23m88OoVPZb8_E How Scientists Got Climate Change So Wrong]
AGGI by Type.png|Annual Greenhouse Gas Index by type
AGGI summary.png|Annual Greenhouse Gas Index cumulative
BBC climate stripes 976-nc.png|[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48678196?fbclid=IwAR1ai4DEW7KgbRoj1jf5pkRuZqgx1bSxI0w-Xt_1-IowMXvtltDpWO08-IU The Chart that Defines Our Warming World]
2624.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/01/precipitous-fall-in-antarctic-sea-ice-revealed 'Precipitous' fall in Antarctic sea ice since 2014 revealed]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Chart of Alaska Temps.jpg|https://[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/13/climate-crisis-alaska-is-melting-and-its-likely-to-accelerate-global-heating Climate crisis: Alaska is melting and it’s likely to accelerate global heating The Guardian]
</gallery>

{|
|-
|'''''Curated Web Exploring'''''
[[File:Basket.gif|thumb|center|150px|link=Curated Web Exploring]]
|'''''Climate Change Technological Solutions'''''
[[File:Kitepower-Aruba-1-1004x669.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Technological_adaptations Technological Solutions]]]
|'''''Climate Change-Foundational'''''
[[File:Heat trapping gases.png|thumb|center| [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Foundational Climate Change-Foundational]]]
|'''''Climate Change Effects'''''
[[File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Effects Climate Change Effects]]]

|}

# [[Overview]]
#
# [[Polar Melting]]
#
# [[Wild Fires]]
#
# [[Extreme Weather]]
#
# [[Sea Level Rise]]
#
# [[Biodiversity]]
#
# [[Heat and Drought]]
#
# [[Infectious Diseases]]
#
# [[Mass Migration]]
#
# [[Ocean Heating and Acidification]]
#
# [[Agricultural Degradation]]
#
# [[Ozone Layer]]
#
# [[Runaway Feedback]]
#
# [[Methane]]

==Resources==

=====Sea Level Rise Blog=====
[https://tamino.wordpress.com/2019/12/10/a-century-and-more-of-sea-level-acceleration/ Open Mind Kid's Lives Matter]

=====Climate Disinformation Database=====
[https://www.desmogblog.com/global-warming-denier-database?utm_source=dsb%20subscriber%20newsletter&fbclid=IwAR0fj5IA7UuPHN1AahmnSmwMhNOuX89Mgq8fSqY31NDbQ-3iqzHqDeu0Er4 List of prominent climate deniers.]

=====DEEP ADAPTATION FORUM=====
https://jembendell.com/2019/09/09/six-months-of-the-deep-adaptation-forum/

=====THE GLOBAL CLIMATE 2015–2019=====
[http://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/ckeditor/files/Five_year_report_2015-2019_0.pdf?4M6Z45W4mlGplwRxbJnQrgi08Ssq5LXe WMO 9/22/2019]

=====Ocean Acidification=====
https://phys.org/search/?search=ocean+acidification
=====Hurricanes=====
https://phys.org/search/?search=hurricanes
=====Sea Level Rise=====
[https://phys.org/tags/sea+level+rise/ Phys.org]
=====Coastal Flooding=====
[https://phys.org/tags/coastal+flooding/ Phys.org ]

=====Greenland Ice Melt Xavier Fettweiss=====
[https://twitter.com/xavierfettweis xavierfettweis]

=====SkepticalScience=====
[https://skepticalscience.com/volcanoes-and-global-warming.htm SkepticalScience Getting skeptical about global warming skepticism.]

=====National Snow and Ice Data Center=====
[https://nsidc.org/ National Snow and Ice Data Center]
NSIDC manages and distributes scientific data, creates tools for data access, supports data users, performs scientific research, and educates the public about the cryosphere.

=====Climate Science Special Report=====
https://science2017.globalchange.gov/
This report is an authoritative assessment of the science of climate change, with a focus on the United States. It represents the first of two volumes of the Fourth National Climate Assessment, mandated by the Global Change Research Act of 1990.

=====Sierra Club Beyond Coal=====
[https://content.sierraclub.org/coal/ Sierra Club Beyond Coal]
Coal is our country’s dirtiest energy source, from mining to burning to disposing of coal waste. Our campaign is uniting grassroots activists across the country to move America Beyond Coal.

==Unformatted Articles==
=====Attributing long-term sea-level rise to Paris Agreement emission pledges=====
https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/10/31/1907461116?cct=1815

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/29/rising-sea-levels-pose-threat-to-homes-of-300m-people-study

https://www.sfchronicle.com/environment/article/Kelp-disappearing-from-coastal-waters-as-fish-14551459.php?fbclid=IwAR1noztdh45xUVh9itnR1C2L460T-B0b6Tpqr3v11RU9X4N2xaE84UuXpV0

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/planet-will-survive-but-what-about-mankind?fbclid=IwAR1NO6_Son4KN3uBzJ6_4LfCjRIdrejaAq7lvxHpQ2uCMKnbkcx8sFx4-XQ

[[Category:News]]
[[Category:News-Climate Change]]

Sea Level Rise Tools

2026-05-18T17:30:51Z

Kirk:

====[https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slr.html NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer]====
====[http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/slr_technical_brief_26_aug_2024.pdf IPCC 6th Report on Sea Level Rise]====
====[https://coast.noaa.gov/sealevelcalculator/ NOAA Sea Level Calculator]====
====[https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/hazards/sealevelrise/sealevelrise-tech-report-graphics.html NOAA Sea level rise infographics]====
====[https://wmo.int/media/magazine-article/future-sea-level-rise-certain-amount-and-speed-are-uncertain WMO Sea-Level Rise Feature]====
====[http://chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/slr_technical_brief_26_aug_2024.pdf UN Technical Brief on Sea Level Rise]====

News Gallery

2026-05-18T17:24:32Z

Kirk: /* Sea Level Rise Tool */

{{#seo:
|title=Curated News Gallery
|description=A Refreshing way to browse the web.
|keywords=news, world news, overlooked news, vital news, electoral system, climate change, racism, custom search
|image=https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/File:Real_Red_vs_Blue.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200}}

This is [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Homemade_Social_Media Homemade Social Media] [http://wikidemocracy.us/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Good+Reads&returntoquery=action%3Dedit become a member] and help us get this thing started.

====[[Storytelling]]====

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=Ongoing ICE News (Updated 3/21)=

===[[Racism-Effects]]===

=Ongoing Health Care News (Updated 3/21)=

===[[Health Care US-Effects]]===

===[[Health Care-Prevention]]===

=Ongoing Climate Change Topics Regularly Updated (Current update 3/20)=

===[[Mass Migration]]===
===[[Heat and Drought]]===

===[[Sea Level Rise Tools]]<nowiki/>===

{|
|-
|'''''Curated Web Exploring'''''
[[File:Basket.gif|thumb|center|150px|link=Curated Web Exploring]]
|'''''Climate Change Technological Solutions'''''
[[File:Kitepower-Aruba-1-1004x669.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Technological_adaptations Technological Solutions]]]
|'''''Climate Change-Foundational'''''
[[File:Heat trapping gases.png|thumb|center| [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Foundational Climate Change-Foundational]]]
|'''''Climate Change Effects'''''
[[File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Effects Climate Change Effects]]]

|}

==== [https://cse.google.com/cse?cx=001641913649056623981:jdpkfam3fyc Search: Democracy Oriented Sites] ====
*

====[[Want a Custom Wiki?]]====
{|
|-
|'''''Electoral Solutions'''''
[[File:ElectoralCollege2028.svg.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/US_Electoral_System-Solutions Solutions Electoral Systems]]]
|'''''Electoral Systems Other Countries'''''
[[File:Governments can solve at local.jpg|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Government-Electoral_Systems_Other Electoral Systems Other Countries]]]

|}

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====[[Special:SecurePoll|Vote in Poll]]====
==Good Long Reads==

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Reverse Centaur.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2026/jan/18/tech-ai-bubble-burst-reverse-centaur AI companies will fail. We can salvage something from the wreckage by Cory Doctorow 28/01/2026]
Southern Propaganda.jpg|[https://www.mcclatchydc.com/opinion/article136803208.html?fbclid=IwAR0j3vPWScDNfbL90yZCQ2_PVl0ZeWFVHlsyLf90Xfn2RmM432CNKJ2ymAA The Confederacy was a con job on whites. And still is. McClatchy DC Bureau By Frank Hyman Updated 3/11/2021]
Democracy-480 x2.jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html The 1619 Project is an ongoing initiative from The New York Times Magazine that began in August 2019, the 400th anniversary of the beginning of American slavery. New York Magazine Aug 2019]
Bamboo farming.jpg| [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/?fbclid=IwAR25pUqt5-deiEnuIHJaMNXMwBwhm2qf0OqU1nQY2pHHQynsd8BYQYuhqBI The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America Inside Climate News Jan 11 2021]
Lizard Optim.jpg|[https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/qanon-s-capitol-rioters-nashville-bomber-s-lizard-people-theory-ncna1253819 Like QAnon's Capitol rioters, the Nashville bomber's lizard people theory is deadly serious NBC Think Jan 12 2021]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker (1).jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
Giddeons.jpg|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/17/1944048/-From-Libba-Cotten-to-Rhiannon-Giddens-the-North-Carolina-Black-folk-tradition-persists?fbclid=IwAR2iobl2YTI_OujtQiiDI7jHSanySaM49wPnmu_lsmJwgL_nWrTOND-Cjrs From Libba Cotten to Rhiannon Giddens, the North Carolina Black folk tradition persists]
Conspiracy theory handbook.jpg| [https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1mVHMdoby_2VKvYhpPkuxedk6mca9FUnkQoyrZqCXHg03Vxb19B320bC8 How to recognize and Deal with Conspiracy Theories]
</gallery>

Sea Level Rise Tools

2026-05-18T17:23:05Z

Kirk:

Sea Level Rise Tools

2026-05-18T17:20:34Z

Kirk: Created page with "====[https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slr.html NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer]===="

====[https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/tools/slr.html NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer]====

Climate Change-Effects

2026-05-18T17:18:46Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
|title=Climate Change Effects
|description=Huge source of climate change information and how it's effecting the world.
|keywords=methane, co2, coastal flooding, glaciers, climate, climate change, global warming, global weirding, disinformation, sea level rise, ocean acidification, fossil fuels, greenhouse gases,
|image=File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200
}}

===[[Sea Level Rise Tools]]===

We live in a rare time in the history of the Earth. A rapidly changing climate is clearly bringing on the 6th Mass Extinction in Earth's history. It threatens all species, including our own. We were once capable of preventing it, now we are only capable of reducing its impact, though this could mean the difference between a climate we can adapt to and one that we are unable to adapt to. Rather than shutting our eyes with dread or denial, we need to open them and see what is happening to our dear Earth.

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
NYTime Greenland Melt.jpg| [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/08/opinion/sunday/science-climate-change.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&fbclid=IwAR1ziUwAwSpQ36fNuF47Bi1i69wW-UyBSGd4Ay3nbwc2m23m88OoVPZb8_E How Scientists Got Climate Change So Wrong]
AGGI by Type.png|Annual Greenhouse Gas Index by type
AGGI summary.png|Annual Greenhouse Gas Index cumulative
BBC climate stripes 976-nc.png|[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48678196?fbclid=IwAR1ai4DEW7KgbRoj1jf5pkRuZqgx1bSxI0w-Xt_1-IowMXvtltDpWO08-IU The Chart that Defines Our Warming World]
2624.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/01/precipitous-fall-in-antarctic-sea-ice-revealed 'Precipitous' fall in Antarctic sea ice since 2014 revealed]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Chart of Alaska Temps.jpg|https://[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/13/climate-crisis-alaska-is-melting-and-its-likely-to-accelerate-global-heating Climate crisis: Alaska is melting and it’s likely to accelerate global heating The Guardian]
</gallery>

# [[Overview]]
#
# [[Polar Melting]]
#
# [[Wild Fires]]
#
# [[Extreme Weather]]
#
# [[Sea Level Rise]]
#
# [[Biodiversity]]
#
# [[Heat and Drought]]
#
# [[Infectious Diseases]]
#
# [[Mass Migration]]
#
# [[Ocean Heating and Acidification]]
#
# [[Agricultural Degradation]]
#
# [[Ozone Layer]]
#
# [[Runaway Feedback]]
#
# [[Methane]]

==Resources==

=====Sea Level Rise Blog=====
[https://tamino.wordpress.com/2019/12/10/a-century-and-more-of-sea-level-acceleration/ Open Mind Kid's Lives Matter]

=====Climate Disinformation Database=====
[https://www.desmogblog.com/global-warming-denier-database?utm_source=dsb%20subscriber%20newsletter&fbclid=IwAR0fj5IA7UuPHN1AahmnSmwMhNOuX89Mgq8fSqY31NDbQ-3iqzHqDeu0Er4 List of prominent climate deniers.]

=====DEEP ADAPTATION FORUM=====
https://jembendell.com/2019/09/09/six-months-of-the-deep-adaptation-forum/

=====THE GLOBAL CLIMATE 2015–2019=====
[http://ane4bf-datap1.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wmocms/s3fs-public/ckeditor/files/Five_year_report_2015-2019_0.pdf?4M6Z45W4mlGplwRxbJnQrgi08Ssq5LXe WMO 9/22/2019]

=====Ocean Acidification=====
https://phys.org/search/?search=ocean+acidification
=====Hurricanes=====
https://phys.org/search/?search=hurricanes
=====Sea Level Rise=====
[https://phys.org/tags/sea+level+rise/ Phys.org]
=====Coastal Flooding=====
[https://phys.org/tags/coastal+flooding/ Phys.org ]

=====Greenland Ice Melt Xavier Fettweiss=====
[https://twitter.com/xavierfettweis xavierfettweis]

=====SkepticalScience=====
[https://skepticalscience.com/volcanoes-and-global-warming.htm SkepticalScience Getting skeptical about global warming skepticism.]

=====National Snow and Ice Data Center=====
[https://nsidc.org/ National Snow and Ice Data Center]
NSIDC manages and distributes scientific data, creates tools for data access, supports data users, performs scientific research, and educates the public about the cryosphere.

=====Climate Science Special Report=====
https://science2017.globalchange.gov/
This report is an authoritative assessment of the science of climate change, with a focus on the United States. It represents the first of two volumes of the Fourth National Climate Assessment, mandated by the Global Change Research Act of 1990.

=====Sierra Club Beyond Coal=====
[https://content.sierraclub.org/coal/ Sierra Club Beyond Coal]
Coal is our country’s dirtiest energy source, from mining to burning to disposing of coal waste. Our campaign is uniting grassroots activists across the country to move America Beyond Coal.

==Unformatted Articles==
=====Attributing long-term sea-level rise to Paris Agreement emission pledges=====
https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2019/10/31/1907461116?cct=1815

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/29/rising-sea-levels-pose-threat-to-homes-of-300m-people-study

https://www.sfchronicle.com/environment/article/Kelp-disappearing-from-coastal-waters-as-fish-14551459.php?fbclid=IwAR1noztdh45xUVh9itnR1C2L460T-B0b6Tpqr3v11RU9X4N2xaE84UuXpV0

https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/planet-will-survive-but-what-about-mankind?fbclid=IwAR1NO6_Son4KN3uBzJ6_4LfCjRIdrejaAq7lvxHpQ2uCMKnbkcx8sFx4-XQ

[[Category:News]]
[[Category:News-Climate Change]]

News Gallery

2026-05-18T17:07:07Z

Kirk:

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==Good Long Reads==

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Reverse Centaur.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2026/jan/18/tech-ai-bubble-burst-reverse-centaur AI companies will fail. We can salvage something from the wreckage by Cory Doctorow 28/01/2026]
Southern Propaganda.jpg|[https://www.mcclatchydc.com/opinion/article136803208.html?fbclid=IwAR0j3vPWScDNfbL90yZCQ2_PVl0ZeWFVHlsyLf90Xfn2RmM432CNKJ2ymAA The Confederacy was a con job on whites. And still is. McClatchy DC Bureau By Frank Hyman Updated 3/11/2021]
Democracy-480 x2.jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html The 1619 Project is an ongoing initiative from The New York Times Magazine that began in August 2019, the 400th anniversary of the beginning of American slavery. New York Magazine Aug 2019]
Bamboo farming.jpg| [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/?fbclid=IwAR25pUqt5-deiEnuIHJaMNXMwBwhm2qf0OqU1nQY2pHHQynsd8BYQYuhqBI The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America Inside Climate News Jan 11 2021]
Lizard Optim.jpg|[https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/qanon-s-capitol-rioters-nashville-bomber-s-lizard-people-theory-ncna1253819 Like QAnon's Capitol rioters, the Nashville bomber's lizard people theory is deadly serious NBC Think Jan 12 2021]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker (1).jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
Giddeons.jpg|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/17/1944048/-From-Libba-Cotten-to-Rhiannon-Giddens-the-North-Carolina-Black-folk-tradition-persists?fbclid=IwAR2iobl2YTI_OujtQiiDI7jHSanySaM49wPnmu_lsmJwgL_nWrTOND-Cjrs From Libba Cotten to Rhiannon Giddens, the North Carolina Black folk tradition persists]
Conspiracy theory handbook.jpg| [https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1mVHMdoby_2VKvYhpPkuxedk6mca9FUnkQoyrZqCXHg03Vxb19B320bC8 How to recognize and Deal with Conspiracy Theories]
</gallery>

News Gallery

2026-05-09T15:27:16Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
|title=Curated News Gallery
|description=A Refreshing way to browse the web.
|keywords=news, world news, overlooked news, vital news, electoral system, climate change, racism, custom search
|image=https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/File:Real_Red_vs_Blue.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200}}

This is [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Homemade_Social_Media Homemade Social Media] [http://wikidemocracy.us/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Good+Reads&returntoquery=action%3Dedit become a member] and help us get this thing started.

====[[Storytelling]]====

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=Ongoing ICE News (Updated 3/21)=

===[[Racism-Effects]]===

=Ongoing Health Care News (Updated 3/21)=

===[[Health Care US-Effects]]===

===[[Health Care-Prevention]]===

=Ongoing Climate Change Topics Regularly Updated (Current update 3/20)=

===[[Mass Migration]]===
===[[Heat and Drought]]===

{|
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|'''''Curated Web Exploring'''''
[[File:Basket.gif|thumb|center|150px|link=Curated Web Exploring]]
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[[File:Kitepower-Aruba-1-1004x669.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Technological_adaptations Technological Solutions]]]
|'''''Climate Change-Foundational'''''
[[File:Heat trapping gases.png|thumb|center| [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Foundational Climate Change-Foundational]]]
|'''''Climate Change Effects'''''
[[File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Effects Climate Change Effects]]]

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<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Reverse Centaur.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2026/jan/18/tech-ai-bubble-burst-reverse-centaur AI companies will fail. We can salvage something from the wreckage by Cory Doctorow 28/01/2026]
Southern Propaganda.jpg|[https://www.mcclatchydc.com/opinion/article136803208.html?fbclid=IwAR0j3vPWScDNfbL90yZCQ2_PVl0ZeWFVHlsyLf90Xfn2RmM432CNKJ2ymAA The Confederacy was a con job on whites. And still is. McClatchy DC Bureau By Frank Hyman Updated 3/11/2021]
Democracy-480 x2.jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html The 1619 Project is an ongoing initiative from The New York Times Magazine that began in August 2019, the 400th anniversary of the beginning of American slavery. New York Magazine Aug 2019]
Bamboo farming.jpg| [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/?fbclid=IwAR25pUqt5-deiEnuIHJaMNXMwBwhm2qf0OqU1nQY2pHHQynsd8BYQYuhqBI The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America Inside Climate News Jan 11 2021]
Lizard Optim.jpg|[https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/qanon-s-capitol-rioters-nashville-bomber-s-lizard-people-theory-ncna1253819 Like QAnon's Capitol rioters, the Nashville bomber's lizard people theory is deadly serious NBC Think Jan 12 2021]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker (1).jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
Giddeons.jpg|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/17/1944048/-From-Libba-Cotten-to-Rhiannon-Giddens-the-North-Carolina-Black-folk-tradition-persists?fbclid=IwAR2iobl2YTI_OujtQiiDI7jHSanySaM49wPnmu_lsmJwgL_nWrTOND-Cjrs From Libba Cotten to Rhiannon Giddens, the North Carolina Black folk tradition persists]
Conspiracy theory handbook.jpg| [https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1mVHMdoby_2VKvYhpPkuxedk6mca9FUnkQoyrZqCXHg03Vxb19B320bC8 How to recognize and Deal with Conspiracy Theories]
</gallery>

Storytelling

2026-04-21T08:55:02Z

Kirk: /* The Re-Enchantment Issue */

=====Memoir Magazine=====
[https://memoirmag.com/personal-essay/ | Memoir Magazine | Memoir Magazine | 2026]
Memoir Magazine collects first-person writing centered on memory, identity, grief, family, recovery, and other intimate subjects. The personal essay archive shows many individual voices presented in a literary but still emotionally direct way. The site also pairs many entries with header images, featured artwork, and strong visual layout elements. It is more polished than an amateur blog, but it still revolves around lived experience told in a personal voice. It works well as a source for personal stories with an accessible magazine format. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}

=====Artists Tell Their Stories=====
[https://artiststelltheirstories.blogspot.com/ | Artists Tell Their Stories | Artists Tell Their Stories | 2018]
This is an interactive blog built around artists explaining why they make what they make. The tone is much closer to an old-school personal blog than a formal publication. Its appeal comes from hearing creators speak in their own words about motivation, struggle, and process. Because it is hosted in a simple blog format, it has a more handmade and individual feeling than most arts sites. It is a good fit for personal creative narratives rather than polished institutional essays. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

=====An Artist's Journal=====
[https://artistsjournal.wordpress.com/ | An Artist's Journal | An Artist's Journal | 2026]
This site presents itself as the day-to-day life of a full-time artist, including the highs, lows, and everything in between. That framing makes it feel explicitly diaristic and grounded in ordinary experience. It is less about formal stories and more about ongoing lived process. Readers who like personal reflection, art practice, and routine creative life will probably find it appealing. The overall tone is intimate and journal-like rather than commercial. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

=====Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness=====
[https://www.tangledwilderness.org/ | Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness | Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness | 2026]
This independent site blends reading, zines, posters, podcasts, and other creative work in one place. It has a distinct small-press feeling rather than the tone of a mainstream magazine. The project supports unusual narrative forms, personal voices, and subcultural or alternative storytelling. It feels especially suited to readers who like hybrid spaces where stories, art, and DIY publishing overlap. The site is more collective than purely personal, but it still has a strong handmade character. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

=====Essays – 3:AM Magazine=====
[https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/essays/ | 3:AM Magazine | 3:AM Magazine | 2026]
The essays section of 3:AM Magazine sits in an eccentric literary space between criticism, personal writing, and experimental culture. It is not especially amateur, but it keeps a more cult and independent energy than large publications. The site is good for readers who want unusual voices and less conventional editorial taste. Its broader structure also includes fiction, poetry, interviews, and blog material. It fits best as a bridge between obscure literary culture and personal, imaginative writing. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

=====CRAFT=====
[https://www.craftliterary.com/ | CRAFT Literary | CRAFT Literary | 2026]
CRAFT describes itself as exploring the art of prose and organizes its work into fiction, creative nonfiction, and craft essays. It is clearly more polished than a homemade personal blog. Even so, it remains independent in spirit and focused on individual voice. It is especially useful if you want contemporary narrative writing with some literary seriousness but without a corporate-media feel. The visual presentation is clean and professional rather than rough or diary-like. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

=====Gramercy Review=====
[https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/gramercy-review/ | CLMP staff listing | Community of Literary Magazines and Presses | 2026]
Gramercy Review appears here through CLMP’s publisher directory rather than through its own main editorial page. It is presented as a literary magazine associated with fiction, essays, poetry, translation, and art. That makes it relevant for readers looking for story-driven writing with visual or artistic overlap. Because this is a directory listing, the page gives less texture than the more personal blog examples above. It is still useful as a lead for indie literary work with a more niche profile. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

=====In the In-Between=====
[https://www.inthein-between.com/about/ | Gregory Eddi Jones | In the In-Between | 2020]
In the In-Between is an independent publishing platform focused on contemporary photographic authorship. Its mission emphasizes bold and personal perspectives from artists and writers working with photography. The site publishes portfolios, conversations, profiles, reviews, essays, and exhibitions, so images are central rather than secondary. It is an excellent match for someone who wants story and visual atmosphere to work together. Even though it is editorially curated, it still feels niche and closely tied to individual artistic voices. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

=====1000 Words=====
[https://1000wordsmag.com/ | 1000 Words | 1000 Words | 2026]
1000 Words is a contemporary photography magazine organized around current issues, archives, conversations, books, and features. The site is visually oriented from the start, with photography at the center of its identity. It is not especially confessional or diaristic, but it is strong for readers who want reflective writing carried by image culture. Many of its pieces feel like thoughtful encounters with artists, exhibitions, and photographic ideas. It fits best on the more visual and essayistic side of your original request. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

=====Emergence Magazine=====
[https://emergencemagazine.org/about/ | Emergence Magazine | Emergence Magazine | 2026]
Emergence frames story-sharing as a meaningful response to ecological and spiritual crisis. The publication focuses on the intersections of ecology, culture, and spirituality, giving it a meditative and immersive tone. Its work often combines essays, imagery, and multimedia presentation to create a slow-reading experience. It is more curated and polished than an amateur blog, but it still values story as a deeply personal act. It works well if you want reflective, image-aware storytelling with a nature-centered sensibility. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}

=====Neocities Personal Tag=====
[https://neocities.org/browse?tag=personal | Neocities | Neocities | 2026]
This page is a directory of sites tagged “personal” on Neocities. Its main value is not a single story source but a way to discover many small, idiosyncratic, often handmade websites. Because Neocities encourages independent personal publishing, the results tend to feel rougher and more individual than polished platform blogs. It is one of the best starting points for finding genuinely amateur web spaces. The browsing experience is closer to wandering the old web than reading a formal publication. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}

=====How I do diary comics. And why.=====
[https://drewscape.blogspot.com/2024/11/how-i-do-diary-comics-and-why.html | Drewscape | Drewscape | 2024]
This post explains how the creator approaches diary comics and why that format matters to them. The emphasis on journaling, observation, and daily sensory detail makes it one of the strongest personal-amateur fits in the whole list. It turns ordinary life into illustrated narrative rather than polished literature. Because the site is a personal blog, the voice feels immediate and unfiltered. It is ideal for someone looking for visual storytelling rooted in everyday experience. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}

=====Evolution of a Comic Diary=====
[https://tina-koyama.blogspot.com/2024/04/evolution-of-comic-diary.html | MiataGrrl | Fueled by Clouds & Coffee | 2024]
This post reflects on the development of a comic diary practice and how memory, photos, and drawing interact. The author discusses personal sketching habits in a casual, blog-native way rather than as formal criticism. That gives the piece a lived-in and genuinely individual tone. Images are essential to the post because the comic diary format is itself visual. It is a strong example of an amateur-feeling site where personal narration and illustration are inseparable. :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}

=====Next step on my journaling journey=====
[https://astridsartisticefforts.blogspot.com/2019/01/next-step-on-my-journaling-journey.html | Astrid Maclean | Astrid's Artistic Efforts | 2019]
This entry shares journal spreads and explains how the author is using different notebooks, including a “Draw Your Day” journal. The post openly mentions that some pages record deeper and more personal parts of life, with parts of the writing redacted. That detail makes it feel especially intimate and amateur in the best sense. The photographed pages are central to the experience, not just an add-on. It is one of the clearest examples of someone publicly sharing a private-looking visual journal. :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}

=====May 2013=====
[https://vickylwilliamson.blogspot.com/2013/05/ | Vicky L. Williamson | Vicky L. Williamson | 2013]
This archive page includes small personal posts tied to watercolor sketches, memories, family life, and everyday observation. One post explicitly says that many journal pages are kept private, but selected ones are shared because the author liked how a watercolor turned out. That balance of privacy and selective sharing gives the site a very genuine personal-journal feeling. The writing is modest, specific, and grounded in daily life rather than publication ambitions. It is a very strong fit for readers wanting handmade posts with both image and memory. :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}

=====Diary – katakolora=====
[https://katakolora.wordpress.com/category/diary/ | anncsoo | katakolora | 2026]
The diary category on katakolora sits inside a site identified as “The Art of Kath || anncsoo.” That framing suggests a personal artist site where diary entries are part of a broader creative practice. The category structure makes it useful for browsing informal, recurring personal posts rather than standalone polished essays. It appears to combine visual art with autobiographical or diary-like content. Overall it feels like a casual artist’s web home rather than a formal magazine. :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}

=====Sketchbook Wandering : 2020=====
[https://sketchbook-wandering.blogspot.com/2020/ | Sketchbook Wandering | Sketchbook Wandering | 2020]
This archive blends sketching, journaling, handwriting, watercolor, and everyday life into a highly personal art diary. The posts speak directly about private journals, daily journals, and the experience of sketching both indoors and out. That makes the site feel deeply process-oriented and quietly intimate. Images are embedded throughout, so the reader sees the journals and drawings alongside the reflections. It is an excellent example of personal visual blogging that still feels rooted in ordinary life. :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}

=====The Neocreatives Webring=====
[https://neocreatives.neocities.org/members | The Neocreatives Webring | The Neocreatives Webring | 2026]
This page is a members list for a webring built around small creative sites. Its value lies in discovery rather than in one single story archive. Because it belongs to the Neocities-style personal web ecosystem, it is especially good for finding niche, handmade, personality-driven sites. Browsing it can lead to blogs, art pages, journals, and original-character worlds that feel far less institutional than mainstream platforms. It is one of the best gateway pages for going deeper into amateur personal web culture. :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}

=====JournalRing=====
[https://nenrikido.neocities.org/webrings/journalring/ | nenrikido | JournalRing | 2025]
JournalRing is a webring specifically for people who keep journals and also maintain personal websites. Its whole purpose is to connect small, individual web spaces built around notebooks, planners, diary habits, and personal reflection. That makes it a strong source for discovering genuinely amateur, handmade sites rather than polished publications. The design itself reinforces the personal-journaling theme, with a planner-inspired layout and member roster. It is best used as a gateway to many small journal-centered sites at once.

=====Verdantville=====
[https://starry-knight.neocities.org/webring/verdant-webring | Starry's Grove | Verdantville | 2026]
Verdantville is a webring for green-themed personal websites, but its members are broader than just color studies. The page explains what a webring is and frames the project as a community of linked personal sites. Because it gathers personality-driven web homes, it can lead to blogs, art pages, writing pages, and other intimate, handmade spaces. It feels very much part of the current indie-personal-web revival rather than a content platform. This is a good browsing hub when you want individual sites with a whimsical, curated feel.

=====Hotline Webring=====
[https://hotlinewebring.club/ | Hotline Webring | Hotline Webring | 2026]
Hotline Webring is another good discovery hub for personal websites. Its FAQ explicitly says it wants sites that show off someone’s individual personality, which is a very good sign for your purposes. That means the ring is oriented toward distinct, personal web spaces rather than brand sites or generic blogs. It can be a useful place to branch out into stranger, rougher, more individual corners of the web. This is more of a collection tool than a story archive, but it is well suited to finding those story archives.

=====Neocities Diary Tag=====
[https://neocities.org/browse?tag=diary | Neocities | Neocities | 2026]
This tag page collects Neocities sites that identify themselves with “diary.” Because Neocities is full of personal publishing, the results often feel much more private, amateur, and eccentric than standard blogging platforms. The listings show many sites tagged with combinations like diary, personal, blog, writing, art, or journal, which is exactly the ecosystem you seem to be after. It is especially helpful if you want to browse broadly rather than rely on one curator’s taste. This is one of the strongest collection pages for finding raw, diary-like personal sites.

=====Keeping an Artist's Journal Class--FREE=====
[https://cathyjohnsonart.blogspot.com/2020/03/keeping-artists-journal-class-free.html | Kate (Cathy Johnson) | Art, Life, and other Oddities | 2020]
This post centers directly on the importance of keeping an artist’s journal. Cathy Johnson describes journals as tools for sanity, practice, response, and daily life, which makes the page feel personal as well as instructional. Other pages connected to the same blog describe her as someone who has kept an artist’s journal for decades. The site has the texture of a long-running personal artist blog rather than a magazine. It is a good fit if you want first-person art journaling with images and a strong sense of lived practice.

=====Kelly Kilmer Artist and Instructor=====
[https://kellykilmer.blogspot.com/ | Kelly Kilmer | Kelly Kilmer Artist and Instructor | 2026]
Kelly Kilmer’s blog presents itself through a dense, personal self-description: teacher, painter, book artist, wanderer, and working artist. The linked materials and post archive show a longstanding focus on art journaling, collage, mixed media, and workshop life. That gives the blog a personal-studio feeling rather than the feel of a generic how-to site. It is more outward-facing than a private diary, but it still reads as one person’s creative world gathered in one place. This makes it a strong source for visual, journal-adjacent personal blogging.

=====Jean a drawing a day=====
[https://jeanadrawingaday.com/ | Jean | Jean a drawing a day | 2026]
This site began as a challenge to make one drawing every day and then simply kept going for years. The about page explains that the author started before turning fifty and continued into the thousands of posted drawings. The main site includes diary material, writing about drawing, and individual dated posts with images. That structure makes it feel like an ongoing illustrated life-record rather than a formal portfolio alone. It is one of the clearest examples of a sustained personal visual diary on the web.

=====Starting a Year-Long, Daily Photography Journal=====
[https://jeremybassetti.com/fieldnotes/2024/starting-photography-journal/ | Jeremy Bassetti | Field Notes | 2024]
In this post, Jeremy Bassetti writes about beginning a 365-day practice of taking at least two photographs every day. The piece frames photography as a daily record of life rather than only an artistic output. Because it is rooted in a self-imposed journal project, it has a personal-documentary quality that fits well with your request. The Field Notes section around it reinforces the sense of an ongoing individual practice. It is a strong example of photo-based personal storytelling with images embedded into the project from the start.

=====A few notes on Drawing and Journaling.=====
[https://augustwren.substack.com/p/a-few-notes-on-drawing-and-journaling | Jennifer Orkin Lewis | AugustWren Art and News | 2026]
This post blends travel, everyday observation, sketching, and reflective journaling. The Substack as a whole is described as art, teaching, and musings from Jennifer Orkin Lewis, which gives it a clearly personal anchor. The article itself stresses that Paris is also “everyday life,” which makes the journal feeling broader than travel content alone. Images are included directly in the post, so the visual record is part of the reading experience. It is a good example of a contemporary personal art newsletter that still feels intimate and handmade.

=====A Nature Art Journal=====
[https://natureartjournal.blogspot.com/ | A Nature Art Journal | A Nature Art Journal | 2023]
This blog explicitly describes itself as “our natural world in art and words.” The author explains that keeping a nature art sketchbook or journal connects a love of art with attention to the surrounding environment. That framing makes it feel grounded in personal practice and observation rather than content production. The blog is especially good if you like the quieter side of personal journaling, where place and nature become the subject of recurring entries. It is a strong fit for illustrated personal reflection with a nature focus.

=====Jean a drawing a day - About me=====
[https://jeanadrawingaday.com/about/ | Jean | Jean a drawing a day | 2012]
The about page gives more of the personal story behind the daily drawing project. It explains how the challenge began and how the author continued far past the original 365-day goal. That kind of origin story gives the site an especially human, cumulative feeling, like watching years of life sediment into a body of work. It also confirms that the site is not just a portfolio but a habit-driven record of days and attention. For anyone interested in illustrated personal archives, this is one of the best examples in the set.
===[[Mazzeo]]===
===[[Laozi]]===
===[[Paradise]]===

Storytelling

2026-04-14T17:08:15Z

Kirk:

=====Memoir Magazine=====
[https://memoirmag.com/personal-essay/ | Memoir Magazine | Memoir Magazine | 2026]
Memoir Magazine collects first-person writing centered on memory, identity, grief, family, recovery, and other intimate subjects. The personal essay archive shows many individual voices presented in a literary but still emotionally direct way. The site also pairs many entries with header images, featured artwork, and strong visual layout elements. It is more polished than an amateur blog, but it still revolves around lived experience told in a personal voice. It works well as a source for personal stories with an accessible magazine format. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}

=====Artists Tell Their Stories=====
[https://artiststelltheirstories.blogspot.com/ | Artists Tell Their Stories | Artists Tell Their Stories | 2018]
This is an interactive blog built around artists explaining why they make what they make. The tone is much closer to an old-school personal blog than a formal publication. Its appeal comes from hearing creators speak in their own words about motivation, struggle, and process. Because it is hosted in a simple blog format, it has a more handmade and individual feeling than most arts sites. It is a good fit for personal creative narratives rather than polished institutional essays. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}

=====An Artist's Journal=====
[https://artistsjournal.wordpress.com/ | An Artist's Journal | An Artist's Journal | 2026]
This site presents itself as the day-to-day life of a full-time artist, including the highs, lows, and everything in between. That framing makes it feel explicitly diaristic and grounded in ordinary experience. It is less about formal stories and more about ongoing lived process. Readers who like personal reflection, art practice, and routine creative life will probably find it appealing. The overall tone is intimate and journal-like rather than commercial. :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}

=====The Re-Enchantment Issue=====
[https://www.cunning-folk.com/read-posts/the-re-enchantment-issue | Cunning Folk | Cunning Folk Magazine | 2020]
This issue of Cunning Folk leans toward folklore, spirit, place, and reflective essay writing. It is less amateur than some of the diary blogs, but it still has an intimate, handmade atmosphere. The publication combines text with a visually curated presentation that supports the mood of the writing. Its stories tend to feel reflective and imaginative rather than journalistic. It is especially useful if you want personal-feeling writing that also has an enchanted or folkloric edge. :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}

=====Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness=====
[https://www.tangledwilderness.org/ | Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness | Strangers in a Tangled Wilderness | 2026]
This independent site blends reading, zines, posters, podcasts, and other creative work in one place. It has a distinct small-press feeling rather than the tone of a mainstream magazine. The project supports unusual narrative forms, personal voices, and subcultural or alternative storytelling. It feels especially suited to readers who like hybrid spaces where stories, art, and DIY publishing overlap. The site is more collective than purely personal, but it still has a strong handmade character. :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}

=====Essays – 3:AM Magazine=====
[https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/essays/ | 3:AM Magazine | 3:AM Magazine | 2026]
The essays section of 3:AM Magazine sits in an eccentric literary space between criticism, personal writing, and experimental culture. It is not especially amateur, but it keeps a more cult and independent energy than large publications. The site is good for readers who want unusual voices and less conventional editorial taste. Its broader structure also includes fiction, poetry, interviews, and blog material. It fits best as a bridge between obscure literary culture and personal, imaginative writing. :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}

=====CRAFT=====
[https://www.craftliterary.com/ | CRAFT Literary | CRAFT Literary | 2026]
CRAFT describes itself as exploring the art of prose and organizes its work into fiction, creative nonfiction, and craft essays. It is clearly more polished than a homemade personal blog. Even so, it remains independent in spirit and focused on individual voice. It is especially useful if you want contemporary narrative writing with some literary seriousness but without a corporate-media feel. The visual presentation is clean and professional rather than rough or diary-like. :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}

=====Gramercy Review=====
[https://www.clmp.org/readers/publisher/gramercy-review/ | CLMP staff listing | Community of Literary Magazines and Presses | 2026]
Gramercy Review appears here through CLMP’s publisher directory rather than through its own main editorial page. It is presented as a literary magazine associated with fiction, essays, poetry, translation, and art. That makes it relevant for readers looking for story-driven writing with visual or artistic overlap. Because this is a directory listing, the page gives less texture than the more personal blog examples above. It is still useful as a lead for indie literary work with a more niche profile. :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}

=====In the In-Between=====
[https://www.inthein-between.com/about/ | Gregory Eddi Jones | In the In-Between | 2020]
In the In-Between is an independent publishing platform focused on contemporary photographic authorship. Its mission emphasizes bold and personal perspectives from artists and writers working with photography. The site publishes portfolios, conversations, profiles, reviews, essays, and exhibitions, so images are central rather than secondary. It is an excellent match for someone who wants story and visual atmosphere to work together. Even though it is editorially curated, it still feels niche and closely tied to individual artistic voices. :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}

=====1000 Words=====
[https://1000wordsmag.com/ | 1000 Words | 1000 Words | 2026]
1000 Words is a contemporary photography magazine organized around current issues, archives, conversations, books, and features. The site is visually oriented from the start, with photography at the center of its identity. It is not especially confessional or diaristic, but it is strong for readers who want reflective writing carried by image culture. Many of its pieces feel like thoughtful encounters with artists, exhibitions, and photographic ideas. It fits best on the more visual and essayistic side of your original request. :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}

=====Emergence Magazine=====
[https://emergencemagazine.org/about/ | Emergence Magazine | Emergence Magazine | 2026]
Emergence frames story-sharing as a meaningful response to ecological and spiritual crisis. The publication focuses on the intersections of ecology, culture, and spirituality, giving it a meditative and immersive tone. Its work often combines essays, imagery, and multimedia presentation to create a slow-reading experience. It is more curated and polished than an amateur blog, but it still values story as a deeply personal act. It works well if you want reflective, image-aware storytelling with a nature-centered sensibility. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}

=====Neocities Personal Tag=====
[https://neocities.org/browse?tag=personal | Neocities | Neocities | 2026]
This page is a directory of sites tagged “personal” on Neocities. Its main value is not a single story source but a way to discover many small, idiosyncratic, often handmade websites. Because Neocities encourages independent personal publishing, the results tend to feel rougher and more individual than polished platform blogs. It is one of the best starting points for finding genuinely amateur web spaces. The browsing experience is closer to wandering the old web than reading a formal publication. :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}

=====How I do diary comics. And why.=====
[https://drewscape.blogspot.com/2024/11/how-i-do-diary-comics-and-why.html | Drewscape | Drewscape | 2024]
This post explains how the creator approaches diary comics and why that format matters to them. The emphasis on journaling, observation, and daily sensory detail makes it one of the strongest personal-amateur fits in the whole list. It turns ordinary life into illustrated narrative rather than polished literature. Because the site is a personal blog, the voice feels immediate and unfiltered. It is ideal for someone looking for visual storytelling rooted in everyday experience. :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}

=====Evolution of a Comic Diary=====
[https://tina-koyama.blogspot.com/2024/04/evolution-of-comic-diary.html | MiataGrrl | Fueled by Clouds & Coffee | 2024]
This post reflects on the development of a comic diary practice and how memory, photos, and drawing interact. The author discusses personal sketching habits in a casual, blog-native way rather than as formal criticism. That gives the piece a lived-in and genuinely individual tone. Images are essential to the post because the comic diary format is itself visual. It is a strong example of an amateur-feeling site where personal narration and illustration are inseparable. :contentReference[oaicite:13]{index=13}

=====Next step on my journaling journey=====
[https://astridsartisticefforts.blogspot.com/2019/01/next-step-on-my-journaling-journey.html | Astrid Maclean | Astrid's Artistic Efforts | 2019]
This entry shares journal spreads and explains how the author is using different notebooks, including a “Draw Your Day” journal. The post openly mentions that some pages record deeper and more personal parts of life, with parts of the writing redacted. That detail makes it feel especially intimate and amateur in the best sense. The photographed pages are central to the experience, not just an add-on. It is one of the clearest examples of someone publicly sharing a private-looking visual journal. :contentReference[oaicite:14]{index=14}

=====May 2013=====
[https://vickylwilliamson.blogspot.com/2013/05/ | Vicky L. Williamson | Vicky L. Williamson | 2013]
This archive page includes small personal posts tied to watercolor sketches, memories, family life, and everyday observation. One post explicitly says that many journal pages are kept private, but selected ones are shared because the author liked how a watercolor turned out. That balance of privacy and selective sharing gives the site a very genuine personal-journal feeling. The writing is modest, specific, and grounded in daily life rather than publication ambitions. It is a very strong fit for readers wanting handmade posts with both image and memory. :contentReference[oaicite:15]{index=15}

=====Diary – katakolora=====
[https://katakolora.wordpress.com/category/diary/ | anncsoo | katakolora | 2026]
The diary category on katakolora sits inside a site identified as “The Art of Kath || anncsoo.” That framing suggests a personal artist site where diary entries are part of a broader creative practice. The category structure makes it useful for browsing informal, recurring personal posts rather than standalone polished essays. It appears to combine visual art with autobiographical or diary-like content. Overall it feels like a casual artist’s web home rather than a formal magazine. :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16}

=====Sketchbook Wandering : 2020=====
[https://sketchbook-wandering.blogspot.com/2020/ | Sketchbook Wandering | Sketchbook Wandering | 2020]
This archive blends sketching, journaling, handwriting, watercolor, and everyday life into a highly personal art diary. The posts speak directly about private journals, daily journals, and the experience of sketching both indoors and out. That makes the site feel deeply process-oriented and quietly intimate. Images are embedded throughout, so the reader sees the journals and drawings alongside the reflections. It is an excellent example of personal visual blogging that still feels rooted in ordinary life. :contentReference[oaicite:17]{index=17}

=====The Neocreatives Webring=====
[https://neocreatives.neocities.org/members | The Neocreatives Webring | The Neocreatives Webring | 2026]
This page is a members list for a webring built around small creative sites. Its value lies in discovery rather than in one single story archive. Because it belongs to the Neocities-style personal web ecosystem, it is especially good for finding niche, handmade, personality-driven sites. Browsing it can lead to blogs, art pages, journals, and original-character worlds that feel far less institutional than mainstream platforms. It is one of the best gateway pages for going deeper into amateur personal web culture. :contentReference[oaicite:18]{index=18}

=====JournalRing=====
[https://nenrikido.neocities.org/webrings/journalring/ | nenrikido | JournalRing | 2025]
JournalRing is a webring specifically for people who keep journals and also maintain personal websites. Its whole purpose is to connect small, individual web spaces built around notebooks, planners, diary habits, and personal reflection. That makes it a strong source for discovering genuinely amateur, handmade sites rather than polished publications. The design itself reinforces the personal-journaling theme, with a planner-inspired layout and member roster. It is best used as a gateway to many small journal-centered sites at once.

=====Verdantville=====
[https://starry-knight.neocities.org/webring/verdant-webring | Starry's Grove | Verdantville | 2026]
Verdantville is a webring for green-themed personal websites, but its members are broader than just color studies. The page explains what a webring is and frames the project as a community of linked personal sites. Because it gathers personality-driven web homes, it can lead to blogs, art pages, writing pages, and other intimate, handmade spaces. It feels very much part of the current indie-personal-web revival rather than a content platform. This is a good browsing hub when you want individual sites with a whimsical, curated feel.

=====Hotline Webring=====
[https://hotlinewebring.club/ | Hotline Webring | Hotline Webring | 2026]
Hotline Webring is another good discovery hub for personal websites. Its FAQ explicitly says it wants sites that show off someone’s individual personality, which is a very good sign for your purposes. That means the ring is oriented toward distinct, personal web spaces rather than brand sites or generic blogs. It can be a useful place to branch out into stranger, rougher, more individual corners of the web. This is more of a collection tool than a story archive, but it is well suited to finding those story archives.

=====Neocities Diary Tag=====
[https://neocities.org/browse?tag=diary | Neocities | Neocities | 2026]
This tag page collects Neocities sites that identify themselves with “diary.” Because Neocities is full of personal publishing, the results often feel much more private, amateur, and eccentric than standard blogging platforms. The listings show many sites tagged with combinations like diary, personal, blog, writing, art, or journal, which is exactly the ecosystem you seem to be after. It is especially helpful if you want to browse broadly rather than rely on one curator’s taste. This is one of the strongest collection pages for finding raw, diary-like personal sites.

=====Keeping an Artist's Journal Class--FREE=====
[https://cathyjohnsonart.blogspot.com/2020/03/keeping-artists-journal-class-free.html | Kate (Cathy Johnson) | Art, Life, and other Oddities | 2020]
This post centers directly on the importance of keeping an artist’s journal. Cathy Johnson describes journals as tools for sanity, practice, response, and daily life, which makes the page feel personal as well as instructional. Other pages connected to the same blog describe her as someone who has kept an artist’s journal for decades. The site has the texture of a long-running personal artist blog rather than a magazine. It is a good fit if you want first-person art journaling with images and a strong sense of lived practice.

=====Kelly Kilmer Artist and Instructor=====
[https://kellykilmer.blogspot.com/ | Kelly Kilmer | Kelly Kilmer Artist and Instructor | 2026]
Kelly Kilmer’s blog presents itself through a dense, personal self-description: teacher, painter, book artist, wanderer, and working artist. The linked materials and post archive show a longstanding focus on art journaling, collage, mixed media, and workshop life. That gives the blog a personal-studio feeling rather than the feel of a generic how-to site. It is more outward-facing than a private diary, but it still reads as one person’s creative world gathered in one place. This makes it a strong source for visual, journal-adjacent personal blogging.

=====Jean a drawing a day=====
[https://jeanadrawingaday.com/ | Jean | Jean a drawing a day | 2026]
This site began as a challenge to make one drawing every day and then simply kept going for years. The about page explains that the author started before turning fifty and continued into the thousands of posted drawings. The main site includes diary material, writing about drawing, and individual dated posts with images. That structure makes it feel like an ongoing illustrated life-record rather than a formal portfolio alone. It is one of the clearest examples of a sustained personal visual diary on the web.

=====Starting a Year-Long, Daily Photography Journal=====
[https://jeremybassetti.com/fieldnotes/2024/starting-photography-journal/ | Jeremy Bassetti | Field Notes | 2024]
In this post, Jeremy Bassetti writes about beginning a 365-day practice of taking at least two photographs every day. The piece frames photography as a daily record of life rather than only an artistic output. Because it is rooted in a self-imposed journal project, it has a personal-documentary quality that fits well with your request. The Field Notes section around it reinforces the sense of an ongoing individual practice. It is a strong example of photo-based personal storytelling with images embedded into the project from the start.

=====A few notes on Drawing and Journaling.=====
[https://augustwren.substack.com/p/a-few-notes-on-drawing-and-journaling | Jennifer Orkin Lewis | AugustWren Art and News | 2026]
This post blends travel, everyday observation, sketching, and reflective journaling. The Substack as a whole is described as art, teaching, and musings from Jennifer Orkin Lewis, which gives it a clearly personal anchor. The article itself stresses that Paris is also “everyday life,” which makes the journal feeling broader than travel content alone. Images are included directly in the post, so the visual record is part of the reading experience. It is a good example of a contemporary personal art newsletter that still feels intimate and handmade.

=====A Nature Art Journal=====
[https://natureartjournal.blogspot.com/ | A Nature Art Journal | A Nature Art Journal | 2023]
This blog explicitly describes itself as “our natural world in art and words.” The author explains that keeping a nature art sketchbook or journal connects a love of art with attention to the surrounding environment. That framing makes it feel grounded in personal practice and observation rather than content production. The blog is especially good if you like the quieter side of personal journaling, where place and nature become the subject of recurring entries. It is a strong fit for illustrated personal reflection with a nature focus.

=====Jean a drawing a day - About me=====
[https://jeanadrawingaday.com/about/ | Jean | Jean a drawing a day | 2012]
The about page gives more of the personal story behind the daily drawing project. It explains how the challenge began and how the author continued far past the original 365-day goal. That kind of origin story gives the site an especially human, cumulative feeling, like watching years of life sediment into a body of work. It also confirms that the site is not just a portfolio but a habit-driven record of days and attention. For anyone interested in illustrated personal archives, this is one of the best examples in the set.
===[[Mazzeo]]===
===[[Laozi]]===
===[[Paradise]]===

News Gallery

2026-04-14T16:58:33Z

Kirk:

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<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Reverse Centaur.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2026/jan/18/tech-ai-bubble-burst-reverse-centaur AI companies will fail. We can salvage something from the wreckage by Cory Doctorow 28/01/2026]
Southern Propaganda.jpg|[https://www.mcclatchydc.com/opinion/article136803208.html?fbclid=IwAR0j3vPWScDNfbL90yZCQ2_PVl0ZeWFVHlsyLf90Xfn2RmM432CNKJ2ymAA The Confederacy was a con job on whites. And still is. McClatchy DC Bureau By Frank Hyman Updated 3/11/2021]
Democracy-480 x2.jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html The 1619 Project is an ongoing initiative from The New York Times Magazine that began in August 2019, the 400th anniversary of the beginning of American slavery. New York Magazine Aug 2019]
Bamboo farming.jpg| [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/?fbclid=IwAR25pUqt5-deiEnuIHJaMNXMwBwhm2qf0OqU1nQY2pHHQynsd8BYQYuhqBI The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America Inside Climate News Jan 11 2021]
Lizard Optim.jpg|[https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/qanon-s-capitol-rioters-nashville-bomber-s-lizard-people-theory-ncna1253819 Like QAnon's Capitol rioters, the Nashville bomber's lizard people theory is deadly serious NBC Think Jan 12 2021]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker (1).jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
Giddeons.jpg|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/17/1944048/-From-Libba-Cotten-to-Rhiannon-Giddens-the-North-Carolina-Black-folk-tradition-persists?fbclid=IwAR2iobl2YTI_OujtQiiDI7jHSanySaM49wPnmu_lsmJwgL_nWrTOND-Cjrs From Libba Cotten to Rhiannon Giddens, the North Carolina Black folk tradition persists]
Conspiracy theory handbook.jpg| [https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1mVHMdoby_2VKvYhpPkuxedk6mca9FUnkQoyrZqCXHg03Vxb19B320bC8 How to recognize and Deal with Conspiracy Theories]
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News Gallery

2026-04-14T16:57:23Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
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[[File:Heat trapping gases.png|thumb|center| [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Foundational Climate Change-Foundational]]]
|'''''Climate Change Effects'''''
[[File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Effects Climate Change Effects]]]

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<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Reverse Centaur.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2026/jan/18/tech-ai-bubble-burst-reverse-centaur AI companies will fail. We can salvage something from the wreckage by Cory Doctorow 28/01/2026]
Southern Propaganda.jpg|[https://www.mcclatchydc.com/opinion/article136803208.html?fbclid=IwAR0j3vPWScDNfbL90yZCQ2_PVl0ZeWFVHlsyLf90Xfn2RmM432CNKJ2ymAA The Confederacy was a con job on whites. And still is. McClatchy DC Bureau By Frank Hyman Updated 3/11/2021]
Democracy-480 x2.jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html The 1619 Project is an ongoing initiative from The New York Times Magazine that began in August 2019, the 400th anniversary of the beginning of American slavery. New York Magazine Aug 2019]
Bamboo farming.jpg| [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/?fbclid=IwAR25pUqt5-deiEnuIHJaMNXMwBwhm2qf0OqU1nQY2pHHQynsd8BYQYuhqBI The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America Inside Climate News Jan 11 2021]
Lizard Optim.jpg|[https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/qanon-s-capitol-rioters-nashville-bomber-s-lizard-people-theory-ncna1253819 Like QAnon's Capitol rioters, the Nashville bomber's lizard people theory is deadly serious NBC Think Jan 12 2021]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker (1).jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
Giddeons.jpg|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/17/1944048/-From-Libba-Cotten-to-Rhiannon-Giddens-the-North-Carolina-Black-folk-tradition-persists?fbclid=IwAR2iobl2YTI_OujtQiiDI7jHSanySaM49wPnmu_lsmJwgL_nWrTOND-Cjrs From Libba Cotten to Rhiannon Giddens, the North Carolina Black folk tradition persists]
Conspiracy theory handbook.jpg| [https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1mVHMdoby_2VKvYhpPkuxedk6mca9FUnkQoyrZqCXHg03Vxb19B320bC8 How to recognize and Deal with Conspiracy Theories]
</gallery>

Storytelling

2026-04-14T16:56:30Z

Kirk:

AMOC

2026-04-10T16:10:09Z

Kirk:

==AMOC Summary==
AMOC Source Summary
Based only on the source list provided

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, or AMOC, appears in these sources as one of the most important and uncertain parts of the global climate system. Across the articles, it is described not as a narrow regional current, but as a major circulation system that helps regulate heat transport, rainfall patterns, ocean carbon storage, sea ice, and regional climate. Taken together, the sources show broad agreement that the AMOC is likely weakening under climate change, even though the exact timing, severity, and probability of a full collapse remain debated.

A major theme in the source list is that AMOC weakening is no longer treated as a distant or purely hypothetical problem. Several articles point to signs that the North Atlantic system may already be under stress. One source reports that ventilation and deep-water renewal in the North Atlantic have weakened over the past three decades, with researchers saying this trend is more consistent with human-caused climate change than with natural variability. Other sources describe a northward shift in the Gulf Stream as a possible visible sign of deeper AMOC instability. In that sense, the articles suggest that the AMOC may not only be weakening in theory or in models, but may already be showing measurable changes in the real ocean.

Another strong theme is the possibility of abrupt change. Several of the articles discuss studies in which the Gulf Stream suddenly shifts northward about 25 years before a modeled AMOC collapse, suggesting that this movement could serve as an early warning signal. Other sources argue that collapse is no longer a “low-likelihood” event under continued warming, and some research cited in the list suggests that the AMOC could begin collapsing within decades under high-emissions scenarios. At the same time, some of the sources place a full shutdown later, even after 2100. The overall picture is that the risk is increasingly taken seriously, but the timing is still uncertain.

The source list also shows that scientists are not unanimous in predicting near-term collapse. Some articles emphasize that the AMOC may be more resilient than the most alarming scenarios suggest. One study reports that critical overturning currents remained active during the last ice age, which may indicate a degree of resilience under harsh conditions. Another source argues that the AMOC is more likely to weaken in a limited way this century rather than fully collapse, partly because the real circulation may be shallower than many climate models assume. A Scientific American article similarly says that a full collapse is unlikely before 2100, even under severe climate stress, while still warning that substantial weakening could have major consequences. These sources show that scientific debate now centers less on whether AMOC change matters, and more on how close the system may be to a tipping point.

The consequences described in these articles are serious and often regionally uneven. Several sources focus on Europe, especially northern Europe, as a place that could experience severe winter cooling if the AMOC were to collapse, even in a world that is warming overall. Other sources warn that Europe could also face extreme drought lasting for centuries because of reduced moisture transport. This means AMOC disruption would not simply offset warming in a simple way. Instead, it would reorganize climate patterns, producing colder winters in some places, drying in others, and major disruptions to agriculture, water systems, and daily life.

The source list also shows that these risks are now being recognized beyond academic climate science. Iceland, for example, is described as treating a possible AMOC collapse as a national security concern. According to the articles, officials there are considering threats to food security, infrastructure, transportation, and broader North Atlantic stability. This is significant because it shows that AMOC risk is no longer discussed only as a scientific issue, but also as a practical planning issue for governments and societies.

Some of the most striking consequences in the source list are global rather than regional. One recent article warns that an AMOC collapse could turn the Southern Ocean from a carbon sink into a carbon source, releasing stored carbon and adding roughly 0.17°C to 0.27°C of additional global warming. That same source points to Antarctic warming and Arctic cooling under collapse scenarios. Other articles link AMOC changes to sea level shifts, tropical rainfall changes, and the North Atlantic “cold blob.” Together, these sources suggest that the AMOC influences climate through interconnected ocean and atmosphere processes, meaning that its weakening could amplify stresses already created by global warming.

Another important theme is the growing effort to identify early warning signs. The articles mention several different lines of evidence: Gulf Stream shifts, weakening North Atlantic ventilation, changes in deep winter convection, long-lived clam shell records indicating declining circulation stability, and temperature and salinity anomalies moving north through the Atlantic. This variety suggests that researchers are moving toward a more sophisticated monitoring approach. Rather than relying on one indicator alone, they are combining model results, direct observations, and paleoclimate evidence to better understand whether the AMOC is approaching a tipping point.

The source list also places the AMOC within the wider discussion of climate tipping points. One Reuters piece notes that scientists ahead of COP30 included the AMOC among major systems facing rising danger, alongside coral reefs and the Amazon. This broader framing is important because it treats AMOC change not as an isolated oceanographic problem, but as part of a wider pattern of climate instability. In that sense, the sources suggest that AMOC weakening could interact with other vulnerable systems, increasing the overall risk of compound climate disruption.

Overall, the source list presents a picture of cautious but growing alarm. The articles do not all agree that a full AMOC collapse is imminent, and some specifically argue that collapse this century remains unlikely. However, they do strongly converge on a few main points: the AMOC is probably weakening; its weakening would have major climate and societal consequences; abrupt change is a serious possibility that can no longer be dismissed; and scientists are making progress in identifying signals that may provide warning before a tipping point is reached. The overall message is not that collapse is certain, but that the AMOC has become one of the most important climate risks to watch closely in the coming decades.

=====AMOC Collapse Could Turn Southern Ocean Into Carbon Source, Adding 0.2°C to Global Warming=====
[https://phys.org/news/2026-04-amoc-collapse-southern-ocean-carbon.html | Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research | Phys.org | April 8, 2026]
A new study warns that an AMOC collapse could flip the Southern Ocean from a carbon sink into a carbon source, releasing stored ocean carbon and adding roughly 0.17°C to 0.27°C of extra global warming.

The article also highlights large regional effects, including Antarctic warming and Arctic cooling under collapse scenarios.

=====Scientists Warn the Gulf Stream Is Shifting North, Which Means an Ocean Current Collapse Is Imminent=====
[https://www.earth.com/news/gulf-stream-shifting-north-raising-concerns-about-amoc-ocean-current-collapse/ | Eric Ralls | Earth.com | April 4, 2026]
This article reports on modeling work suggesting that a northward shift in the Gulf Stream may be a visible sign of AMOC weakening, with an abrupt jump in the current’s path potentially serving as an early warning signal.

It notes that satellite observations already indicate the Gulf Stream has shifted north by about 50 kilometers over the past 30 years.

=====Early Warning Indicator Hidden Within the Gulf Stream Could Signal the Collapse of Key Atlantic Currents, Study Finds=====
[https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/early-warning-signal-hidden-within-the-gulf-stream-could-signal-the-collapse-of-key-atlantic-currents-study-finds | Sascha Pare | Live Science | March 12, 2026]
This piece explains new research showing that Gulf Stream shifts could help scientists detect when the AMOC is approaching a tipping point.

The study found an abrupt northward jump in the modeled Gulf Stream about 25 years before AMOC collapse in the simulation, suggesting a possible warning signal even though the exact real-world timing remains uncertain.

=====Why This Country Declared an Ocean Current Collapse a National Security Risk=====
[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/02/10/amoc-collapse-current-iceland-security/ | Chico Harlan | The Washington Post | February 10, 2026]
This article examines why Iceland has elevated a possible AMOC collapse into a national security issue, citing concerns that major disruption could sharply cool the North Atlantic region even as the rest of the world keeps warming.

It describes how Icelandic officials are treating the risk as serious enough to incorporate into long-term national hazard planning.

=====Iceland Deems Possible Atlantic Current Collapse a Security Risk=====
[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/cop/iceland-sees-security-risk-existential-threat-atlantic-ocean-currents-possible-2025-11-12/ | Alison Withers and Stine Jacobsen | Reuters | November 12, 2025]
Reuters reports that Iceland formally classified a possible AMOC collapse as a national security concern and existential threat, reflecting growing alarm over the system’s climate and societal consequences.

The article says officials are weighing risks to food security, infrastructure, transportation, and broader North Atlantic stability while scientists continue debating timing and likelihood.

=====How a Shift in the Gulf Stream Could Signal the Collapse of a Major Atlantic Current=====
[https://phys.org/news/2026-03-shift-gulf-stream-collapse-major.html | Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel via Phys.org | March 9, 2026]
A new study suggests that a sudden northward shift in the Gulf Stream could act as an early warning sign that the AMOC is nearing collapse.

Researchers found this jump appeared about 25 years before collapse in their simulations, raising hopes that a visible ocean signal might provide advance notice of a major climate tipping point.

=====Critical Atlantic Ocean Currents Kept Going During Last Ice Age, Study Shows=====
[https://phys.org/news/2026-01-critical-atlantic-ocean-currents-ice.html | University College London via Phys.org | January 21, 2026]
New research indicates that key Atlantic overturning currents continued operating during the last ice age, despite much harsher climate conditions than today.

The findings could help scientists better understand how resilient the AMOC may be under stress, while also refining estimates of how it might respond to modern warming.

=====Collapse of Key Atlantic Current Could Bring Extreme Drought to Europe for Hundreds of Years, Study Finds=====
[https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/collapse-of-key-atlantic-current-could-bring-extreme-drought-to-europe-for-hundreds-of-years-study-finds | Sascha Pare | Live Science | December 4, 2025]
This article reports that an AMOC collapse could sharply reduce moisture reaching Europe, triggering widespread and prolonged drought across large parts of the continent.

The study suggests those drying effects could persist for centuries, adding to concerns that AMOC disruption would affect rainfall as well as temperature.

=====Climate Tipping Points Are Being Crossed, Scientists Warn Ahead of COP30=====
[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/cop/climate-tipping-points-are-being-crossed-scientists-warn-ahead-cop30-2025-10-12/ | Alison Withers | Reuters | October 13, 2025]
Reuters reports that scientists warned the risk of crossing major climate tipping points is rising, with the AMOC named as one of the systems facing accelerating danger.

The piece places AMOC risk in a broader climate context, alongside other vulnerable systems such as coral reefs and the Amazon rainforest.

=====Collapse of Critical Atlantic Current Is No Longer Low-Likelihood, Study Finds=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/28/collapse-critical-atlantic-current-amoc-no-longer-low-likelihood-study | Damian Carrington | The Guardian | August 28, 2025]
This article covers new research arguing that an AMOC collapse can no longer be treated as a low-probability outcome under continued warming.

It explains that newer modeling points to a meaningful risk of crossing the tipping threshold within decades, even if the full collapse unfolds later.

=====New Knowledge About Northern Europe's Radiator: Volcanic Eruptions in the Past May Have Pushed Ocean Current Towards Collapse=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1116796 | University of Copenhagen | EurekAlert | February 17, 2026]
New research suggests that major volcanic eruptions during the Ice Age may have disrupted the AMOC and helped trigger abrupt climate shifts.

The study argues that if the system is already near a tipping point, a large eruption can provide the extra push toward a weakened or collapsed state.

=====Ventilation of the North Atlantic Is Weakening=====
[https://www.geomar.de/en/news/article/belueftung-des-nordatlantiks-nimmt-ab | GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel | GEOMAR | January 20, 2026]
A new study finds that deep-water renewal in the North Atlantic has slowed markedly over the past three decades, a sign that the broader Atlantic circulation system may be weakening.

Researchers say the trend is more consistent with human-driven climate change than with natural variability alone, with implications for ocean oxygen, heat uptake, and carbon storage.

=====Ocean Current ‘Collapse’ Could Trigger ‘Profound Cooling’ in Northern Europe – Even With Global Warming=====
[https://www.carbonbrief.org/ocean-current-collapse-could-trigger-profound-cooling-in-northern-europe-even-with-global-warming/ | Cecilia Keating | Carbon Brief | June 11, 2025]
This article reports that an AMOC collapse could drive extreme winter cooling across northern Europe even in a warmer world, with some places facing severe cold far beyond today’s norms.

It explains that the modeled loss of northward ocean heat transport and expansion of sea ice could outweigh greenhouse warming in winter under some scenarios.

=====Atlantic Ocean Current Expected to Undergo Limited Weakening With Climate Change, Study Finds=====
[https://www.washington.edu/news/2025/05/30/atlantic-ocean-current-expected-to-undergo-limited-weakening-with-climate-change-study-finds/ | University of Washington | UW News | May 30, 2025]
A new study suggests the AMOC is likely to weaken by the end of the century, but not necessarily collapse in the near term as some more extreme scenarios have projected.

The researchers argue that the real-world circulation may be shallower than many climate models assume, which could make it somewhat more resilient while still leaving significant climate risks.

=====Crucial Ocean-Current System Is Safe from Climate Collapse—for Now=====
[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-atlantic-meridional-overturning-circulation-amoc-is-safe-from-climate/ | Humberto Basilio | Scientific American | February 27, 2025]
This article covers research suggesting that the AMOC is unlikely to fully collapse before the end of this century, even under severe climate stress.

It notes, however, that substantial weakening remains possible and that even a non-collapsing AMOC could still produce serious worldwide climate consequences.

=====Key Atlantic Current Could Start Collapsing as Early as 2055, New Study Finds=====
[https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/climate-change/key-atlantic-current-could-start-collapsing-as-early-as-2055-new-study-finds | Sascha Pare | Live Science | September 4, 2025]
New research suggests the AMOC could begin collapsing as early as 2055 under a high-emissions path, with large effects on sea level, rainfall, and regional climate.

The article notes that even less extreme emissions scenarios still point to significant weakening risks, though the exact timing remains uncertain.

=====Possible North Atlantic Overturning Circulation Shutdown After 2100 in High-Emission Future=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1096243 | EurekAlert | EurekAlert | August 28, 2025]
A new study warns that under high-emission scenarios, the AMOC could pass a tipping point in coming decades and then fully shut down after 2100.

Researchers say the triggering mechanism in the simulations is a collapse of deep winter convection in key North Atlantic seas, with major consequences for European climate and tropical rainfall belts.

=====Ocean Anomalies Traveling North Crucial for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1094296 | Stockholm University | EurekAlert | July 22, 2025]
This study reports that temperature and salinity anomalies moving north through the Atlantic can modulate the Nordic Seas branch of the AMOC years later.

The findings suggest these ocean signals may improve climate predictability and help scientists monitor changes in a key part of the overturning system.

=====Ocean, Atmosphere Equally Responsible for Atlantic ‘Cold Blob,’ Scientists Find=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1089949 | Penn State | EurekAlert | July 3, 2025]
Researchers found that a weakening AMOC may shape the North Atlantic “cold blob” through both reduced ocean heat transport and atmospheric feedbacks.

The study argues that the atmosphere’s contribution is comparable to the ocean’s, helping explain why the cold anomaly has persisted despite overall global warming.

=====Clam Shells Sound Warning of Atlantic ‘Tipping Point’=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1100872 | University of Exeter | EurekAlert | October 6, 2025]
A study of long-lived clam shells found evidence that North Atlantic circulation has lost stability, suggesting the system may be moving toward a tipping point.

The researchers say the shell records provide a rare long-term archive of ocean conditions and add independent evidence that Atlantic circulation is becoming less stable.

AMOC

2026-04-10T16:00:49Z

Kirk: Created page with "=====AMOC Collapse Could Turn Southern Ocean Into Carbon Source, Adding 0.2°C to Global Warming===== [https://phys.org/news/2026-04-amoc-collapse-southern-ocean-carbon.html | Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research | Phys.org | April 8, 2026] A new study warns that an AMOC collapse could flip the Southern Ocean from a carbon sink into a carbon source, releasing stored ocean carbon and adding roughly 0.17°C to 0.27°C of extra global warming. The article also h..."

=====AMOC Collapse Could Turn Southern Ocean Into Carbon Source, Adding 0.2°C to Global Warming=====
[https://phys.org/news/2026-04-amoc-collapse-southern-ocean-carbon.html | Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research | Phys.org | April 8, 2026]
A new study warns that an AMOC collapse could flip the Southern Ocean from a carbon sink into a carbon source, releasing stored ocean carbon and adding roughly 0.17°C to 0.27°C of extra global warming.

The article also highlights large regional effects, including Antarctic warming and Arctic cooling under collapse scenarios.

=====Scientists Warn the Gulf Stream Is Shifting North, Which Means an Ocean Current Collapse Is Imminent=====
[https://www.earth.com/news/gulf-stream-shifting-north-raising-concerns-about-amoc-ocean-current-collapse/ | Eric Ralls | Earth.com | April 4, 2026]
This article reports on modeling work suggesting that a northward shift in the Gulf Stream may be a visible sign of AMOC weakening, with an abrupt jump in the current’s path potentially serving as an early warning signal.

It notes that satellite observations already indicate the Gulf Stream has shifted north by about 50 kilometers over the past 30 years.

=====Early Warning Indicator Hidden Within the Gulf Stream Could Signal the Collapse of Key Atlantic Currents, Study Finds=====
[https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/early-warning-signal-hidden-within-the-gulf-stream-could-signal-the-collapse-of-key-atlantic-currents-study-finds | Sascha Pare | Live Science | March 12, 2026]
This piece explains new research showing that Gulf Stream shifts could help scientists detect when the AMOC is approaching a tipping point.

The study found an abrupt northward jump in the modeled Gulf Stream about 25 years before AMOC collapse in the simulation, suggesting a possible warning signal even though the exact real-world timing remains uncertain.

=====Why This Country Declared an Ocean Current Collapse a National Security Risk=====
[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/02/10/amoc-collapse-current-iceland-security/ | Chico Harlan | The Washington Post | February 10, 2026]
This article examines why Iceland has elevated a possible AMOC collapse into a national security issue, citing concerns that major disruption could sharply cool the North Atlantic region even as the rest of the world keeps warming.

It describes how Icelandic officials are treating the risk as serious enough to incorporate into long-term national hazard planning.

=====Iceland Deems Possible Atlantic Current Collapse a Security Risk=====
[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/cop/iceland-sees-security-risk-existential-threat-atlantic-ocean-currents-possible-2025-11-12/ | Alison Withers and Stine Jacobsen | Reuters | November 12, 2025]
Reuters reports that Iceland formally classified a possible AMOC collapse as a national security concern and existential threat, reflecting growing alarm over the system’s climate and societal consequences.

The article says officials are weighing risks to food security, infrastructure, transportation, and broader North Atlantic stability while scientists continue debating timing and likelihood.

=====How a Shift in the Gulf Stream Could Signal the Collapse of a Major Atlantic Current=====
[https://phys.org/news/2026-03-shift-gulf-stream-collapse-major.html | Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel via Phys.org | March 9, 2026]
A new study suggests that a sudden northward shift in the Gulf Stream could act as an early warning sign that the AMOC is nearing collapse.

Researchers found this jump appeared about 25 years before collapse in their simulations, raising hopes that a visible ocean signal might provide advance notice of a major climate tipping point.

=====Critical Atlantic Ocean Currents Kept Going During Last Ice Age, Study Shows=====
[https://phys.org/news/2026-01-critical-atlantic-ocean-currents-ice.html | University College London via Phys.org | January 21, 2026]
New research indicates that key Atlantic overturning currents continued operating during the last ice age, despite much harsher climate conditions than today.

The findings could help scientists better understand how resilient the AMOC may be under stress, while also refining estimates of how it might respond to modern warming.

=====Collapse of Key Atlantic Current Could Bring Extreme Drought to Europe for Hundreds of Years, Study Finds=====
[https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/rivers-oceans/collapse-of-key-atlantic-current-could-bring-extreme-drought-to-europe-for-hundreds-of-years-study-finds | Sascha Pare | Live Science | December 4, 2025]
This article reports that an AMOC collapse could sharply reduce moisture reaching Europe, triggering widespread and prolonged drought across large parts of the continent.

The study suggests those drying effects could persist for centuries, adding to concerns that AMOC disruption would affect rainfall as well as temperature.

=====Climate Tipping Points Are Being Crossed, Scientists Warn Ahead of COP30=====
[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/cop/climate-tipping-points-are-being-crossed-scientists-warn-ahead-cop30-2025-10-12/ | Alison Withers | Reuters | October 13, 2025]
Reuters reports that scientists warned the risk of crossing major climate tipping points is rising, with the AMOC named as one of the systems facing accelerating danger.

The piece places AMOC risk in a broader climate context, alongside other vulnerable systems such as coral reefs and the Amazon rainforest.

=====Collapse of Critical Atlantic Current Is No Longer Low-Likelihood, Study Finds=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/aug/28/collapse-critical-atlantic-current-amoc-no-longer-low-likelihood-study | Damian Carrington | The Guardian | August 28, 2025]
This article covers new research arguing that an AMOC collapse can no longer be treated as a low-probability outcome under continued warming.

It explains that newer modeling points to a meaningful risk of crossing the tipping threshold within decades, even if the full collapse unfolds later.

=====New Knowledge About Northern Europe's Radiator: Volcanic Eruptions in the Past May Have Pushed Ocean Current Towards Collapse=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1116796 | University of Copenhagen | EurekAlert | February 17, 2026]
New research suggests that major volcanic eruptions during the Ice Age may have disrupted the AMOC and helped trigger abrupt climate shifts.

The study argues that if the system is already near a tipping point, a large eruption can provide the extra push toward a weakened or collapsed state.

=====Ventilation of the North Atlantic Is Weakening=====
[https://www.geomar.de/en/news/article/belueftung-des-nordatlantiks-nimmt-ab | GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel | GEOMAR | January 20, 2026]
A new study finds that deep-water renewal in the North Atlantic has slowed markedly over the past three decades, a sign that the broader Atlantic circulation system may be weakening.

Researchers say the trend is more consistent with human-driven climate change than with natural variability alone, with implications for ocean oxygen, heat uptake, and carbon storage.

=====Ocean Current ‘Collapse’ Could Trigger ‘Profound Cooling’ in Northern Europe – Even With Global Warming=====
[https://www.carbonbrief.org/ocean-current-collapse-could-trigger-profound-cooling-in-northern-europe-even-with-global-warming/ | Cecilia Keating | Carbon Brief | June 11, 2025]
This article reports that an AMOC collapse could drive extreme winter cooling across northern Europe even in a warmer world, with some places facing severe cold far beyond today’s norms.

It explains that the modeled loss of northward ocean heat transport and expansion of sea ice could outweigh greenhouse warming in winter under some scenarios.

=====Atlantic Ocean Current Expected to Undergo Limited Weakening With Climate Change, Study Finds=====
[https://www.washington.edu/news/2025/05/30/atlantic-ocean-current-expected-to-undergo-limited-weakening-with-climate-change-study-finds/ | University of Washington | UW News | May 30, 2025]
A new study suggests the AMOC is likely to weaken by the end of the century, but not necessarily collapse in the near term as some more extreme scenarios have projected.

The researchers argue that the real-world circulation may be shallower than many climate models assume, which could make it somewhat more resilient while still leaving significant climate risks.

=====Crucial Ocean-Current System Is Safe from Climate Collapse—for Now=====
[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-atlantic-meridional-overturning-circulation-amoc-is-safe-from-climate/ | Humberto Basilio | Scientific American | February 27, 2025]
This article covers research suggesting that the AMOC is unlikely to fully collapse before the end of this century, even under severe climate stress.

It notes, however, that substantial weakening remains possible and that even a non-collapsing AMOC could still produce serious worldwide climate consequences.

=====Key Atlantic Current Could Start Collapsing as Early as 2055, New Study Finds=====
[https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/climate-change/key-atlantic-current-could-start-collapsing-as-early-as-2055-new-study-finds | Sascha Pare | Live Science | September 4, 2025]
New research suggests the AMOC could begin collapsing as early as 2055 under a high-emissions path, with large effects on sea level, rainfall, and regional climate.

The article notes that even less extreme emissions scenarios still point to significant weakening risks, though the exact timing remains uncertain.

=====Possible North Atlantic Overturning Circulation Shutdown After 2100 in High-Emission Future=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1096243 | EurekAlert | EurekAlert | August 28, 2025]
A new study warns that under high-emission scenarios, the AMOC could pass a tipping point in coming decades and then fully shut down after 2100.

Researchers say the triggering mechanism in the simulations is a collapse of deep winter convection in key North Atlantic seas, with major consequences for European climate and tropical rainfall belts.

=====Ocean Anomalies Traveling North Crucial for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1094296 | Stockholm University | EurekAlert | July 22, 2025]
This study reports that temperature and salinity anomalies moving north through the Atlantic can modulate the Nordic Seas branch of the AMOC years later.

The findings suggest these ocean signals may improve climate predictability and help scientists monitor changes in a key part of the overturning system.

=====Ocean, Atmosphere Equally Responsible for Atlantic ‘Cold Blob,’ Scientists Find=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1089949 | Penn State | EurekAlert | July 3, 2025]
Researchers found that a weakening AMOC may shape the North Atlantic “cold blob” through both reduced ocean heat transport and atmospheric feedbacks.

The study argues that the atmosphere’s contribution is comparable to the ocean’s, helping explain why the cold anomaly has persisted despite overall global warming.

=====Clam Shells Sound Warning of Atlantic ‘Tipping Point’=====
[https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1100872 | University of Exeter | EurekAlert | October 6, 2025]
A study of long-lived clam shells found evidence that North Atlantic circulation has lost stability, suggesting the system may be moving toward a tipping point.

The researchers say the shell records provide a rare long-term archive of ocean conditions and add independent evidence that Atlantic circulation is becoming less stable.

Ocean Heating and Acidification

2026-04-10T15:59:29Z

Kirk:

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[[AMOC]]

===== How climate change is intensifying hurricanes =====
[https://grist.org/extreme-weather/how-climate-change-is-intensifying-hurricanes/ by Amal Ahmed 7/7/25 Grist]
Extreme weather seems to make the headlines almost every week, as disasters increasingly strike out of season, break records, and hit places they never have before.

===== Rising surface salinity and declining sea ice: A new Southern Ocean state revealed by satellites =====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2500440122 by Alessandro Silvano 30/6/25 PNAS]
For decades, the surface of the polar Southern Ocean (south of 50°S) has been freshening—an expected response to a warming climate. This freshening enhanced upper-ocean stratification, reducing the upward transport of subsurface heat and possibly contributing to sea ice expansion.

===== Is a monster web of ocean currents headed for collapse? The race is on to find out =====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01885-4?utm_source=bluesky&utm_medium=organic_social&utm_content=null&utm_campaign=CONR_JRNLS_AWA1_GL_PCOM_SMEDA_NATUREPORTFOLIO by Tim Kalvelage 18/6/25 nature]
Although it doesn’t look like it, the Arctic waters are balmy in February, relative to the air temperatures, which can fall below −30 °C. On the screen of Stephens’s remote control, the pancake-shaped floes show up in the thermal images as dark circles, whereas open water and thin ice glow bright orange, indicating energy escaping from the ocean into the frigid polar air.

===== Arctic Ocean acidifying up to four times as fast as other oceans, study finds =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/29/arctic-ocean-acidifying-up-to-four-times-as-fast-as-other-oceans-study-finds by Karen McVeigh 29/9/22 The Guardian]
The ocean, which absorbs a third of all of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, has grown more acidic because of fossil fuel use. Rapid loss of sea ice in the Arctic region over the past three decades has accelerated the rate of long-term acidification, according to the study, published in Science on Thursday.

===== Greener green and bluer blue: Ocean poleward greening over the past two decades =====
[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr9715 by Marine Ecology 19/6/25 Science]
The oceans are becoming greener toward the poles and bluer in the subtropics. Zhao et al. report measurements of ocean color made by satellites between 2003 and 2022 showing that a disparity in chlorophyll abundances is causing this trend, signaling a profound shift in the distribution of plankton biomass (see the Perspective by Kudela). This shift, which is most pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere, could cascade to higher trophic levels and cause unforeseen impacts on fisheries and national economies.

===== Earth’s oceans are storing record-breaking amounts of heat =====
[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/earth-oceans-storing-heat-record-breaking-amounts?fbclid=IwAR1amUzydB1CS6NtKa9DDPbpE4BSyHTnsDqxDyR0wvVR6vvTotjLqqnkTLk Science News 01/13/21 Maria Temming]
Water temperature measurements from around the globe indicate that the total amount of heat stored in the upper oceans in 2020 was higher than any other year on record dating back to 1955, researchers report online January 13 in Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. Tracking ocean temperature is important because warmer water melts more ice off the edges of Greenland and Antarctica, which raises sea levels (SN: 4/30/20) and supercharges tropical storms (SN: 11/11/20).

Researchers estimated the total heat energy stored in the upper 2,000 meters of Earth’s oceans using temperature data from moored sensors, drifting probes called Argo floats, underwater robots and other instruments (SN: 5/19/10). The team found that upper ocean waters contained 234 sextillion, or 1021, joules more heat energy in 2020 than the annual average from 1981 to 2010. Heat energy storage was up about 20 sextillion joules from 2019 — suggesting that in 2020, Earth’s oceans absorbed about enough heat to boil 1.3 billion kettles of water.

=====Increasing ocean stratification over the past half-century=====
28 September 2020 Guancheng Li, Lijing Cheng, Jiang Zhu, Kevin E. Trenberth, Michael E. Mann & John P. Abraham
<embed>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-00918-2</embed>
Seawater generally forms stratified layers with lighter waters near the surface and denser waters at greater depth. This stable configuration acts as a barrier to water mixing that impacts the efficiency of vertical exchanges of heat, carbon, oxygen and other constituents. Previous quantification of stratification change has been limited to simple differencing of surface and 200-m depth changes and has neglected the spatial complexity of ocean density change. Here, we quantify changes in ocean stratification down to depths of 2,000 m using the squared buoyancy frequency N2 and newly available ocean temperature/salinity observations. We find that stratification globally has increased by a substantial 5.3% [5.0%, 5.8%] in recent decades (1960–2018) (the confidence interval is 5–95%); a rate of 0.90% per decade. Most of the increase (~71%) occurred in the upper 200 m of the ocean and resulted largely (>90%) from temperature changes, although salinity changes play an important role locally.

=====Ocean carbon uptake widely underestimated=====
<embed>https://phys.org/news/2020-09-ocean-carbon-uptake-widely-underestimated.html?fbclid=IwAR2qI43GkNU3i-w6SQ9la1sp1s9VG-715KBYEgPlWXKa_lcNyFjyoKjpl4o</embed>SEPTEMBER 4, 2020 by University of Exeter
Previous estimates of the movement of carbon (known as "flux") between the atmosphere and oceans have not accounted for temperature differences at the water's surface and a few metres below.
The new study, led by the University of Exeter, includes this—and finds significantly higher net flux of carbon into the oceans.
It calculates CO2 fluxes from 1992 to 2018, finding up to twice as much net flux in certain times and locations, compared to uncorrected models.

=====Harmful algae blooms in Arabian Sea linked to Himalayas melting=====
[https://www.thethirdpole.net/2020/06/22/harmful-algae-blooms-in-arabian-sea-linked-to-himalayas-melting/?fbclid=IwAR1h9BSxHUjhpZKVAJ0XPKw1cdLlrhzyBQhXMsrDCdMiyN_yopa6kQ43GYw the Third Pole.Net TV Padma, June 22, 2020]
As snow and ice melt in the Himalayan mountains, the winter winds that blow down from them are becoming warmer and more humid, the researchers say. This alters the currents of the Arabian Sea and distribution of nutrients – and in turn the marine food chain, with fish struggling in the new conditions. This is happening at a much faster rate than that predicted by global models, the study says.

=====Climate velocity reveals increasing exposure of deep-ocean biodiversity to future warming=====
<embed> https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-020-0773-5#article-info </embed>
Nature 5/25/2020
Moreover, projected climate velocities in the future (2050–2100) are faster for all depth layers, except at the surface, under the most aggressive GHG mitigation pathway considered (representative concentration pathway, RCP 2.6). This suggests that while mitigation could limit climate change threats for surface biodiversity, deep-ocean biodiversity faces an unavoidable escalation in climate velocities, most prominently in the mesopelagic (200–1,000 m). To optimize opportunities for climate adaptation among deep-ocean communities, future open-ocean protected areas must be designed to retain species moving at different speeds at different depths under climate change while managing non-climate threats, such as fishing and mining.

=====Ocean Discovery Complicates Plans to Slash Climate Pollution=====
[https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/ocean-discovery-complicates-plans-to-slash-climate-pollution-1.1446300 Bloomberg News 6/05/20]
Oceans have absorbed almost 40% of carbon dioxide humanity has emitted from fossil fuels since 1750, considerably slowing global temperature rise, but the forces that govern how much CO₂ disappears into the deep every year are unknown. The early 1990s saw a jump in this sponge-like capacity, followed by a significant slowdown until 2001, raising concerns that the ocean may not be able to help us out forever.

=====Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2018=====
<embed> https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/4626?fbclid=IwAR2f7wjwlptMrQ_WojQXAb9YMCOWa6B-UD7H4evk9IXAAIUvcLqCIbCh7vs </embed> NASA 2/06/2019
2018 Fourth Warmest Year in Continuing Warming Trend, According to NASA, NOAA

Earth's global surface temperatures in 2018 were the fourth warmest since 1880, according to independent analyses by NASA and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Global temperatures in 2018 were 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit (0.83 degrees Celsius) warmer than the 1951 to 1980 mean, according to scientists at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) in New York. Globally, 2018's temperatures rank behind those of 2016, 2017 and 2015. The past five years are, collectively, the warmest years in the modern record.

“2018 is yet again an extremely warm year on top of a long-term global warming trend,” said GISS Director Gavin Schmidt.

=====Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn=====
<embed> https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/dec/07/oceans-losing-oxygen-at-unprecedented-rate-experts-warn </embed> The Guardian 12/07/2019
Oxygen in the oceans is being lost at an unprecedented rate, with “dead zones” proliferating and hundreds more areas showing oxygen dangerously depleted, as a result of the climate emergency and intensive farming, experts have warned.

Sharks, tuna, marlin and other large fish species were at particular risk, scientists said, with many vital ecosystems in danger of collapse. Dead zones – where oxygen is effectively absent – have quadrupled in extent in the last half-century, and there are also at least 700 areas where oxygen is at dangerously low levels, up from 45 when research was undertaken in the 1960s.

The world’s oceans are already being overfished, and assailed by a rising tide of plastic waste, as well as other pollutants. Seas are about 26% more acidic than in pre-industrial times because of absorbing the excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with damaging impacts on shellfish in particular.

=====Why is an ocean current critical to world weather losing steam? Scientists search the Arctic for answers.=====
<embed> https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/12/why-ocean-current-critical-to-world-weather-losing-steam-arctic/?fbclid=IwAR3L4nj89UeNXGECsnRqpaNsbXQn0Qsc5eL6pXb9z5xPnwuzkMz1duyETVc </embed> National Geo 12/2019
Fram Strait and the waters to the south, in the Greenland, Norwegian, and Irminger seas, make up the control room of a global “conveyor belt” of currents that stretches the length of the planet. Only in this region and one other, in the Antarctic, does water at the sea surface become heavy enough—dense with cold and salt—to sink all the way to the seafloor and race downhill along the deepening ocean bottom. That sinking powers the conveyor, known as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, or AMOC—which in turn regulates temperatures and weather around the world.

A new report warns that the AMOC is one of nine critical climate systems that greenhouse-gas-fueled warming is actively pushing toward a tipping point. Crossing that threshold in one of these systems could trigger rapid and irreversible changes that drive other systems over the edge—leading to a global tipping cascade with catastrophic consequences for the planet. The analysis, released last week in Nature by an international group of leading climate scientists, says the tipping point risks are greater than most of us realize.

The AMOC conveyor belt may already be showing signs of sputtering as a result. A network of ocean probes across the mid-Atlantic, between the Bahamas and Africa, has recorded a 15 percent drop in the current’s flow over the past decade. A recent modeling study suggests that the slowdown began a half-century ago as planet-warming carbon emissions started to soar.

=====Ocean Acidification's impact on oysters and other shellfish=====
<embed> https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish?fbclid=IwAR1HSWMHRJFhQ_-7AWMqI0Wcv7NpM5O9RLX5hghOG1VUgX1GRuhtDqLShlI NOAA PMEL </embed> Carbon program 2019
HARI SREENIVASAN: But there's trouble in the water. The ocean's pH, which measures the level of acidity of a liquid, shows the water is becoming acidified. Most growers like the Wysockis can only farm oysters if they can buy oyster larvae, also called oyster seed, from hatcheries. But a few years ago, the larvae suddenly began dying by the billions. The culprit? The seawater pumped into the hatcheries is so corrosive that it eats away the young oyster shells before they can form.

=====Acid oceans are shrinking plankton, fuelling faster climate change=====
<embed> https://theconversation.com/acid-oceans-are-shrinking-plankton-fuelling-faster-climate-change-121443?fbclid=IwAR03GZuJv69LPKoyMq5cYR3ALPPgVcI3szM67RUv2uLoVXpoQtKFxCs7HJc </embed> The Conversation 8/26/19
In our study we discovered increased seawater acidity reduced Antarctic phytoplanktons’ ability to build strong cell walls, making them smaller and less effective at storing carbon. At current rates of seawater acidification, we could see this effect before the end of the century.

=====Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions=====
<embed>https://www.pnas.org/content/112/43/13272.full</embed>
Ocean warming and acidification have received increasing focus as global change stressors, but marine species will also be impacted in their performance by other emerging stressors such as changes in sea surface height, UV, underwater irradiance, water salinity, and seawater oxygen content (7). Hypoxic zones are becoming widespread in oceanic as well as shelf environments because of climate change and local stressors such as eutrophication (37). Many species will be challenged by the interactive effects of ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation, but at present, hardly any (multistressors) studies exist to evaluate the effects of hypoxia on marine species and ecosystems (8, 38). For some species, there are opportunities to move to deeper waters or extend their ranges to higher latitudes, but not all species will be able to keep up with the pace of climate change, leading to alterations in current species distributions (39, 40). Moreover, species that have fewer generations (e.g., k strategists with greater longevity and later maturation) have fewer opportunities to adapt to rapidly changing conditions forecast for the next ∼85 y. Unless longer-lived species relocate to climate refugia

<embed>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/oct/13/marine-food-chains-at-risk-of-collapse-extensive-study-of-worlds-oceans-reveals</embed>
A study of 632 published experiments of the world’s oceans, from tropical to arctic waters, spanning coral reefs and the open seas, found that climate change is whittling away the diversity and abundance of marine species.
The paper, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found there was “limited scope” for animals to deal with warming waters and acidification, with very few species escaping the negative impact of increasing carbon dioxide dissolution in the oceans.

=====Phytoplankton Population Drops 40 Percent Since 1950=====
<embed>https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/phytoplankton-population/</embed>
Researchers at Canada's Dalhousie University say the global population of phytoplankton has fallen about 40 percent since 1950. That translates to an annual drop of about 1 percent of the average plankton population between 1899 and 2008.
The scientists believe that rising sea surface temperatures are to blame.
"It's very disturbing to think about the potential implications of a century-long decline of the base of the food chain," said lead author Daniel Boyce, a marine ecologist.

=====Critical Ocean Organisms Are Disappearing=====
[https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2010/07/critical-ocean-organisms-are-disappearing Science Mag 7/28/2019]
he number of marine phytoplankton, the microscopic organisms that gobble greenhouse gases and directly or indirectly feed every animal in the ocean, has been declining by about 1% of the global average per year, according to a new study. If the trend continues, it could decimate ocean food chains and accelerate global warming.

=====Icebergs delay Southern Hemisphere future warming, study shows=====
[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/08/190812172328.htm?fbclid=IwAR1-2kx-bl0FgYIaehzgc3G_N4vVax5DX_BAI6TwSNQJyHkjqYG_sVWg4aM Science Daily 8/12/2019]
Future warming can accelerate the disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet. A large fraction of the ice will enter the Southern Ocean in form of icebergs, which melt and provide a cooling and freshening effect to the warmer and denser ocean water. This process will increase the formation of sea-ice and shift winds and ocean currents. The overall effect is a slowdown in the magnitude of human-induced Southern Hemispheric warming and sea-level rise, according to a new study.

=====Pacific Ocean's effect on Arctic warming=====
[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/08/180807095149.htm Science Daily 4/08/2019]
The Arctic is experiencing larger and more rapid increases in temperature from global warming more than any other region, with sea-ice declining faster than predicted. This effect, known as Arctic amplification, is a well-established response that involves many positive feedback mechanisms in polar regions. Q7 What has not been well understood is how sea-surface temperature patterns and oceanic heat flow from Earth's different regions, including the temperate latitudes, affect these polar feedbacks. This new research suggests that the importance of changes occurring in the Pacific may have a stronger impact on Arctic climate than previously recognized.

=====Marine heatwaves kill coral instantly=====
<embed>https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49255642</embed>
Increasingly frequent marine heatwaves can lead to the almost instant death of corals, scientists working on the Great Barrier Reef have found. Scientists studying coral after a heat event discovered that extreme temperature rises decayed reefs much more rapidly than previously thought.

=====Rapid Coral Decay Is Associated with Marine Heatwave Mortality Events on Reefs=====
<embed>https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(19)30804-8</embed>
Severe marine heatwaves have recently become a common feature of global ocean conditions due to a rapidly changing climate [1, 2]. These increasingly severe thermal conditions are causing an unprecedented increase in the frequency and severity of mortality events in marine ecosystems, including on coral reefs [3]. The degradation of coral reefs will result in the collapse of ecosystem services that sustain over half a billion people globally [4, 5]. Here, we show that marine heatwave events on coral reefs are biologically distinct to how coral bleaching has been understood to date, in that heatwave conditions result in an immediate heat-induced mortality of the coral colony, rapid coral skeletal dissolution, and the loss of the three-dimensional reef structure.

=====Heatwaves 'cook' Great Barrier Reef corals=====
<embed>https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43801895</embed>
In surveying the 3,863 individual reefs that make up the system off Australia's north-east coast, scientists found that 29% of communities were affected. In some cases up to 90% of coral died, in a process known as bleaching.
This occurs when the stress of elevated temperatures causes a breakdown of the coral's symbiotic relationship with its algae, which provide the coral with energy to survive, and give the reef its distinctive colours.

=====Coral reefs head for 'knock-out punch'=====
<embed>https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42571484</embed>
A study of 100 reefs, published in Science Magazine, shows the interval between bleaching events in recent decades has shortened dramatically. It has gone from once every 25-30 years in the early 1980s to an average of just once every six years today.Bleaching is caused by anomalously warm water, which prompts coral polyps to eject their symbiotic algae.This drains the corals of their colour and is fatal unless conditions are reversed in a reasonably short time. But even if temperatures fall back quickly, it can still take many years for damaged reefs to fully recover.

=====Record Warm Water Likely Gave Kuskokwim Salmon Heart Attacks=====
[https://www.kyuk.org/post/record-warm-water-likely-gave-kuskokwim-salmon-heart-attacks KYUK 7/12/2019]
Earlier this week, water temperatures near Bethel broke into the lower 70s, marking the highest river temperature that’s ever been recorded in early July. This spell was part of a heat wave that shot thermometers to their highest point ever in towns across Alaska.
During this time, residents along the lower Kuskokwim River from Tuntutuliak to Akiak reported dead salmon floating downstream. Salmon don’t function well past 70 degrees, and the water had pushed just above that limit.

=====Climate Change is Weakening an Ocean Current=====
<embed>http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/d-brief/2018/04/11/ocean-current-climate-change-amoc/</embed>
Both studies found that melting ice from Greenland has spilled huge quantities of freshwater into the North Atlantic, diluting the dense salinity of North Atlantic currents and weakening the AMOC by 15 percent. However, the results disagree on when the changes started.
For decades, scientists have worried that human-caused global warming could weaken this system and drastically alter weather patterns. It’s an idea best known from the scientifically and cinematically awful 2004 film The Day After Tomorrow.

=====Heatwaves sweeping oceans ‘like wildfires’, scientists reveal=====
<embed>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/04/heatwaves-sweeping-oceans-like-wildfires-scientists-reveal</embed>
The number of heatwaves affecting the planet’s oceans has increased sharply, scientists have revealed, killing swathes of sea-life like “wildfires that take out huge areas of forest”.
The damage caused in these hotspots is also harmful for humanity, which relies on the oceans for oxygen, food, storm protection and the removal of climate-warming carbon dioxide the atmosphere, they say.

=====Historical photographs revisited: A case study for dating and characterizing recent loss of coral cover on the inshore Great Barrier Reef=====
<embed>https://www.nature.com/articles/srep19285#Sec15</embed>
Monitoring programs within the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area (GBRWHA) have recently revealed dramatic losses in coral cover on the mid-shelf and offshore reefs1. Declining water quality as a result of rapid coastal development since European settlement (c.1850) in conjunction with crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks and coral bleaching, is believed to have also resulted in a decline in coral cover and changes in community composition on inshore reefs2,3,4,5. This rather austere outlook is further exacerbated by the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) contentiously being argued as not the best managed reef in the world, with delays in water quality improvement programs and the threat of increased port development along the Queensland coastline6,7. The seriousness of the current state of the GBR has manifested in its potential delisting from World Heritage to World Heritage in Danger by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO).

=====Ocean acidification is already harming the Great Barrier Reef’s growth=====
<embed>https://theconversation.com/ocean-acidification-is-already-harming-the-great-barrier-reefs-growth-55226</embed>
It was clear from our results that reef calcification was around 7% higher under pre-industrial conditions than those experienced today.
Our work provides the first strong evidence from experiments on a natural ecosystem that ocean acidification is already causing reefs to grow more slowly than they did 100 years ago. Ocean acidification is already taking its toll on coral reef communities. This is no longer a fear for the future; it is the reality of today.

1 Climate velocity reveals increasing exposure of deep-ocean biodiversity to future warming
2 Ocean Discovery Complicates Plans to Slash Climate Pollution
3 Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2018
4 Oceans losing oxygen at unprecedented rate, experts warn
5 Why is an ocean current critical to world weather losing steam? Scientists search the Arctic for answers.
6 Ocean Acidification's impact on oysters and other shellfish
7 Acid oceans are shrinking plankton, fuelling faster climate change
8 Global alteration of ocean ecosystem functioning due to increasing human CO2 emissions
9 Phytoplankton Population Drops 40 Percent Since 1950
10 Critical Ocean Organisms Are Disappearing
11 Icebergs delay Southern Hemisphere future warming, study shows
12 Pacific Ocean's effect on Arctic warming
13 Marine heatwaves kill coral instantly
14 Rapid Coral Decay Is Associated with Marine Heatwave Mortality Events on Reefs
15 Heatwaves 'cook' Great Barrier Reef corals
16 Coral reefs head for 'knock-out punch'
17 Record Warm Water Likely Gave Kuskokwim Salmon Heart Attacks
18 Climate Change is Weakening an Ocean Current
19 Heatwaves sweeping oceans ‘like wildfires’, scientists reveal
20 Historical photographs revisited: A case study for dating and characterizing recent loss of coral cover on the inshore Great Barrier Reef
21 Ocean acidification is already harming the Great Barrier Reef’s growth

San Diego 92037 Transportation California Bicycle 2026-03-23

2026-03-26T16:49:31Z

Kirk:

{{Businesses
|business_name=California Bicycle
|address=92037, 7462 La Jolla Blvd, La Jolla, San Diego, CA
|description=Long-running family-owned La Jolla bike shop offering bicycle sales, rentals, and professional service, with a strong road, cruiser, and general cycling focus.
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San Diego 91942 Transportation Pulse Endurance Sports 2026-03-23

2026-03-23T17:24:59Z

Kirk: Created page with "San Diego 91942 Transportation Pulse Endurance Sports 2026-03-23 {{Businesses |business_name=Pulse Endurance Sports |address=91942, 6062 Lake Murray Blvd, La Mesa, CA |description=High-performance La Mesa bike shop with a strong triathlon, road, gravel, and mountain-bike focus, plus professional fitting and repair services. |photos=https://www.pulseendurance.com/ |contact=+1 619-656-5222 |link=https://www.pulseendurance.com/ }}"

San Diego 91942 Transportation Pulse Endurance Sports 2026-03-23
{{Businesses
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|address=91942, 6062 Lake Murray Blvd, La Mesa, CA
|description=High-performance La Mesa bike shop with a strong triathlon, road, gravel, and mountain-bike focus, plus professional fitting and repair services.
|photos=https://www.pulseendurance.com/
|contact=+1 619-656-5222
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American River Bicycle Center

2026-03-22T17:27:57Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=American River Bicycle Center |address=95826, 9203 Folsom Blvd, Sacramento, CA |description=Long-running Sacramento-area bicycle shop and repair center serving local riders with bike sales and repair services. |photos=https://reviews.birdeye.com/american-river-bicycle-center-170663205580656 |contact=+1 916-363-9087 |link=https://reviews.birdeye.com/american-river-bicycle-center-170663205580656 }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=American River Bicycle Center
|address=95826, 9203 Folsom Blvd, Sacramento, CA
|description=Long-running Sacramento-area bicycle shop and repair center serving local riders with bike sales and repair services.
|photos=https://reviews.birdeye.com/american-river-bicycle-center-170663205580656
|contact=+1 916-363-9087
|link=https://reviews.birdeye.com/american-river-bicycle-center-170663205580656
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E Street Bike Shop

2026-03-22T17:27:17Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=E Street Bike Shop |address=95811, 1609 Dreher St, Suite E, Sacramento, CA |description=Locally owned Sacramento bike shop focused on high-quality repairs, maintenance, sales, and commuter-friendly service. |photos=https://www.instagram.com/estreetbikeshop/ ; https://www.facebook.com/estreetbikeshop/ |contact=+1 916-446-5706 |link=https://www.instagram.com/estreetbikeshop/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=E Street Bike Shop
|address=95811, 1609 Dreher St, Suite E, Sacramento, CA
|description=Locally owned Sacramento bike shop focused on high-quality repairs, maintenance, sales, and commuter-friendly service.
|photos=https://www.instagram.com/estreetbikeshop/ ; https://www.facebook.com/estreetbikeshop/
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}}

Velo Trap

2026-03-22T17:26:59Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=Velo Trap |address=95811, 1712 L St, Sacramento, CA |description=Sacramento shop known for professional service, affordable rates, and a mix of new, used, and vintage bikes. |photos=https://www.instagram.com/velotrap/ ; https://www.facebook.com/velotrap/ |contact=+1 916-822-5969 |link=https://www.instagram.com/velotrap/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=Velo Trap
|address=95811, 1712 L St, Sacramento, CA
|description=Sacramento shop known for professional service, affordable rates, and a mix of new, used, and vintage bikes.
|photos=https://www.instagram.com/velotrap/ ; https://www.facebook.com/velotrap/
|contact=+1 916-822-5969
|link=https://www.instagram.com/velotrap/
}}

In Velo Veritas

2026-03-22T17:26:20Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=In Velo Veritas |address=95816, 1719 34th St, Sacramento, CA |description=Premium Sacramento road and gravel cycling shop offering curated brands, bike repair, maintenance, fitting, and service. |photos=https://www.inveloveritascyclery.com/ ; https://www.instagram.com/in.velo.veritas.cyclery/ |contact=See shop contact page |link=https://www.inveloveritascyclery.com/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=In Velo Veritas
|address=95816, 1719 34th St, Sacramento, CA
|description=Premium Sacramento road and gravel cycling shop offering curated brands, bike repair, maintenance, fitting, and service.
|photos=https://www.inveloveritascyclery.com/ ; https://www.instagram.com/in.velo.veritas.cyclery/
|contact=See shop contact page
|link=https://www.inveloveritascyclery.com/
}}

Natomas Bike Shop

2026-03-22T17:25:56Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=Natomas Bike Shop |address=95833, 3291 Truxel Rd, Suite 30, Sacramento, CA |description=Community bike shop serving Sacramento with bike sales, repair, maintenance, and hands-on service for new and experienced riders. |photos=https://natomasbikeshop.com/ ; https://www.facebook.com/NatomasBikeShop/ |contact=+1 916-641-8640 |link=https://natomasbikeshop.com/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=Natomas Bike Shop
|address=95833, 3291 Truxel Rd, Suite 30, Sacramento, CA
|description=Community bike shop serving Sacramento with bike sales, repair, maintenance, and hands-on service for new and experienced riders.
|photos=https://natomasbikeshop.com/ ; https://www.facebook.com/NatomasBikeShop/
|contact=+1 916-641-8640
|link=https://natomasbikeshop.com/
}}

Sutterville Bicycle Company

2026-03-22T17:25:17Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=Sutterville Bicycle Company |address=95822, 2365 Sutterville Bypass, Sacramento, CA |description=Full-service Sacramento bike shop known for repairs, new and used bicycles, parts, accessories, and service for many bike types. |photos=https://www.suttervillebicycle.com/ ; https://www.instagram.com/suttervillebicyclecompany/ |contact=+1 916-737-7537 |link=https://www.suttervillebicycle.com/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=Sutterville Bicycle Company
|address=95822, 2365 Sutterville Bypass, Sacramento, CA
|description=Full-service Sacramento bike shop known for repairs, new and used bicycles, parts, accessories, and service for many bike types.
|photos=https://www.suttervillebicycle.com/ ; https://www.instagram.com/suttervillebicyclecompany/
|contact=+1 916-737-7537
|link=https://www.suttervillebicycle.com/
}}

The Bicycle Business

2026-03-22T17:24:45Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=The Bicycle Business |address=95818, 3077 Freeport Blvd, Sacramento, CA |description=Independent neighborhood bike shop offering new bikes, accessories, and expert repair service, with a long local history and emphasis on commuting and adventure cycling. |photos=https://www.thebikebiz.com/ ; https://www.facebook.com/thebikebiz/ |contact=+1 916-442-5246 |link=https://www.thebikebiz.com/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=The Bicycle Business
|address=95818, 3077 Freeport Blvd, Sacramento, CA
|description=Independent neighborhood bike shop offering new bikes, accessories, and expert repair service, with a long local history and emphasis on commuting and adventure cycling.
|photos=https://www.thebikebiz.com/ ; https://www.facebook.com/thebikebiz/
|contact=+1 916-442-5246
|link=https://www.thebikebiz.com/
}}

Kinetic Cycles

2026-03-22T17:24:16Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=Kinetic Cycles |address=95864, 535 La Sierra Dr, Sacramento, CA |description=Sacramento bike shop focused on bikes, accessories, fitting, and professional service, with Specialized and e-bike service expertise. |photos=https://www.kineticcycles.com/ |contact=+1 916-979-9936 |link=https://www.kineticcycles.com/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=Kinetic Cycles
|address=95864, 535 La Sierra Dr, Sacramento, CA
|description=Sacramento bike shop focused on bikes, accessories, fitting, and professional service, with Specialized and e-bike service expertise.
|photos=https://www.kineticcycles.com/
|contact=+1 916-979-9936
|link=https://www.kineticcycles.com/
}}

Mike's Bikes of Sacramento

2026-03-22T17:23:39Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=Mike's Bikes of Sacramento |address=95814, 1411 I St, Sacramento, CA |description=Large downtown bike shop carrying road, mountain, kids, and electric bikes, with service, tune-ups, and test rides. |photos=https://mikesbikes.com/pages/sacramento |contact=+1 916-446-2453 |link=https://mikesbikes.com/pages/sacramento }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=Mike's Bikes of Sacramento
|address=95814, 1411 I St, Sacramento, CA
|description=Large downtown bike shop carrying road, mountain, kids, and electric bikes, with service, tune-ups, and test rides.
|photos=https://mikesbikes.com/pages/sacramento
|contact=+1 916-446-2453
|link=https://mikesbikes.com/pages/sacramento
}}

Trek Bicycle Sacramento Midtown

2026-03-22T17:22:45Z

Kirk: Created page with "{{Businesses |business_name=Trek Bicycle Sacramento Midtown |address=95816, 2419 K St, Sacramento, CA |description=Full-service Trek and Bontrager bike shop in Midtown offering new bikes, e-bikes, accessories, and 24-hour service on most bikes of any brand. |photos=https://www.trekbikes.com/us/en_US/retail/sacramento_midtown/ |contact=+1 202-965-3601 |link=https://www.trekbikes.com/us/en_US/retail/sacramento_midtown/ }}"

{{Businesses
|business_name=Trek Bicycle Sacramento Midtown
|address=95816, 2419 K St, Sacramento, CA
|description=Full-service Trek and Bontrager bike shop in Midtown offering new bikes, e-bikes, accessories, and 24-hour service on most bikes of any brand.
|photos=https://www.trekbikes.com/us/en_US/retail/sacramento_midtown/
|contact=+1 202-965-3601
|link=https://www.trekbikes.com/us/en_US/retail/sacramento_midtown/
}}

Traditional Medicines Summary

2026-03-22T17:14:14Z

Kirk: Created page with "'''Regional Summaries of Traditional Medicine''' ''Synthesized from the user-provided source list'' This document organizes the source-based summaries by region: Global / Multi-Regional, Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America. Each section distills recurring themes, representative examples, and major contrasts drawn from the uploaded sources. '''Global / Multi-Regional''' Across the global and multi-regional sources, traditional medicine appears no..."

'''Regional Summaries of Traditional Medicine'''

''Synthesized from the user-provided source list''

This document organizes the source-based summaries by region: Global / Multi-Regional, Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and North America. Each section distills recurring themes, representative examples, and major contrasts drawn from the uploaded sources.

'''Global / Multi-Regional'''

Across the global and multi-regional sources, traditional medicine appears not as an isolated remnant of the past but as a living, adaptive body of knowledge that continues to shape health practices around the world. The World Health Organization defines traditional medicine broadly as knowledge, skills, and practices rooted in cultural history and often linked to plant-based remedies, local healing systems, and long-standing community experience. In this framing, herbal medicine is only one part of a larger field that also includes diagnostic traditions, spiritual approaches, manual practices, and integrative care. The global sources emphasize that traditional medicine remains widely used not because modern medicine failed to arrive, but because local systems continue to hold cultural legitimacy, practical value, and everyday accessibility for millions of people.

A major theme across the global literature is continuity. Traditional medicine is presented as a knowledge system transmitted across generations, often orally and through household or healer-based practice. WHO’s feature on the long history of traditional medicine argues that such knowledge has repeatedly contributed to mainstream medicine and continues to hold promise for future therapies. This does not mean every remedy is automatically effective or safe. Rather, it means traditional systems contain deeply observed plant use, embodied community knowledge, and long-term therapeutic experimentation that deserve documentation and careful scientific evaluation. The recent Guardian coverage of WHO’s push for more research reinforces this same point: the debate is shifting from dismissal toward structured investigation, evidence-building, and more respectful engagement with non-Western healing traditions.

Another global pattern is that medicinal plant knowledge is inseparable from culture. The scoping review on traditional Indigenous medicine in North America and the review of herbal medicine in Mesoamerica both stress that remedies do not exist in a vacuum. They are embedded within wider systems of land use, spirituality, foodways, kinship, and social authority. A plant may be used not only because of chemical properties but because it is culturally known, ecologically available, ritually meaningful, and trusted through experience. The Caribbean Basin review similarly shows that medicinal plant traditions change through migration, cultural intermixing, colonial encounters, and adaptation to local ecologies. This makes traditional medicine a dynamic rather than static field. It evolves as people move, trade, intermarry, urbanize, and confront new health problems.

The global sources also highlight the tension between preservation and loss. Because so much knowledge is oral, it can decline quickly when younger generations leave rural communities, when languages erode, when plant habitats are damaged, or when local healers lose status. Documentation therefore appears repeatedly as an urgent scholarly task. Yet these sources also warn against reducing traditional medicine to a museum object. The most useful approach is not simple preservationism but respectful continuity: recording remedies, names, preparation methods, and local concepts of healing while recognizing that living communities continue to adapt their knowledge. This is especially clear in the Pan American botanicals overview, which places local traditions within broader regulatory and research contexts. Traditional medicine is no longer only a subject of folklore or anthropology; it is also part of debates over public health, dietary supplements, intellectual property, conservation, and biomedical research.

Taken together, the global and multi-regional sources show that traditional medicine is best understood as a broad, culturally rooted, and globally persistent form of knowledge. It remains vital in primary health care, especially where access to formal medical systems is limited, but it also persists where biomedical care is readily available because people value familiarity, affordability, identity, and holistic approaches to well-being. At the same time, the literature repeatedly calls for caution: documentation must be ethical, evidence must be evaluated carefully, and community knowledge must not be stripped from the people who hold it. The strongest cross-regional lesson is that traditional medicine survives because it is practical, meaningful, and socially embedded. Its future will depend on whether documentation, conservation, and research can proceed without erasing the cultural worlds that gave it life.

'''Africa'''

The African sources present traditional medicinal plant knowledge as a deeply rooted and still-active part of community health care, especially in rural and semi-rural regions. Across Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, South Africa, Algeria, and Saudi Arabia, the studies describe healing systems in which medicinal plants are not occasional supplements but central components of everyday care. These remedies are used for common illnesses, childhood conditions, skin diseases, human and livestock ailments, and broader household health needs. In many of the communities studied, traditional medicine remains practical because it is accessible, familiar, locally trusted, and tied to generations of experience. The African literature therefore emphasizes continuity: these are not merely remnants of old customs, but functioning knowledge systems that continue to support primary care.

Ethiopia stands out in the source list because of the sheer number of recent studies documenting local herbal traditions. The Gamo, Yem, Metema, Addi Arkay, Bita, and West Shoa studies collectively show extraordinary botanical diversity and equally rich local classification systems. They record plant names, plant parts used, modes of preparation, and the ailments treated, revealing that medicinal knowledge is both highly localized and systematically organized. One especially important feature in the Ethiopian studies is the overlap between human and livestock medicine. In places such as Addi Arkay, the same knowledge system serves both human health and animal care, which shows how healing is integrated into broader rural livelihoods rather than confined to one medical domain. These studies also emphasize that knowledge is often transmitted orally and is therefore vulnerable to disruption when social and ecological conditions change.

The other African studies reinforce similar patterns while highlighting regional variation. In Kenya, the Mosop study documents how practitioners use specific plant parts and preparation methods to treat different disease categories, showing the practical precision of local ethnomedical systems. In South Africa, the focus on childhood disease underscores the importance of traditional medicine in family-level care and the urgency of preserving orally transmitted knowledge. In Uganda, the Kibale National Park study links community health to local ecosystems, indicating that medicinal plant knowledge is inseparable from landscape. In Algeria, the study of herbalists treating skin diseases highlights the role of gender, especially women’s traditional positions in preserving and transmitting medicinal practice. Even the Saudi Arabia study, though geographically somewhat distinct from sub-Saharan Africa, fits the same broad pattern: medicinal knowledge remains vibrant but threatened, and much of it has historically been preserved through oral tradition rather than formal institutions.

Conservation is one of the strongest themes in the African sources. The Bita District study explicitly discusses threats to phytomedicines and the plant resources behind them, making clear that preserving traditional medicine is not only about recording knowledge but also about protecting habitats and maintaining access to medicinal species. This concern recurs indirectly in many other studies, where elders are key knowledge holders and younger generations may be less engaged in transmission. The result is a double vulnerability: plants can be lost through ecological pressure, and the interpretive systems surrounding them can be lost through social change. African ethnobotanical research therefore often combines documentation with an argument for conservation, cultural continuity, and recognition of community knowledge as a public good.

Another notable feature of the African literature is its refusal to treat traditional medicine as primitive or secondary. These studies consistently frame local plant knowledge as sophisticated, empirical, and socially embedded. Remedies are chosen through long experience, adapted to local ecologies, and structured by practical knowledge of preparation and dosage. At the same time, the sources do not romanticize the field. They often imply the need for further pharmacological study, clearer documentation, and policy attention. The overall picture is one of complex living systems: practical, place-based, often under-documented, and under pressure, yet still crucial to the health strategies of many communities. African traditional medicine in these sources emerges as both cultural heritage and active health infrastructure.

'''Asia'''

The Asian sources reveal remarkable ethnobotanical diversity, but they also share several unifying themes: strong links between medicine and food, the importance of oral transmission, the role of ethnic minority or Indigenous communities as knowledge holders, and widespread concern that modernization may weaken traditional plant knowledge. The studies from China, India, the Philippines, Thailand, and Bangladesh collectively show that traditional medicine in Asia is neither singular nor uniform. Instead, it consists of highly localized systems shaped by ecology, language, social history, and community practice. What ties them together is the persistence of medicinal plant knowledge as part of daily life, especially in communities where food, healing, ritual, and environmental familiarity are closely intertwined.

China is especially prominent in the source set, with studies on the Gelao, Dong, Miao, Hakka, Yi, Daur, Kazakh, and Kunyu Mountain communities. These papers demonstrate how medicinal knowledge varies significantly across ethnic and regional lines. Some studies focus on wild medicinal herbs, others on medicinal food plants, others on traded herbs in community markets, and still others on plants that are both edible and therapeutic. This diversity is important because it shows that traditional medicine in China cannot be reduced to one standardized system. Instead, these local studies reveal parallel traditions that persist within minority communities and local economies. The Hakka markets study is especially useful because it shows that medicinal knowledge is not only a household inheritance but also a commercial and social practice expressed through trade networks. The Kazakh, Daur, and Dong studies likewise show how food and medicine overlap, suggesting that healing is woven into daily subsistence and culinary traditions rather than separated into a distinct medical sphere.

India, the Philippines, Thailand, and Bangladesh broaden that picture. The Mizoram studies, drawing on multiple tribal communities and villages, show that medicinal plants remain embedded in healer knowledge and community life. The Benguet and San Fernando studies in the Philippines document both medicinal and ritual uses, and they stress common preparation methods such as decoction while also noting that isolation, modernization, and local history shape practice differently across communities. The Pantar study centers the Maranao community and highlights the role of elders, especially older women, in preserving remedy knowledge. The Thai article on edible ethnobotanical heritage demonstrates again that food and healing are deeply connected, while the Pangkhua study in Bangladesh shows how documentation itself can become a strategy to preserve endangered plant-use knowledge for future generations.

A striking theme across the Asian studies is the fragility of oral transmission. Several papers explicitly warn that traditional knowledge is at risk as elderly knowledge holders decline in number, as young people adopt urban lifestyles, or as local languages and customary practices weaken. This concern appears in the Kunyu Mountain study, the Dong case study, and other community-focused surveys. Yet the sources do not depict tradition as simply fading. Instead, they show active efforts to record local names, plant uses, preparation methods, and cultural meanings before further loss occurs. There is also an important heritage dimension: medicinal plant knowledge is repeatedly framed as intangible cultural heritage, not merely as a set of remedies. In this view, preserving medicine means preserving language, social memory, ecological familiarity, and community identity.

Overall, the Asian sources present traditional medicine as a flexible, lived practice anchored in local environments and ethnic histories. Rather than existing outside modern life, it often coexists with markets, migration, changing diets, and contemporary pressures. The studies suggest that traditional medicinal knowledge remains resilient precisely because it is practical and adaptable, but they also make clear that resilience has limits if transmission breaks down. Asia’s ethnobotanical landscape, as represented here, is one of extraordinary richness: local, plural, intergenerational, and deeply tied to food, trade, ritual, and memory.

'''Europe'''

The European sources present traditional medicinal plant knowledge as a form of rural ecological memory that persists within modern societies, often in mountain regions, sacred landscapes, and communities shaped by long historical continuity. Compared with the African and Asian studies, the European set is smaller, but it reveals several important patterns. First, medicinal plant use in Europe is not portrayed as vanished folklore; it remains active in specific communities. Second, it often overlaps with food, ritual, and regional identity. Third, change over time is especially visible in the European material, where researchers can compare present-day practice to earlier written records and show how knowledge has evolved, narrowed, or adapted.

The Portugal study treats mountainous rural communities in the northwest as hotspots of ecological knowledge. This framing is important because it resists the idea that modern Europe is ecologically and culturally detached from plant-based healing. Instead, the study shows that local communities continue to use plants for everyday needs, including medicinal purposes, and that this knowledge remains tied to lived familiarity with the landscape. The Kırşehir study in Türkiye makes a similar point, locating medicinal plant use within broader traditional ecological knowledge rather than treating it as an isolated practice. The sacred-province study from Türkiye goes further by emphasizing the spiritual dimensions of ethnomedicinal knowledge, showing that plant use may be shaped not only by practical remedy traditions but also by sacred geography and local religious culture. In these sources, medicine is not only functional; it is culturally situated.

The Susa Valley article is especially valuable because it compares present knowledge with records from 1970, offering a rare long-term view of knowledge change. This half-century perspective shows that ethnobotanical knowledge is neither static nor uniformly declining. Some uses persist, others shift, and the relationship between food and medicine continues to evolve. That kind of historical comparison helps explain why European ethnobotany is so important: because written records exist, researchers can trace how local pharmacopoeias respond to social change, migration, modernization, and new health conditions. The Bulgarian study on symptom relief during the COVID-19 pandemic provides a contemporary example of that adaptability. It shows that traditional phytotherapy did not remain locked in an older world but was mobilized in response to a modern public health crisis. In other words, traditional medicine remained available as a cultural and practical resource even during an emergency shaped by global biomedicine.

The European sources also suggest that ethnobotanical knowledge persists most visibly where communities maintain strong ties to place. Mountain villages, sacred provinces, and semi-rural zones appear repeatedly because such places often preserve older relationships between people and plants. At the same time, these studies imply that documentation is increasingly urgent. As in other regions, knowledge transmission may weaken when younger generations move away, when subsistence patterns change, or when traditional ecological familiarity declines. The difference in Europe is that these losses occur within highly modernized states, making the contrast between contemporary life and inherited practice especially visible.

In sum, the European material shows traditional medicine as an enduring but changing cultural resource. It survives not because Europe escaped modernization, but because local communities continue to value plant knowledge for health, identity, and continuity. The sources demonstrate that European ethnobotany is not merely archival; it is still lived, still adaptive, and still capable of responding to new conditions. The strongest lesson is that traditional medicine in Europe often persists where ecological knowledge, historical memory, and place-based culture remain closely connected.

'''Latin America'''

The Latin American sources emphasize that medicinal plant knowledge is deeply connected to ancestry, agrobiodiversity, and community resilience. Though the regional set here is smaller than those for Africa or Asia, it is conceptually rich. The studies on Quilombola communities in Brazil, traditional knowledge in Putumayo, and Aymara agrobiodiversity in Bolivia all show that herbal medicine in Latin America is inseparable from local history, land use, and cultural survival. These are not merely inventories of useful plants. They are accounts of how communities maintain identity and health through relationships with cultivated fields, forests, weeds, domestic landscapes, and inherited modes of care.

The Quilombola scoping review is especially important because it highlights variation within shared heritage. Quilombola communities in Brazil have roots in Afro-Brazilian histories of resistance and community formation, and the review shows that medicinal knowledge differs by region while still reflecting broad continuities in remedy traditions and preparation methods. This suggests a common pattern in ethnobotany: even where communities share historical origins, medicinal systems adapt to local ecology and experience. The Putumayo study from Colombia similarly centers traditional knowledge preservation, presenting ancestral plant use not only as an alternative for treating illness but also as a repository of cultural memory. Here, medicinal knowledge is a form of continuity, one that links healing practice to the preservation of community identity.

The Bolivian Andean Altiplano study adds another crucial insight by showing that agrobiodiversity itself functions as a medicinal reservoir. In Aymara farming systems, cultivated plants and even weeds can have therapeutic roles. This blurs a boundary often imposed by outsiders between agriculture and medicine. Local farming systems are not simply about food production; they are also about maintaining a living pharmacopoeia. That overlap resembles themes seen elsewhere in the global literature, but it is especially striking here because the study explicitly ties medicinal resources to agrobiodiversity. Traditional healing, in this context, depends on maintaining the diversity of cultivated and semi-cultivated environments. This makes herbal knowledge inseparable from agricultural practice, seed selection, and land stewardship.

Another broad theme in the Latin American material is preservation under pressure. These communities face many of the same challenges seen elsewhere: modernization, ecological change, migration, and the risk of losing orally transmitted knowledge. But the Latin American studies also highlight continuity through adaptation. Communities continue using medicinal plants not because they are cut off from the modern world, but because these remedies remain relevant, accessible, and culturally meaningful. In places shaped by Indigenous, Afro-descendant, and mixed rural histories, plant knowledge can also function as a form of resistance to cultural erasure. Documenting remedies therefore has significance beyond pharmacology. It helps validate local knowledge systems that have often been marginalized by colonial and postcolonial institutions.

Overall, the Latin American sources portray traditional medicine as a biocultural system: rooted in land, sustained by community, and interwoven with agriculture and memory. The strongest insight from this regional set is that healing knowledge is part of a larger ecology of survival. To preserve medicinal practice in Latin America is not only to record plant uses, but to protect the social and environmental worlds in which those uses make sense.

'''North America'''

The North American sources present one of the broadest and most internally varied pictures in the file. They include Indigenous medicinal systems in Canada and the United States, historical knowledge exchange in California, Cherokee, Gitksan, Haudenosaunee, and Cree case studies, Appalachian herbal knowledge, and extensive material from Mexico and the Caribbean. Taken together, these sources show that traditional medicinal plant knowledge in North America is both historically deep and highly adaptive. It survives in rural, urban, Indigenous, mestizo, and diasporic settings, and it continues to shape both community practice and scientific research.

The Canadian and U.S. Indigenous sources stress that medicinal plant knowledge is orally transmitted, culturally meaningful, and often at risk from cultural disruption. The boreal forest review documents wide-ranging medicinal plant use by Aboriginal peoples in Canada, while the Gitksan article argues that plant choice cannot be explained solely by pharmacology because cultural meaning shapes therapeutic selection. The Cherokee, Haudenosaunee, and Cree studies go a step further by connecting traditional plant knowledge to laboratory or biomedical research. These studies are important because they do not treat Indigenous medicine as a curiosity; they begin with community knowledge and then examine its chemical, antibacterial, or antidiabetic significance. This suggests a productive, though delicate, relationship between Indigenous ethnobotany and modern science when the research remains grounded in community-held knowledge.

The historical article on California missions adds another layer by showing that medicinal plant knowledge moved across cultural boundaries among Native Californians, Spaniards, Mexicans, and Californios. This helps explain why North American herbal traditions are often hybrid rather than isolated. Plant knowledge travels through contact, coercion, trade, settlement, and everyday exchange. The Eastern Kentucky study shows a parallel process in Appalachia, where local medicinal knowledge remains active at the community level, though shaped by a different historical trajectory. The North American material therefore includes both Indigenous continuity and regionally hybrid traditions shaped by colonial history and rural persistence.

Mexico is a major center of richness in this regional group. The Oaxaca, Veracruz, Nuevo León, mestizo-community, domestication, urban Mexico, and pain-treatment sources collectively show extraordinary diversity in Mexican medicinal plant knowledge. Some focus on inventories of locally used species, others on preparation methods, others on how gender and livelihood shape knowledge distribution, and still others on domestication and cultivation of medicinal plants over time. Particularly important is the urban Mexico study, which challenges the assumption that traditional remedies disappear in cities. Instead, medicinal plant knowledge adapts, persists, and remains socially meaningful even in modern urban environments. The domestication study also shows that Mexican traditional medicine is not only about gathering wild plants; it is also about long-term human management, selection, and cultivation.

The Caribbean material extends this North American picture into island and transnational settings. Studies from Puerto Rico, Barbados, Trinidad, and Haiti show that medicinal herbs remain part of household care and everyday health behavior. The women’s health and transnational ethnobotany article is especially revealing because it shows how plant knowledge travels across borders while remaining rooted in local tradition. This mirrors the broader Caribbean Basin theme from the global section: migration and cultural intermixing do not erase medicinal knowledge, but reshape and redistribute it. The result is a flexible ethnobotanical tradition that can persist in both island communities and diaspora settings such as New York City.

Overall, the North American sources show a region where traditional medicine is not one thing but many things at once: Indigenous inheritance, colonial exchange, rural persistence, urban adaptation, and diasporic continuity. Across this diversity, several themes recur. Medicinal plant knowledge is embedded in culture, not reducible to chemistry alone. It is threatened by erasure, yet capable of adaptation. And it remains relevant both to community care and to scientific inquiry. The regional picture is therefore one of endurance through plurality. Traditional medicine survives in North America because it has never existed in only one form.

Traditional Medicines

2026-03-22T16:59:22Z

Kirk:

[[Traditional Medicines Summary]]

=====GLOBAL / MULTI-REGIONAL=====

=====Traditional Medicine=====
[https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/traditional-medicine | World Health Organization | WHO | 11/28/25]
Traditional medicine is defined here as health knowledge and practice rooted in cultural history and often centered on nature-based remedies. The page explains how traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine includes herbal medicine and remains widely used across many countries.

=====Traditional Medicine Has a Long History of Contributing to Conventional Medicine and Continues to Hold Promise=====
[https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/traditional-medicine-has-a-long-history-of-contributing-to-conventional-medicine-and-continues-to-hold-promise | World Health Organization | WHO | 8/10/23]
This WHO feature explains how traditional healers, home remedies, and long-standing medicinal knowledge continue to shape health practices around the world. It also frames local herbal knowledge as both cultural heritage and a possible source of future therapies.

=====Traditional Indigenous Medicine in North America: A Scoping Review=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7425891/ | Nadine R. Caron Redvers et al. | PLOS One / PMC | 2020]
This scoping review maps published research on traditional Indigenous medicine in North America. It provides a broad framework for understanding how plant-based remedies fit within larger Indigenous healing systems in the United States and Canada.

=====Traditional Herbal Medicine in Mesoamerica: Toward Its Evidence Base and a Mesoamerican Medicinal Plant Database=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7411306/ | M.S. Geck et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology / PMC | 2020]
This critical review synthesizes survey literature on botanical drugs used across Mesoamerica. It helps place local Mexican and Central American remedies into a larger regional herbal tradition.

=====Medicinal Plant Knowledge in the Caribbean Basin: Cultural Intermixing and Local Primary Health Care=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347915/ | W. Torres-Avilez et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2015]
This article compares medicinal plant knowledge among groups in the Caribbean Basin. It highlights both shared remedies and important differences created by migration, local history, and cultural intermixing.

=====A U.S. Pharmacopeia Overview of Pan American Botanicals Used in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11392873/ | R. Upton et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology / PMC | 2024]
This overview surveys the herbal medicine landscape across the Pan American region, including North America and the Caribbean. It is broader than a single community study, but it helps place local herbal traditions into a continental regulatory and research context.

=====AFRICA=====

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Local Gamo People in Boreda Abaya District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-024-00666-z | J. Zemede et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This article describes the long history of traditional herbal medicine among the Gamo people of southern Ethiopia. It documents indigenous medicinal plants and presents them as part of a still-living local knowledge system used for primary health care.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the People of Mosop, Nandi County in Kenya=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1328903/full | Z.C. Maiyo et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2024]
This paper documents medicinal plants used by the Mosop community in Nandi County, Kenya. It records how traditional medicine practitioners use specific plant parts and preparation methods to treat different disease categories.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous Knowledge Holders to Manage and Treat Childhood Diseases in North West Province, South Africa=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282113 | P.T. Ndhlovu et al. | PLOS One | 2023]
This study focuses on medicinal plants used by indigenous knowledge holders in South Africa to manage childhood diseases. It highlights the continuing importance of traditional medicine in local primary care and the need to document knowledge that is often passed down orally.

=====Traditional Plants Used for Medicinal Purposes by Local Communities around the Northern Sector of Kibale National Park, Uganda=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1407104/full | Author not clearly exposed in tool | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2024]
This study documents medicinal plants used by communities near Kibale National Park in Uganda. It focuses on local herbal knowledge, plant preparation, and the role of traditional remedies in community health.

=====Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Plants Used in the Aseer Province, Southwestern Saudi Arabia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00793-1 | Manal A. Alshaqhaa et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 5/31/25]
This open-access study records medicinal plants and traditional healing knowledge in the Aseer region. It emphasizes that this knowledge has largely been passed down orally and needed documentation.

=====Ethnobotanical Investigation of Medicinal Plants Utilized by Indigenous Communities in the Fofa and Toaba Sub-Districts of the Yem Zone, Central Ethiopian Region=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00768-2 | Firehun Lulesa, Shiferaw Alemu, and Ashebir Awoke | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 3/10/25]
This paper documents medicinal plants, local names, plant parts, and preparation methods used by indigenous communities in central Ethiopia. It also looks at how traditional knowledge is transmitted and how these remedies support public health and food security.

=====Ethnopharmacological Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Metema District, Northwestern Ethiopia=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1535822/full | D. Tadesse et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This study documents medicinal plant use and associated traditional knowledge in Metema District. It presents traditional medicine as deeply tied to local culture and everyday healthcare.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human and Livestock Ailments in Addi Arkay District, Northwestern Ethiopia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00775-3 | W. Misganaw et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This article documents 112 medicinal plant species used in local primary healthcare. It shows how one knowledge system can serve both human and livestock care within the same community.

=====Traditionally Used Phytomedicines and Their Associated Threats in Bita District, Southwestern Ethiopia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00753-9 | A. Awoke et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This paper records 122 traditional medicinal plant species and discusses threats to the knowledge and plant resources behind them. It highlights the importance of conservation alongside documentation.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Communities of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1369480/full | T.B. Beressa et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2024]
This paper identifies and documents plants used in ethno-pharmacological practice in West Shoa. It presents local herbal knowledge as a long-standing source of community care.

=====Ethnopharmocological Study of Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Skin Diseases by Herbalists in Northwestern Region of Algeria=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0343714 | R. Hantour et al. | PLOS One | 2/27/26]
This recent article documents herbalists’ knowledge of medicinal plants used for skin diseases in northwestern Algeria. It also notes the cultural importance of preserving women’s traditional roles in medicinal practice and passing that knowledge forward.

=====ASIA=====

=====An Ethnobotanical Study on the Medicinal Herb Practices of the Gelao Ethnic Minority in North Guizhou, China: An Exploration of Traditional Knowledge=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1217599/full | F. Liu et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2023]
This study documents the medicinal herb knowledge of the Gelao people in northern Guizhou, China. It focuses on wild plants used in local healing traditions and shows how community knowledge is preserved through interviews and participatory fieldwork.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Various Ethnic Tribes of Mizoram, India=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0302792 | L. Ralte et al. | PLOS One | 2024]
This survey records ethnomedicinal knowledge from multiple tribal communities in Mizoram, India. It draws on interviews across 17 villages and shows how medicinal plants remain embedded in local practice, healer knowledge, and community life.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal and Ritual Plants Utilized by the Indigenous Communities of Benguet Province, Philippines=====
[https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-024-00624-1 | J.R. Andalan et al. | Tropical Medicine and Health | 2024]
This study preserves medicinal and ritual plant knowledge from indigenous communities in Benguet, Philippines. It details the plant parts used, common preparation methods such as decoction, and the ailments these remedies are intended to treat.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in the Southern Mountain Area of Kunyu Mountain, China=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1598940/full | Z. Wang et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This survey documents plants and associated traditional medicinal knowledge held by residents in the southern mountain area of Kunyu Mountain. It also notes concern about the loss of oral knowledge as the elderly population declines.

=====Ethnobotanical Heritage of Edible Plants Species in Mueang District, Yasothon Province, Northeastern Thailand=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/9/1264 | P. Saensouk et al. | Biology (MDPI) | 2025]
This article documents edible plants that also serve medicinal and cultural roles in northeastern Thailand. It shows how food and healing knowledge often overlap in local practice.

=====A Case Study from Guizhou, China=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1601710/full | M. Yang et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This study documents the medicinal and edible uses of Lamiaceae plants in a Dong community in Guizhou. It focuses on plant knowledge as an element of intangible cultural heritage at risk of being lost.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Miao People in Hainan, China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00795-z | S. Huang et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 6/16/25]
This article records the medicinal knowledge of the Miao people in Hainan. It emphasizes the distinct ecological and cultural context shaping their healing practices.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey and Quantitative Assessment of Medicinal Plants in Landlocked Communities of San Fernando, La Union, Philippines=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1670496/full | R.J.V. Flores et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This survey documents how medicinal plant knowledge varies across Philippine communities. It argues that local isolation, modernization, and community history all shape herbal practice.

=====Medicinal Plants Traded in Hakka Communities of Southeastern Guangxi, China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00796-y | Y. Liufu et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This article examines medicinal plants sold in Hakka community markets in southeastern Guangxi. It shows how local herbal knowledge is expressed not only in households but also through trade networks.

=====An Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Food Plants Used by the Kazakh People in China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00817-w | Y. Zhao et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This study focuses on medicinal food plants used by Kazakh communities in northern Xinjiang. It illustrates how food and remedy traditions are intertwined in daily life.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Community of the Western Region of Mizoram, India=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-023-00642-z | L. Ralte, H. Sailo, and Y.T. Singh | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This study documents medicinal plants used by indigenous communities in western Mizoram. It adds detail to the larger record of tribal herbal practice in northeastern India.

=====Ethnobotanical Plants Used as Traditional Medicine in Pantar, Lanao del Norte, Philippines=====
[https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2026/vol14issue1/PartA/14-1-1-100.pdf | Janine C. Macaraya and Jamiel C. Macaraya | International Journal of Herbal Medicine / Plants Journal archive page | 12/5/25]
This ethnomedicinal survey documents traditional plant knowledge among the Maranao community in Pantar. It highlights the role of elders, especially older women, in preserving remedy knowledge.

=====Quantitative Approach to Unveiling Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants of Tea Tribes of Dhubri District, Assam, India=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00803-2 | Author not clearly exposed in tool | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 5/3/25]
This article focuses on medicinal plant knowledge among tea-tribe communities in Assam. It uses quantitative ethnobotanical methods to document remedy knowledge and community practice.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Yi People in Mile, Yunnan, China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-024-00656-1 | H.R. Li et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This paper documents medicinal plants used by the Yi people in Yunnan. It adds to the growing record of regionally distinct herbal practices among China’s ethnic communities.

=====An Ethnobotanical Survey on the Medicinal and Edible Plants Used by the Daur People in China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-024-00695-8 | Y.Q. Bi et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This article records medicinal and edible plants used by the Daur people. It shows how healing knowledge is embedded in local food systems and ecological knowledge.

=====Qualitative and Quantitative Ethnobotanical Study of the Pangkhua Indigenous Community of Bangladesh=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-019-0287-2 | M.O. Faruque et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2019]
This study documents ethnomedicinal knowledge among traditional healers and elders in the Pangkhua community. It was designed specifically to preserve plant-use knowledge for future generations.

=====EUROPE=====

=====Ethnobotanical Inventory of Plants Used by Mountainous Rural Communities in NW Portugal=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/19/2824 | A. Sá et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2024]
This inventory records plant knowledge from rural mountain communities in northwest Portugal. It treats these communities as hotspots of ecological knowledge and documents how locally known plants support everyday needs, including medicinal uses.

=====Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants for Symptom Relief During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bulgaria=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/23/3692 | D. Cherneva et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2025]
This ethnobotanical study records medicinal plants used in Bulgarian traditional phytotherapy during the pandemic. It shows how local herbal knowledge adapted to a modern public health crisis.

=====An Ethnobotanical Study in Kırşehir (Türkiye)=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/20/2895 | G. Emre et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2024]
This study examines ethnobotanical knowledge in Kırşehir and places medicinal plant use within traditional ecological knowledge. It treats local plant knowledge as culturally and ecologically valuable.

=====Traditional Knowledge Evolution over Half of a Century=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/1/43 | N. Sulaiman et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2023]
This article documents ethnobotanical knowledge in the Susa Valley of the northwestern Italian Alps. It compares current medicinal and food-medicine knowledge with records from 1970 to show change over time.

=====Cultural Use and the Knowledge of Ethnomedicinal Plants in a Sacred Province of Türkiye=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/15/2104 | A. Dogan et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2024]
This paper catalogs traditional medicinal uses of plants in a province where sacred landscapes and local culture strongly shape practice. It frames ethnobotanical knowledge as both spiritual and practical.

=====LATIN AMERICA=====

=====Ethnobotanical Surveys of Plants Used by Quilombola Communities in Brazil: A Scoping Review=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/10/1215 | L.F.S. Ramos et al. | Life (MDPI) | 2024]
This review highlights the medicinal plant knowledge held by Quilombola communities in Brazil. It emphasizes that remedies, plant selection, and preparation methods vary by region, reflecting both shared heritage and local adaptation.

=====Ethnobotanical Insights: Qualitative Analysis of Medicinal Plants in Colón Putumayo for Traditional Knowledge Preservation=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/19/3390 | M.A. Bastidas-Bacca et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2023]
This article systematizes ethnomedicinal knowledge in Colón Putumayo, Colombia. It shows how ancestral plant knowledge is used as an alternative for treating illnesses and preserving community knowledge.

=====Agrobiodiversity as a Reservoir of Medicinal Resources: Ethnobotanical Insights from Aymara Communities in the Bolivian Andean Altiplano=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/1/50 | S. Cocarico et al. | Horticulturae (MDPI) | 2025]
This study shows how cultivated plants and weeds in Aymara farming systems also function as medicinal resources. It highlights the close relationship between agriculture and traditional healing.

=====NORTH AMERICA=====

=====Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in the Boreal Forest of Canada=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3316145/ | N.P. Uprety et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2012]
This review documents the medicinal plants used by Aboriginal peoples across the Canadian boreal forest. It emphasizes the depth of orally transmitted herbal knowledge and the risk of losing it through cultural change.

=====Plants of the USA: Recordings on Native North American Useful Plants in Humboldt’s “Plantae des États-Unis” Manuscript=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11409576/ | L.C. Baratto et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2024]
This article recovers historical ethnobotanical information on useful plants in the United States and reconnects those records to Native North American Indigenous knowledge. It also discusses how Indigenous plant knowledge was often erased in later literature.

=====Exchange of Medicinal Plant Information in California Missions=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-020-00388-y | J.R. McBride | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2020]
This paper examines how medicinal plant knowledge moved among Native Californians, Spaniards, Mexicans, and Californios during the California mission period. It highlights both continuity and exchange in regional herbal practice.

=====The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6313439/ | William N. Setzer and colleagues | Medicines / PMC | 2018]
This review summarizes traditional Cherokee uses of aromatic medicinal plants and links them to phytochemical and biological research. It offers a focused North American example of local herbal knowledge carried into modern scientific study.

=====The Volatile Phytochemistry of Seven Native American Medicinal Plants=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1061 | S.K. Lawson et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2021]
This article studies seven medicinal plants associated with Native American herbal traditions. It combines ethnobotanical context with chemical analysis while preserving attention to traditional North American uses.

=====Volatile Compositions and Antifungal Activities of Native American Medicinal Plants: Focus on North American Herbal Legacy=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/1/126 | S.K. Lawson et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2020]
This paper situates several native medicinal species within the broader history of North American Indigenous herbal medicine. It also connects traditional use to laboratory analysis of plant activity.

=====A Review and Survey of Local Eastern Kentucky Medicinal Plants=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12566942/ | P. Veldhi et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2025]
This recent study surveys medicinal plants known and used in Pike County, Kentucky. It documents local Appalachian herbal knowledge and shows how regional remedy traditions remain active at the community level.

=====Gitksan Medicinal Plants—Cultural Choice and Efficacy=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1564001/ | Leslie Main Johnson | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2006]
This article explores medicinal plant choice among the Gitksan of northwestern Canada. It treats plant selection as culturally meaningful rather than purely pharmacological, offering a classic ethnobotanical case study.

=====Antibacterial Activity of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Haudenosaunee Peoples of North America=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2989932/ | F.M. Frey and colleagues | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine / PMC | 2010]
This study tests the antibacterial activity of plants used in Haudenosaunee traditional medicine. It is useful because it begins from documented Indigenous plant use and then examines those remedies in a laboratory setting.

=====Antidiabetic Potential of Cree Traditional Medicines: A Case Study from Canadian Eastern James Bay Cree Knowledge=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3247006/ | Pierre S. Haddad et al. | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine / PMC | 2011]
This article presents a case study of medicinal plants selected through Cree knowledge for symptoms related to diabetes. It shows how community-guided ethnobotanical approaches can shape modern biomedical research.

=====Actualized Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Oaxaca, Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7874459/ | C.P.A. Lucía et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2021]
This inventory compiles medicinal plant use in Oaxaca and shows the extraordinary diversity of traditional herbal knowledge in southern Mexico. It is especially valuable for documenting locally used species across a major biocultural region.

=====An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Veracruz Area of Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6724097/ | E.A.L. Reimers et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2019]
This survey documents medicinal plants used in Veracruz and details preparation methods such as infusions and decoctions. It provides a strong example of living community herbal practice in Mexico.

=====Medicinal Plants in the Southern Region of the State of Nuevo León, Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564779/ | E. Estrada-Castillón et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2012]
This ethnobotanical study records medicinal plants used in scrubland and oak-pine forest communities of southern Nuevo León. It highlights both ecological diversity and local knowledge transmission.

=====Factors Affecting Ethnobotanical Knowledge in a Mestizo Community of Mexico=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4269-10-14 | L. Beltrán-Rodríguez et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2014]
This article examines how gender, livelihood, and other social variables affect medicinal plant knowledge in a mestizo community. It is useful for understanding how herbal knowledge is distributed inside North American communities.

=====Domestication of Aromatic Medicinal Plants in Mexico: Agastache mexicana and Relatives=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-020-00368-2 | G. Carrillo-Galván et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2020]
This paper explores how aromatic medicinal plants in Mexico have been managed and domesticated over time. It connects traditional medicine to cultivation, selection, and long-term human-plant relationships.

=====Ethnobotany in a Modern City: The Persistence of Medicinal Plant Knowledge in Urban Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12430341/ | R.E. Martínez-González et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2025]
This recent paper shows that medicinal plant knowledge persists even in urban settings in Mexico. It is helpful for understanding how traditional remedies adapt rather than simply disappearing in modern cities.

=====Mexican Plants and Derivate Compounds as Alternatives for Pain Treatment=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8145628/ | G.N. Quiñonez-Bastidas et al. | Molecules / PMC | 2021]
This review documents Mexican medicinal plants traditionally used for inflammatory and neuropathic pain. It links local ethnomedical use to pharmacological evidence and safety questions.

=====Knowledge Distribution of Medicinal Plant Use in the Southeast Region of Puerto Rico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4136639/ | Jannette Gavillán-Suárez and Lionel Germosén-Robineau | TRAMIL ethnopharmacological survey / PMC | 2009]
This survey documents medicinal plants used in southeastern Puerto Rico and examines how herbal remedy knowledge is distributed socially. It also connects the work to the long-running TRAMIL network in the Caribbean.

=====Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on the Use of Botanical Medicines in Barbados=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8579079/ | T. Vujicic et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2021]
This study documents how botanical medicines are understood and used in Barbados. It contributes to preserving Caribbean medicinal plant practices and shows how herbal knowledge remains part of everyday health behavior.

=====An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Trinidad=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4570261/ | Yvette N. Clement et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2015]
This survey identifies medicinal plants commonly used in traditional medicine on the island of Trinidad. It provides one of the clearer island-scale records of Caribbean remedy practice.

=====Survey on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Herbs in Haiti=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11396795/ | V. Thesnor et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2024]
This recent study documents Haitian family knowledge and use of medicinal herbs for respiratory and related illnesses. It helps preserve a body of herbal knowledge that is still actively used in households.

=====Caribbean Women’s Health and Transnational Ethnobotany=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8432280/ | E. Vardeman et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2021]
This article examines women’s health remedies used by Dominicans and Haitians across the Caribbean and New York City. It shows how ethnobotanical knowledge travels across borders while remaining rooted in local traditions.
=====A potential treasure trove’: World Health Organization to explore benefits of traditional medicines=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/dec/20/who-traditional-medicine-alternative-remedies-mainstream-healthcare-evidence by Kat Lay 20/12/25 The Guardian]
From herbalists in Africa gathering plants to use as poultices to acupuncturists in China using needles to cure migraines, or Indian yogis practising meditation, traditional remedies have increasingly being shown to work, and deserve more attention and research, according to a World Health Organization official.

A historical lack of evidence, which has seen traditional practices dismissed by many, could change with more investment and the use of modern technology, according to Dr Shyama Kuruvilla, who leads the WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre.

Traditional Medicines

2026-03-22T16:50:53Z

Kirk:

=====GLOBAL / MULTI-REGIONAL=====

=====Traditional Medicine=====
[https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/traditional-medicine | World Health Organization | WHO | 11/28/25]
Traditional medicine is defined here as health knowledge and practice rooted in cultural history and often centered on nature-based remedies. The page explains how traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine includes herbal medicine and remains widely used across many countries.

=====Traditional Medicine Has a Long History of Contributing to Conventional Medicine and Continues to Hold Promise=====
[https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/traditional-medicine-has-a-long-history-of-contributing-to-conventional-medicine-and-continues-to-hold-promise | World Health Organization | WHO | 8/10/23]
This WHO feature explains how traditional healers, home remedies, and long-standing medicinal knowledge continue to shape health practices around the world. It also frames local herbal knowledge as both cultural heritage and a possible source of future therapies.

=====Traditional Indigenous Medicine in North America: A Scoping Review=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7425891/ | Nadine R. Caron Redvers et al. | PLOS One / PMC | 2020]
This scoping review maps published research on traditional Indigenous medicine in North America. It provides a broad framework for understanding how plant-based remedies fit within larger Indigenous healing systems in the United States and Canada.

=====Traditional Herbal Medicine in Mesoamerica: Toward Its Evidence Base and a Mesoamerican Medicinal Plant Database=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7411306/ | M.S. Geck et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology / PMC | 2020]
This critical review synthesizes survey literature on botanical drugs used across Mesoamerica. It helps place local Mexican and Central American remedies into a larger regional herbal tradition.

=====Medicinal Plant Knowledge in the Caribbean Basin: Cultural Intermixing and Local Primary Health Care=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4347915/ | W. Torres-Avilez et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2015]
This article compares medicinal plant knowledge among groups in the Caribbean Basin. It highlights both shared remedies and important differences created by migration, local history, and cultural intermixing.

=====A U.S. Pharmacopeia Overview of Pan American Botanicals Used in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medicines=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11392873/ | R. Upton et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology / PMC | 2024]
This overview surveys the herbal medicine landscape across the Pan American region, including North America and the Caribbean. It is broader than a single community study, but it helps place local herbal traditions into a continental regulatory and research context.

=====AFRICA=====

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Local Gamo People in Boreda Abaya District, Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-024-00666-z | J. Zemede et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This article describes the long history of traditional herbal medicine among the Gamo people of southern Ethiopia. It documents indigenous medicinal plants and presents them as part of a still-living local knowledge system used for primary health care.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the People of Mosop, Nandi County in Kenya=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1328903/full | Z.C. Maiyo et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2024]
This paper documents medicinal plants used by the Mosop community in Nandi County, Kenya. It records how traditional medicine practitioners use specific plant parts and preparation methods to treat different disease categories.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Indigenous Knowledge Holders to Manage and Treat Childhood Diseases in North West Province, South Africa=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0282113 | P.T. Ndhlovu et al. | PLOS One | 2023]
This study focuses on medicinal plants used by indigenous knowledge holders in South Africa to manage childhood diseases. It highlights the continuing importance of traditional medicine in local primary care and the need to document knowledge that is often passed down orally.

=====Traditional Plants Used for Medicinal Purposes by Local Communities around the Northern Sector of Kibale National Park, Uganda=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1407104/full | Author not clearly exposed in tool | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2024]
This study documents medicinal plants used by communities near Kibale National Park in Uganda. It focuses on local herbal knowledge, plant preparation, and the role of traditional remedies in community health.

=====Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Plants Used in the Aseer Province, Southwestern Saudi Arabia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00793-1 | Manal A. Alshaqhaa et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 5/31/25]
This open-access study records medicinal plants and traditional healing knowledge in the Aseer region. It emphasizes that this knowledge has largely been passed down orally and needed documentation.

=====Ethnobotanical Investigation of Medicinal Plants Utilized by Indigenous Communities in the Fofa and Toaba Sub-Districts of the Yem Zone, Central Ethiopian Region=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00768-2 | Firehun Lulesa, Shiferaw Alemu, and Ashebir Awoke | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 3/10/25]
This paper documents medicinal plants, local names, plant parts, and preparation methods used by indigenous communities in central Ethiopia. It also looks at how traditional knowledge is transmitted and how these remedies support public health and food security.

=====Ethnopharmacological Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Metema District, Northwestern Ethiopia=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1535822/full | D. Tadesse et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This study documents medicinal plant use and associated traditional knowledge in Metema District. It presents traditional medicine as deeply tied to local culture and everyday healthcare.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human and Livestock Ailments in Addi Arkay District, Northwestern Ethiopia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00775-3 | W. Misganaw et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This article documents 112 medicinal plant species used in local primary healthcare. It shows how one knowledge system can serve both human and livestock care within the same community.

=====Traditionally Used Phytomedicines and Their Associated Threats in Bita District, Southwestern Ethiopia=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00753-9 | A. Awoke et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This paper records 122 traditional medicinal plant species and discusses threats to the knowledge and plant resources behind them. It highlights the importance of conservation alongside documentation.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Communities of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1369480/full | T.B. Beressa et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2024]
This paper identifies and documents plants used in ethno-pharmacological practice in West Shoa. It presents local herbal knowledge as a long-standing source of community care.

=====Ethnopharmocological Study of Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Skin Diseases by Herbalists in Northwestern Region of Algeria=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0343714 | R. Hantour et al. | PLOS One | 2/27/26]
This recent article documents herbalists’ knowledge of medicinal plants used for skin diseases in northwestern Algeria. It also notes the cultural importance of preserving women’s traditional roles in medicinal practice and passing that knowledge forward.

=====ASIA=====

=====An Ethnobotanical Study on the Medicinal Herb Practices of the Gelao Ethnic Minority in North Guizhou, China: An Exploration of Traditional Knowledge=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1217599/full | F. Liu et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2023]
This study documents the medicinal herb knowledge of the Gelao people in northern Guizhou, China. It focuses on wild plants used in local healing traditions and shows how community knowledge is preserved through interviews and participatory fieldwork.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Various Ethnic Tribes of Mizoram, India=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0302792 | L. Ralte et al. | PLOS One | 2024]
This survey records ethnomedicinal knowledge from multiple tribal communities in Mizoram, India. It draws on interviews across 17 villages and shows how medicinal plants remain embedded in local practice, healer knowledge, and community life.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal and Ritual Plants Utilized by the Indigenous Communities of Benguet Province, Philippines=====
[https://tropmedhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41182-024-00624-1 | J.R. Andalan et al. | Tropical Medicine and Health | 2024]
This study preserves medicinal and ritual plant knowledge from indigenous communities in Benguet, Philippines. It details the plant parts used, common preparation methods such as decoction, and the ailments these remedies are intended to treat.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in the Southern Mountain Area of Kunyu Mountain, China=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1598940/full | Z. Wang et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This survey documents plants and associated traditional medicinal knowledge held by residents in the southern mountain area of Kunyu Mountain. It also notes concern about the loss of oral knowledge as the elderly population declines.

=====Ethnobotanical Heritage of Edible Plants Species in Mueang District, Yasothon Province, Northeastern Thailand=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/9/1264 | P. Saensouk et al. | Biology (MDPI) | 2025]
This article documents edible plants that also serve medicinal and cultural roles in northeastern Thailand. It shows how food and healing knowledge often overlap in local practice.

=====A Case Study from Guizhou, China=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1601710/full | M. Yang et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This study documents the medicinal and edible uses of Lamiaceae plants in a Dong community in Guizhou. It focuses on plant knowledge as an element of intangible cultural heritage at risk of being lost.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by the Miao People in Hainan, China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00795-z | S. Huang et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 6/16/25]
This article records the medicinal knowledge of the Miao people in Hainan. It emphasizes the distinct ecological and cultural context shaping their healing practices.

=====Ethnobotanical Survey and Quantitative Assessment of Medicinal Plants in Landlocked Communities of San Fernando, La Union, Philippines=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2025.1670496/full | R.J.V. Flores et al. | Frontiers in Pharmacology | 2025]
This survey documents how medicinal plant knowledge varies across Philippine communities. It argues that local isolation, modernization, and community history all shape herbal practice.

=====Medicinal Plants Traded in Hakka Communities of Southeastern Guangxi, China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00796-y | Y. Liufu et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This article examines medicinal plants sold in Hakka community markets in southeastern Guangxi. It shows how local herbal knowledge is expressed not only in households but also through trade networks.

=====An Ethnobotanical Study on Medicinal Food Plants Used by the Kazakh People in China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00817-w | Y. Zhao et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2025]
This study focuses on medicinal food plants used by Kazakh communities in northern Xinjiang. It illustrates how food and remedy traditions are intertwined in daily life.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Indigenous Community of the Western Region of Mizoram, India=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-023-00642-z | L. Ralte, H. Sailo, and Y.T. Singh | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This study documents medicinal plants used by indigenous communities in western Mizoram. It adds detail to the larger record of tribal herbal practice in northeastern India.

=====Ethnobotanical Plants Used as Traditional Medicine in Pantar, Lanao del Norte, Philippines=====
[https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2026/vol14issue1/PartA/14-1-1-100.pdf | Janine C. Macaraya and Jamiel C. Macaraya | International Journal of Herbal Medicine / Plants Journal archive page | 12/5/25]
This ethnomedicinal survey documents traditional plant knowledge among the Maranao community in Pantar. It highlights the role of elders, especially older women, in preserving remedy knowledge.

=====Quantitative Approach to Unveiling Indigenous Knowledge on Medicinal Plants of Tea Tribes of Dhubri District, Assam, India=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-025-00803-2 | Author not clearly exposed in tool | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 5/3/25]
This article focuses on medicinal plant knowledge among tea-tribe communities in Assam. It uses quantitative ethnobotanical methods to document remedy knowledge and community practice.

=====Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Yi People in Mile, Yunnan, China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-024-00656-1 | H.R. Li et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This paper documents medicinal plants used by the Yi people in Yunnan. It adds to the growing record of regionally distinct herbal practices among China’s ethnic communities.

=====An Ethnobotanical Survey on the Medicinal and Edible Plants Used by the Daur People in China=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-024-00695-8 | Y.Q. Bi et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2024]
This article records medicinal and edible plants used by the Daur people. It shows how healing knowledge is embedded in local food systems and ecological knowledge.

=====Qualitative and Quantitative Ethnobotanical Study of the Pangkhua Indigenous Community of Bangladesh=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-019-0287-2 | M.O. Faruque et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2019]
This study documents ethnomedicinal knowledge among traditional healers and elders in the Pangkhua community. It was designed specifically to preserve plant-use knowledge for future generations.

=====EUROPE=====

=====Ethnobotanical Inventory of Plants Used by Mountainous Rural Communities in NW Portugal=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/19/2824 | A. Sá et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2024]
This inventory records plant knowledge from rural mountain communities in northwest Portugal. It treats these communities as hotspots of ecological knowledge and documents how locally known plants support everyday needs, including medicinal uses.

=====Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants for Symptom Relief During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bulgaria=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/23/3692 | D. Cherneva et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2025]
This ethnobotanical study records medicinal plants used in Bulgarian traditional phytotherapy during the pandemic. It shows how local herbal knowledge adapted to a modern public health crisis.

=====An Ethnobotanical Study in Kırşehir (Türkiye)=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/20/2895 | G. Emre et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2024]
This study examines ethnobotanical knowledge in Kırşehir and places medicinal plant use within traditional ecological knowledge. It treats local plant knowledge as culturally and ecologically valuable.

=====Traditional Knowledge Evolution over Half of a Century=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/1/43 | N. Sulaiman et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2023]
This article documents ethnobotanical knowledge in the Susa Valley of the northwestern Italian Alps. It compares current medicinal and food-medicine knowledge with records from 1970 to show change over time.

=====Cultural Use and the Knowledge of Ethnomedicinal Plants in a Sacred Province of Türkiye=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/15/2104 | A. Dogan et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2024]
This paper catalogs traditional medicinal uses of plants in a province where sacred landscapes and local culture strongly shape practice. It frames ethnobotanical knowledge as both spiritual and practical.

=====LATIN AMERICA=====

=====Ethnobotanical Surveys of Plants Used by Quilombola Communities in Brazil: A Scoping Review=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/10/1215 | L.F.S. Ramos et al. | Life (MDPI) | 2024]
This review highlights the medicinal plant knowledge held by Quilombola communities in Brazil. It emphasizes that remedies, plant selection, and preparation methods vary by region, reflecting both shared heritage and local adaptation.

=====Ethnobotanical Insights: Qualitative Analysis of Medicinal Plants in Colón Putumayo for Traditional Knowledge Preservation=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/19/3390 | M.A. Bastidas-Bacca et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2023]
This article systematizes ethnomedicinal knowledge in Colón Putumayo, Colombia. It shows how ancestral plant knowledge is used as an alternative for treating illnesses and preserving community knowledge.

=====Agrobiodiversity as a Reservoir of Medicinal Resources: Ethnobotanical Insights from Aymara Communities in the Bolivian Andean Altiplano=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/11/1/50 | S. Cocarico et al. | Horticulturae (MDPI) | 2025]
This study shows how cultivated plants and weeds in Aymara farming systems also function as medicinal resources. It highlights the close relationship between agriculture and traditional healing.

=====NORTH AMERICA=====

=====Traditional Use of Medicinal Plants in the Boreal Forest of Canada=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3316145/ | N.P. Uprety et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2012]
This review documents the medicinal plants used by Aboriginal peoples across the Canadian boreal forest. It emphasizes the depth of orally transmitted herbal knowledge and the risk of losing it through cultural change.

=====Plants of the USA: Recordings on Native North American Useful Plants in Humboldt’s “Plantae des États-Unis” Manuscript=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11409576/ | L.C. Baratto et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2024]
This article recovers historical ethnobotanical information on useful plants in the United States and reconnects those records to Native North American Indigenous knowledge. It also discusses how Indigenous plant knowledge was often erased in later literature.

=====Exchange of Medicinal Plant Information in California Missions=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-020-00388-y | J.R. McBride | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2020]
This paper examines how medicinal plant knowledge moved among Native Californians, Spaniards, Mexicans, and Californios during the California mission period. It highlights both continuity and exchange in regional herbal practice.

=====The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6313439/ | William N. Setzer and colleagues | Medicines / PMC | 2018]
This review summarizes traditional Cherokee uses of aromatic medicinal plants and links them to phytochemical and biological research. It offers a focused North American example of local herbal knowledge carried into modern scientific study.

=====The Volatile Phytochemistry of Seven Native American Medicinal Plants=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/6/1061 | S.K. Lawson et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2021]
This article studies seven medicinal plants associated with Native American herbal traditions. It combines ethnobotanical context with chemical analysis while preserving attention to traditional North American uses.

=====Volatile Compositions and Antifungal Activities of Native American Medicinal Plants: Focus on North American Herbal Legacy=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/1/126 | S.K. Lawson et al. | Plants (MDPI) | 2020]
This paper situates several native medicinal species within the broader history of North American Indigenous herbal medicine. It also connects traditional use to laboratory analysis of plant activity.

=====A Review and Survey of Local Eastern Kentucky Medicinal Plants=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12566942/ | P. Veldhi et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2025]
This recent study surveys medicinal plants known and used in Pike County, Kentucky. It documents local Appalachian herbal knowledge and shows how regional remedy traditions remain active at the community level.

=====Gitksan Medicinal Plants—Cultural Choice and Efficacy=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1564001/ | Leslie Main Johnson | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2006]
This article explores medicinal plant choice among the Gitksan of northwestern Canada. It treats plant selection as culturally meaningful rather than purely pharmacological, offering a classic ethnobotanical case study.

=====Antibacterial Activity of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used by Haudenosaunee Peoples of North America=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2989932/ | F.M. Frey and colleagues | BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine / PMC | 2010]
This study tests the antibacterial activity of plants used in Haudenosaunee traditional medicine. It is useful because it begins from documented Indigenous plant use and then examines those remedies in a laboratory setting.

=====Antidiabetic Potential of Cree Traditional Medicines: A Case Study from Canadian Eastern James Bay Cree Knowledge=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3247006/ | Pierre S. Haddad et al. | Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine / PMC | 2011]
This article presents a case study of medicinal plants selected through Cree knowledge for symptoms related to diabetes. It shows how community-guided ethnobotanical approaches can shape modern biomedical research.

=====Actualized Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used in Traditional Medicine in Oaxaca, Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7874459/ | C.P.A. Lucía et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2021]
This inventory compiles medicinal plant use in Oaxaca and shows the extraordinary diversity of traditional herbal knowledge in southern Mexico. It is especially valuable for documenting locally used species across a major biocultural region.

=====An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used in the Veracruz Area of Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6724097/ | E.A.L. Reimers et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2019]
This survey documents medicinal plants used in Veracruz and details preparation methods such as infusions and decoctions. It provides a strong example of living community herbal practice in Mexico.

=====Medicinal Plants in the Southern Region of the State of Nuevo León, Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3564779/ | E. Estrada-Castillón et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2012]
This ethnobotanical study records medicinal plants used in scrubland and oak-pine forest communities of southern Nuevo León. It highlights both ecological diversity and local knowledge transmission.

=====Factors Affecting Ethnobotanical Knowledge in a Mestizo Community of Mexico=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1746-4269-10-14 | L. Beltrán-Rodríguez et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2014]
This article examines how gender, livelihood, and other social variables affect medicinal plant knowledge in a mestizo community. It is useful for understanding how herbal knowledge is distributed inside North American communities.

=====Domestication of Aromatic Medicinal Plants in Mexico: Agastache mexicana and Relatives=====
[https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13002-020-00368-2 | G. Carrillo-Galván et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | 2020]
This paper explores how aromatic medicinal plants in Mexico have been managed and domesticated over time. It connects traditional medicine to cultivation, selection, and long-term human-plant relationships.

=====Ethnobotany in a Modern City: The Persistence of Medicinal Plant Knowledge in Urban Mexico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12430341/ | R.E. Martínez-González et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2025]
This recent paper shows that medicinal plant knowledge persists even in urban settings in Mexico. It is helpful for understanding how traditional remedies adapt rather than simply disappearing in modern cities.

=====Mexican Plants and Derivate Compounds as Alternatives for Pain Treatment=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8145628/ | G.N. Quiñonez-Bastidas et al. | Molecules / PMC | 2021]
This review documents Mexican medicinal plants traditionally used for inflammatory and neuropathic pain. It links local ethnomedical use to pharmacological evidence and safety questions.

=====Knowledge Distribution of Medicinal Plant Use in the Southeast Region of Puerto Rico=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4136639/ | Jannette Gavillán-Suárez and Lionel Germosén-Robineau | TRAMIL ethnopharmacological survey / PMC | 2009]
This survey documents medicinal plants used in southeastern Puerto Rico and examines how herbal remedy knowledge is distributed socially. It also connects the work to the long-running TRAMIL network in the Caribbean.

=====Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on the Use of Botanical Medicines in Barbados=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8579079/ | T. Vujicic et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2021]
This study documents how botanical medicines are understood and used in Barbados. It contributes to preserving Caribbean medicinal plant practices and shows how herbal knowledge remains part of everyday health behavior.

=====An Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants in Trinidad=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4570261/ | Yvette N. Clement et al. | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine / PMC | 2015]
This survey identifies medicinal plants commonly used in traditional medicine on the island of Trinidad. It provides one of the clearer island-scale records of Caribbean remedy practice.

=====Survey on the Traditional Use of Medicinal Herbs in Haiti=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11396795/ | V. Thesnor et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2024]
This recent study documents Haitian family knowledge and use of medicinal herbs for respiratory and related illnesses. It helps preserve a body of herbal knowledge that is still actively used in households.

=====Caribbean Women’s Health and Transnational Ethnobotany=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8432280/ | E. Vardeman et al. | Open-access journal article / PMC | 2021]
This article examines women’s health remedies used by Dominicans and Haitians across the Caribbean and New York City. It shows how ethnobotanical knowledge travels across borders while remaining rooted in local traditions.
=====A potential treasure trove’: World Health Organization to explore benefits of traditional medicines=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/dec/20/who-traditional-medicine-alternative-remedies-mainstream-healthcare-evidence by Kat Lay 20/12/25 The Guardian]
From herbalists in Africa gathering plants to use as poultices to acupuncturists in China using needles to cure migraines, or Indian yogis practising meditation, traditional remedies have increasingly being shown to work, and deserve more attention and research, according to a World Health Organization official.

A historical lack of evidence, which has seen traditional practices dismissed by many, could change with more investment and the use of modern technology, according to Dr Shyama Kuruvilla, who leads the WHO Global Traditional Medicine Centre.

Mayan History

2026-03-22T16:27:01Z

Kirk:

[[The Mayans]] (A Summary)

=====The Maya Living Maya Time=====
[https://maya.nmai.si.edu/maya No author listed Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian n.d.]
Summary: Museum overview connecting ancient Maya achievements in writing mathematics astronomy and architecture with modern Maya communities emphasizing cultural continuity.

=====Ancient Maya City Found in Southern Mexico=====
[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-maya-city-found-southern-mexico by Meghie Rodrigues Science News November 6 2024]
Summary: Reports LiDAR discovery of dense Maya settlement hidden beneath forest canopy reshaping understanding of urban scale.

=====Maya Population May Have Topped 16 Million=====
[https://archaeologymag.com/2025/08/maya-population-may-have-topped-16-million/ by Dario Radley Archaeology Magazine August 8 2025]
Summary: Reviews LiDAR based demographic modeling suggesting higher Classic period populations.

=====Hidden Maya Urban Sites Identified by Researchers=====
[https://news.nau.edu/maya-lidar-study/ Northern Arizona University News n.d.]
Summary: Describes reinterpretation of existing LiDAR scans revealing thousands of previously undocumented structures.

=====Maya Society=====
[https://umaine.edu/hudsonmuseum/maya/maya-society/ Hudson Museum University of Maine n.d.]
Summary: Educational overview of Maya class structure artisans farmers elites and religious authorities.

=====Forests Fields and Sustainability at Tikal=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1419133112 by David L Lentz et al PNAS 2014]
Summary: Examines agricultural strategies agroforestry and environmental limits in sustaining Tikal.

=====Water and Sustainable Land Use at Tikal=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1202886109 by Vernon L Scarborough et al PNAS 2012]
Summary: Discusses reservoirs and hydrological engineering that supported urban populations.

=====Ancient Maya Wetland Fields Revealed=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1910553116 by Timothy Beach et al PNAS 2019]
Summary: Demonstrates extensive wetland agricultural systems discovered through LiDAR.

=====Classic Maya Response to Seasonal Droughts=====
[https://www.pnas.org/ D H James et al 2025]
Summary: Climate data reconstruction showing multi year drought cycles that impacted society.

=====Mexican Cave Stalagmites and Maya Decline=====
[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250814094654.htm ScienceDaily August 16 2025]
Summary: News summary of cave isotope research linking drought stress to decline.

=====Stalagmites Reveal Devastating Droughts=====
[https://www.science.org/content/article/stalagmites-reveal-devastating-droughts-helped-spur-maya-breakdown Science August 29 2025]
Summary: Reports climate evidence and its interaction with political instability.

=====Drought Hastened Maya Decline=====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2012.11780 Nature News November 8 2012]
Summary: Discusses climate variability and societal pressure.

=====Prehistoric Raised Field Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands=====
[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.213.4506.399 by B L Turner II Science 1981]
Summary: Foundational research on raised field cultivation systems.

=====Early Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands=====
[https://aquila.usm.edu/context/fac_pubs/article/16704/viewcontent/early_agriculture_in_the_maya_lowlands.pdf by Mary D Pohl et al University Repository n.d.]
Summary: Reviews paleoecological evidence for subsistence strategies.

=====Maya Hieroglyphs=====
[https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/maya-hieroglyphs/ Expedition Magazine Penn Museum n.d.]
Summary: Historical account of decipherment and reading of glyphic texts.

=====Maya Hieroglyphic Writing=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maya-hieroglyphic-writing Encyclopaedia Britannica January 10 2026]
Summary: Overview of writing system components and phonetic structure.

=====Maya Writing Got Early Start=====
[https://www.science.org/content/article/maya-writing-got-early-start Science January 6 2006]
Summary: Discusses early inscription discoveries.

=====Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo=====
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400112/ by William A Saturno et al Science 2006]
Summary: Documents Preclassic painted texts and early literacy evidence.

=====Maya Writing System and Hieroglyphic Script=====
[https://www.mayaarchaeologist.co.uk/public-resources/maya-world/maya-writing-system/ Maya Archaeologist n.d.]
Summary: Introductory guide to glyph components and reading methods.

=====Maya Calendar and Mesoamerican Astronomy=====
[https://ethos.lps.library.cmu.edu/article/id/520/
by Gerardo Aldana CMU Educational Resource 2022]
Summary: Explains calendrical cycles and astronomical calculation.

=====The Maya Ancient and Modern=====
[https://multiverse.ssl.berkeley.edu/Calendar-in-the-Sky/Articles/the-maya-ancient-and-modern UC Berkeley Educational Site n.d.]
Summary: Broad overview linking archaeology to modern Maya communities.

=====Lost Maya City Discovered in Mexico=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/29/lost-maya-city-valeriana-mexico-temple-pyramids-plazas The Guardian October 29 2024]
Summary: News coverage of LiDAR discovery of monumental structures.

=====4000 Year Old Canal System Preceded Maya Civilization=====
[https://apnews.com/article/ebec21901049b634ab910d8190cf89ef Associated Press November 22 2024]
Summary: Reports early engineered fishing canals in Belize wetlands.

=====Deep Learning for Maya Settlement Detection=====
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-025-09741-5 by B J Britton et al Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2025]
Summary: Describes AI assisted LiDAR analysis methods.

=====Model for Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns=====
[https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10324810 NSF Public Access Repository 2021]
Summary: Proposes refined analytical frameworks for settlement density.

=====Ancient Maya Sculpture=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/ancient-maya-sculpture by Mary E Miller The Metropolitan Museum of Art October 1 2001]
Summary: Examines sculptural traditions including stelae altars and portrait monuments used to legitimize rulers and record historical events.

=====Ancient Maya Painted Ceramics=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/ancient-maya-painted-ceramic by James Doyle The Metropolitan Museum of Art April 1 2017]
Summary: Discusses polychrome ceramics narrative scenes and how painted vessels reveal mythological and political history.

=====Tikal=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/tikal
Department of the Arts of Africa Oceania and the Americas The Metropolitan Museum of Art October 1 2001]
Summary: Overview of Tikal’s political growth monumental architecture and dynastic history.

=====The Mesoamerican Ballgame=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-mesoamerican-ballgame
by Caitlin C Earley The Metropolitan Museum of Art June 1 2017]
Summary: Explains origins rules symbolism and political importance of the ritual ballgame.

=====Architectural Models from the Ancient Americas=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/architectural-models-from-the-ancient-americas
by Joanne Pillsbury The Metropolitan Museum of Art August 2016]
Summary: Discusses miniature architectural representations and their symbolic significance.

=====The Maya An Introduction=====
[https://smarthistory.org/maya-intro/
by Dr Maya Jiménez Smarthistory August 19 2016]
Summary: Concise introduction to Maya history religion architecture and major periods.

=====Palenque Classic Period=====
[https://smarthistory.org/palenque/
by Dr Maya Jiménez Smarthistory August 19 2016]
Summary: Reviews Palenque’s palace complexes Temple of the Inscriptions and role under Pakal.

=====Yaxchilán Lintels 24 and 25=====
[https://smarthistory.org/yaxchilan-lintels/
by Dr Lauren Kilroy Ewbank Smarthistory April 9 2016]
Summary: Interprets bloodletting ritual scenes and royal legitimacy carved in stone lintels.

=====Classic Maya Portrait Stelae=====
[https://smarthistory.org/classic-maya-portrait-stelae/
by Dr Catherine E Burdick Smarthistory August 9 2015]
Summary: Examines carved monuments as public political and religious statements.

=====Vessel with a Mythological Scene=====
[https://smarthistory.org/vessel-maya/
by Dr James Doyle and Dr Steven Zucker Smarthistory February 7 2017]
Summary: Analyzes mythological imagery and codex style painting traditions.

=====The Fenton Vase=====
[https://smarthistory.org/maya-the-fenton-vase/ Smarthistory March 1 2017]
Summary: Discusses elite vessel iconography and social symbolism.

=====Códice Maya de México=====
[https://smarthistory.org/codice-maya-de-mexicogetty-conversations/
by Dr Andrew Turner and Dr Lauren Kilroy Ewbank Smarthistory May 17 2023]
Summary: Explains authentication history astronomical content and codex significance.

=====On Effigies of Ancestors and Gods=====
[https://mayadecipherment.com/2012/01/20/on-effigies-of-ancestors-and-gods/
by David Stuart Maya Decipherment January 20 2012]
Summary: Specialist discussion of glyph interpretation and ritual effigies.

=====Theory and Method in Maya Decipherment=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI1802.pdf
The PARI Journal 2017]
Summary: Explains methods used in deciphering hieroglyphic inscriptions.

=====The Great Ballcourt Stone from Chichén Itzá=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI0404.pdf
by Linnea H Wren The PARI Journal 2004]
Summary: Epigraphic analysis of ballcourt related inscriptions.

=====Ethnic Intermarriage in the Ninth Century Maya Lowlands=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/2504/Martin.2025.pdf
by Simon Martin The PARI Journal 2025]
Summary: Investigates alliances and identity through inscriptional evidence.

=====The PARI Journal Volume XXII No 1=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI2201.pdf
The PARI Journal 2021]
Summary: Collection of specialist research articles in epigraphy and archaeology.

=====Readings for T78514 and Its Syllabic Substitutions=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/2303/MacLeod-Biro.2023.pdf
by Barbara MacLeod and Péter Bíró The PARI Journal 2023]
Summary: Technical refinement of glyph phonetic readings.

=====Composite Mirrors of the Ancient Maya=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI0904.pdf
by Zachary Nelson The PARI Journal 2009]
Summary: Study of reflective ritual objects and elite symbolism.

=====Digital Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs=====
[https://classicmayan.org/portal/doc/246
ClassicMayan Portal August 1 2025]
Summary: Presents digital classification and documentation of glyphs.

=====Mesoweb Index=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/index/title.html
Mesoweb n.d.]
Summary: Index of downloadable Maya research resources and PDFs.

=====Mesoweb Resources=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/resources/resources.html
Mesoweb n.d.]
Summary: Portal of epigraphic dictionaries site reports and research tools.

=====PARI Journal Electronic Archive=====
[https://www.precolumbia.org/pari/journal.html
Ancient Cultures Institute PARI n.d.]
Summary: Archive landing page for open access journal issues.

=====Maya Decipherment Notes=====
[https://mayadecipherment.com/category/notes/
Maya Decipherment n.d.]
Summary: Archive of commentary and analysis on glyphs and inscriptions.

=====The Rise and Fall of the Maya Civilization=====
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-were-the-maya by Erin Blakemore National Geographic October 9 2025]
Summary: Narrative overview of Maya development major achievements and enduring legacy emphasizing archaeological discoveries and cultural continuity.

=====Maya Civilization=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Civilization/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia May 2 2014]
Summary: Comprehensive overview of politics religion trade warfare and architecture across Maya history.

=====Tikal National Park World Heritage Site=====
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/64/ UNESCO World Heritage Centre n.d.]
Summary: Official site description outlining archaeological and ecological significance of Tikal.

=====Chichén Itzá=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Chichen_Itza/ by Joshua J Mark World History Encyclopedia September 26 2014]
Summary: Reviews architectural innovation political prominence and Postclassic development.

=====Calakmul Kingdom of the Snake Kings=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Calakmul/ by James Blake Wiener World History Encyclopedia April 19 2018]
Summary: Explores Calakmul’s rivalry with Tikal and regional geopolitical influence.

=====Copán=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Describes Copán’s sculptural tradition dynastic history and importance as a Classic Maya center.

=====Maya Religion and Cosmology=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Religion/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia April 6 2015]
Summary: Covers deities cosmology ritual practices and sacred symbolism.

=====Maya Food and Agriculture=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/802/maya-food--agriculture/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia n.d.]
Summary: Overview of milpa farming raised fields and agricultural sustainability.

=====The Maya Ballgame=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/604/the-maya-ballgame/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 24 2014]
Summary: Examines rules ritual meaning and political importance of the ballgame tradition.

=====Giant Ancient Maya Structure Discovered Using LiDAR=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/giant-ancient-maya-structure-discovered-using-lidar-180975105/
by Brigit Katz Smithsonian Magazine June 4 2020]
Summary: Reports discovery of Aguada Fénix and its implications for early social organization.

=====Classic Maya Collapse=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Encyclopedic overview of factors contributing to societal decline including drought warfare and political instability.

=====How the Maya Saw the Universe=====
[https://astronomy.com/news/2019/04/how-the-maya-saw-the-universe by Danielle Venton Astronomy Magazine April 25 2019]
Summary: Discusses astronomical observation and its integration into calendrical cycles.

=====Mexico the Maya and Central America=====
[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/mexico-the-maya-and-central-america British Museum n.d.]
Summary: Museum overview highlighting artifacts and historical development.

=====About Caracol=====
[https://www.caracol.org/about-caracol/ by Arlen F Chase and Diane Z Chase Caracol Archaeological Project n.d.]
Summary: Field research overview of one of the largest Maya urban centers.

=====Maya Glyphs=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Glyphs/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia March 17 2015]
Summary: Explains structure decipherment and phonetic elements of hieroglyphic writing.

=====The Popol Vuh Maya Creation Myth=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1406/the-popol-vuh-maya-creation-myth/ by Joshua J Mark World History Encyclopedia August 29 2019]
Summary: Overview of Maya origin narrative and Hero Twins mythology.

=====The Violent History of the Ancient Maya=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-violent-history-of-the-ancient-maya-180979824/ by Eric A Powell Smithsonian Magazine May 2022]
Summary: Reviews archaeological evidence of warfare fortified cities and political rivalry.

=====Ancient Maya Water System at Tikal=====
[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-mayas-water-system/ by David Biello Scientific American October 2012]
Summary: Describes water management reservoir design and urban sustainability.

=====Laser Mapping Reveals Maya Mega City=====
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/maya-lidar-guatemala-pacunam by Kristin Romey National Geographic February 1 2018]
Summary: Reports extensive LiDAR surveys uncovering hidden infrastructure.

=====Maya Trade Networks=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/611/maya-trade/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 23 2014]
Summary: Describes trade goods routes and regional economic integration.

=====Temple of the Inscriptions=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Temple_of_the_Inscriptions/ by James Blake Wiener World History Encyclopedia May 12 2018]
Summary: Discusses Pakal’s tomb discovery and dynastic record preservation.

=====Maya Architecture=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Architecture/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia October 10 2014]
Summary: Explains construction planning vaulted chambers and ceremonial centers.

=====What Caused the Maya Civilization to Collapse=====
[https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-what-caused-the-maya-civilisation-to-collapse/ by Daisy Dunne Carbon Brief July 2022]
Summary: Reviews climate research and its role among multiple contributing stressors.

=====Kings of the Snake Dynasty=====
[https://mayadecipherment.com/2011/02/19/kings-of-the-snake-dynasty/ by David Stuart Maya Decipherment February 19 2011]
Summary: Epigraphic analysis of the Kaan Snake dynasty and political influence.

=====Uxmal=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Uxmal/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia July 8 2014]
Summary: Overview of Puuc architectural style and Late Classic prominence.

=====Dresden Codex=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dresden-Codex Encyclopaedia Britannica n.d.]
Summary: Overview of one of the few surviving Maya bark paper books containing astronomical and calendrical tables central to understanding Maya timekeeping.

=====Madrid Codex=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Codex_%28Maya%29 Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Describes the longest surviving Maya codex including almanacs ritual tables and astronomical material.

=====Paris Codex=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Details the fragmentary codex containing calendrical and ritual cycles.

=====Maya Codices=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_codices Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Overview of Maya folding books written in hieroglyphic script including surviving examples.

=====Maya Astronomy=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_astronomy Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Explains astronomical practices preserved in codices inscriptions and architecture.

=====Maya Mathematics=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization#Mathematics Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Describes the vigesimal base twenty numerical system and the use of zero.

=====Maya Pyramids and Temples=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1726/maya-pyramids-and-temples/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia November 3 2020]
Summary: Reviews ceremonial structures stepped pyramids and architectural symbolism.

=====The Puuc Region=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1252/the-puuc-region/ by James Blake Wiener World History Encyclopedia June 13 2018]
Summary: Describes distinctive Puuc style architecture in northwest Yucatán.

=====Maya Calendar=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1437/maya-calendar/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia November 19 2019]
Summary: Explains interlocking ritual and solar calendars and the Long Count system.

=====Maya Architecture=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Architecture/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia October 10 2014]
Summary: Discusses city planning corbel vaults palace complexes and ceremonial centers.

=====Maya Trade=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/611/maya-trade/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 23 2014]
Summary: Examines trade goods including jade obsidian shells and cacao.

=====Sacred Cenote at Chichén Itzá=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1646/the-sacred-cenote/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia July 27 2020]
Summary: Reviews archaeological excavation and ritual offerings recovered from the cenote.

=====Human Sacrifice Among the Maya=====
[https://www.britannica.com/story/human-sacrifice-among-the-maya Encyclopaedia Britannica July 12 2023]
Summary: Explains sacrificial rituals within cosmological political and ceremonial contexts.

=====The Maya and Chocolate=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/ by Marina Watts Smithsonian Magazine February 14 2012]
Summary: Describes cacao production ceremonial uses and social symbolism.

=====Maya Food and Drink=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1680/maya-food-and-drink/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 10 2020]
Summary: Details maize beans squash and traditional preparation practices.

=====The Postclassic Maya=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1769/the-postclassic-maya/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia January 28 2021]
Summary: Reviews political transformation after the Classic period including Mayapán and Chichén Itzá.

=====Bonampak=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Bonampak/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 24 2014]
Summary: Describes vivid murals depicting warfare ceremony and elite culture.

=====Maya Numbers and Zero=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1662/maya-numbers-and-zero/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia August 7 2020]
Summary: Explains bar and dot notation and conceptual zero.

=====Maya Calendar System=====
[https://maya.nmai.si.edu/calendar/calendar-system Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian n.d.]
Summary: Educational explanation of ceremonial and solar calendars still used among modern Maya communities.

=====Maya Glyphs=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Glyphs/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia March 17 2015]
Summary: Overview of hieroglyphic structure phonetics and decipherment breakthroughs.

=====Who Were the Ancient Maya=====
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z8ydjhv BBC Bitesize BBC n.d.]
Summary: Educational overview introducing society science mathematics and legacy.

=====Uxmal=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Uxmal/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia July 8 2014]
Summary: Overview of Puuc style architecture and Late Classic prominence.

=====Obsidian Trade=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Obsidian/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia n.d.]
Summary: Discusses importance of obsidian in trade networks and tool production.

The Mayans

2026-03-21T23:56:41Z

Kirk: Created page with "'''The Maya Civilization: Urban Power, Intellectual Achievement, and Enduring Cultural Continuity''' The Maya civilization was one of the most intellectually sophisticated and politically dynamic societies of the ancient Americas. Flourishing across present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador, the Maya built cities of extraordinary scale, developed one of the most complex writing systems in the pre-Columbian world, created advanced calendri..."

'''The Maya Civilization: Urban Power, Intellectual Achievement, and Enduring Cultural Continuity'''

The Maya civilization was one of the most intellectually sophisticated and politically dynamic societies of the ancient Americas. Flourishing across present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador, the Maya built cities of extraordinary scale, developed one of the most complex writing systems in the pre-Columbian world, created advanced calendrical and astronomical knowledge, engineered resilient agricultural and water-management systems, and produced art and architecture that recorded dynastic power, religious belief, and historical memory. Yet the Maya should not be understood only as a 'lost civilization.' One of the most important themes in modern scholarship is continuity: the ancient Maya world did not simply vanish, and millions of Maya people still live today, preserving languages, traditions, and timekeeping practices that connect past and present. The best recent research therefore presents the Maya not as a mysterious people who abruptly disappeared, but as a long-lived and adaptive civilization whose history includes both spectacular florescence and profound transformation.

A central reason the Maya continue to fascinate scholars is the sheer scale and complexity of their cities. Earlier generations often imagined Maya centers as ceremonial sites surrounded by sparse jungle populations. Recent research has overturned that view. LiDAR surveys, which use airborne laser scanning to detect buried structures beneath forest canopies, have revealed dense settlement systems, roads, terraces, reservoirs, fortifications, and monumental architecture across vast areas. Reports on newly identified Maya cities in southern Mexico and reinterpretations of older LiDAR data suggest that many more structures and population centers remain undocumented than scholars previously believed. Some demographic models now propose that Maya populations during the Classic period may have exceeded earlier estimates by a large margin, perhaps reaching more than 16 million in some reconstructions. These findings matter because they recast the Maya as builders of highly populated, intricately organized urban landscapes rather than isolated temple communities hidden in the forest.

Sites such as Tikal, Calakmul, Caracol, Palenque, Copan, Uxmal, Chichen Itza, and Bonampak illustrate the regional diversity and political ambition of Maya civilization. Tikal, one of the largest and best-known cities, grew into a major dynastic capital whose monumental temples, plazas, and causeways embodied both political authority and sacred order. Calakmul, associated with the powerful Snake dynasty, became one of Tikal's great rivals, showing that the Maya world was not unified under a single empire but composed of interacting kingdoms that competed through war, alliance, marriage, diplomacy, and ritual display. Palenque became famous for its palace complexes and the Temple of the Inscriptions, which preserved the memory of the ruler Pakal and showed how architecture could serve as both tomb and historical archive. Chichen Itza and the later Postclassic centers reveal that Maya political life continued to evolve after the so-called Classic collapse. The Maya world was therefore a network of regional powers rather than a single monolithic state, and its history was shaped by shifting geopolitical relationships.

Maya society was strongly stratified, but it was also economically and culturally interconnected. Educational and historical overviews consistently describe a society that included rulers, nobles, priests, scribes, artisans, merchants, farmers, and laborers, each contributing to the functioning of urban centers and rural communities. Elites commissioned stelae, temples, palaces, and luxury ceramics, but these expressions of authority rested on broader systems of agricultural production, craft specialization, and trade. The Maya maintained extensive trade networks through which obsidian, jade, shells, cacao, ceramics, feathers, and other prestige or practical goods moved across regions. These networks were not merely economic; they also transmitted ideas, technologies, political relationships, and ritual practices. Trade linked lowland and highland zones and helped sustain the cultural coherence of the Maya world despite its political fragmentation.

The foundation of Maya civilization was agricultural sophistication. Far from relying on simple slash-and-burn subsistence alone, the Maya used a diverse range of strategies adapted to different environments. Research on the lowlands and especially on Tikal shows that Maya farmers combined milpa cultivation with agroforestry, wetland management, terracing, and intensive manipulation of local ecosystems. Studies of wetland fields revealed by LiDAR demonstrate that extensive reclaimed and engineered landscapes supported food production in seasonally challenging environments. Earlier foundational research on raised fields and more recent paleoecological studies both show that Maya agriculture could be highly productive and carefully managed. This complexity is important because it undermines outdated stereotypes of Maya environmental fragility as merely self-inflicted. Instead, Maya food systems were innovative and often sustainable over long periods, though they were still vulnerable to severe climatic and political stress.

Water management was equally crucial. Cities such as Tikal did not flourish by chance in a region where rainfall was highly seasonal. Research published in PNAS and summarized in later science reporting demonstrates that Maya engineers built reservoirs, modified landscapes, and developed hydrological systems capable of storing and distributing water for large populations. These reservoirs were not simple pits; they were part of broader urban planning and environmental design. Water storage made dense populations possible and helped cities endure seasonal shortages. The ability to manage water at scale reveals the Maya as skilled environmental engineers, and it shows how closely political power depended on technical knowledge. Rulers who could organize labor, maintain infrastructure, and ensure agricultural productivity had a material basis for legitimacy.

The Maya were also among the great intellectual cultures of the ancient world. Their writing system, composed of logographic and syllabic elements, recorded dynastic histories, ritual events, dates, titles, place names, and mythological narratives. Modern decipherment has shown that Maya glyphs are not merely symbolic decorations but a fully expressive writing system capable of representing speech with impressive flexibility and precision. Scholarship on Maya hieroglyphs, including work on early writing at San Bartolo and later technical refinements in epigraphy, demonstrates that literacy and inscriptional tradition have deep roots in Maya history. Public explanations from institutions such as the Penn Museum, Britannica, Mesoweb, and specialist epigraphic journals all reinforce the same point: decipherment transformed Maya studies by allowing the monuments themselves to speak more directly. Once scholars could read royal names, dynasties, verbs, dates, and ritual references, Maya civilization ceased to be interpreted primarily through architecture and became accessible as a literate historical tradition.

This writing system was closely tied to Maya mathematics, astronomy, and calendrical science. The Maya developed a base-twenty number system and used a concept of zero with remarkable sophistication. Their calendars combined ritual and solar cycles with the Long Count, enabling them to situate events across vast spans of time. Educational resources and studies on Maya astronomy explain how celestial observation informed ritual timing, agriculture, political ceremony, and cosmological interpretation. The surviving codices, especially the Dresden Codex, preserve astronomical and calendrical tables that reveal systematic tracking of celestial cycles. Far from being abstract or isolated knowledge, astronomy and mathematics were woven into governance, ritual, and daily life. Timekeeping was both scientific and sacred. It ordered agricultural seasons, legitimated rulers, structured ceremonies, and expressed a worldview in which cosmic cycles and human action were inseparable. Modern Maya communities still use calendar traditions, reminding us that this intellectual heritage was not extinguished with the decline of Classic-era courts.

Maya art and architecture make these political and cosmological ideas visible. Monumental sculpture, portrait stelae, painted ceramics, lintels, codices, and architectural programs all served not only aesthetic but historical and ideological purposes. Stone monuments presented rulers in elaborate regalia, announced accessions and victories, and linked royal authority to sacred ancestors and gods. The lintels of Yaxchilan, for example, depict bloodletting rituals and visions that reveal how rulers dramatized divine legitimacy. Painted ceramics preserve mythological scenes, courtly interactions, and narrative traditions that deepen our understanding of elite culture and religious thought. The Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque and the sculptural landscapes of Copan demonstrate that art and architecture worked together to shape collective memory. Maya cities were therefore not just built environments but narrative spaces, filled with texts and images that encoded power, history, and cosmology.

Religion permeated every level of Maya life. Sources on Maya religion and cosmology emphasize a worldview in which gods, ancestors, rulers, and natural forces interacted continuously. Ritual bloodletting, offerings, pilgrimage, ancestor veneration, and, at times, human sacrifice were embedded in broader ideas about sustaining the cosmos and maintaining the balance between earthly and divine realms. The ritual ballgame was similarly charged with religious and political significance. It was not merely sport; it symbolized conflict, fertility, sacrifice, and cosmic struggle while also serving as a stage for elite competition and public ceremony. Sacred spaces such as cenotes, pyramids, ballcourts, and temples tied ritual action to landscape and architecture, making the city itself a sacred map.

No discussion of the Maya is complete without confronting the question of decline. The so-called Classic Maya collapse has long been misunderstood as a sudden and total disappearance. In reality, current scholarship points to a complex and regionally varied transformation. Climate evidence from stalagmites, hydrological reconstructions, and seasonal drought studies suggests that repeated droughts placed severe pressure on food systems, water supplies, and political stability. At the same time, warfare, dynastic rivalry, social inequality, and political fragmentation intensified vulnerability. Climate was therefore not a lone cause but a major stressor interacting with existing structural problems. Research on the violent history of the Maya and on the role of political conflict shows that fortified cities, warfare, and unstable alliances were already part of the Late Classic landscape. When drought cycles struck, they hit societies whose rulers depended on intensive agriculture, labor mobilization, and ideological claims to cosmic order. Failures of subsistence or public authority could therefore become political crises. Still, collapse did not occur everywhere in the same way or at the same time. Some regions declined sharply; others adapted, shifted, or persisted into the Postclassic.

This more nuanced view leads to the most important conclusion of all: the Maya did not disappear. Political centers rose and fell, dynasties ended, populations shifted, and some monumental cities were abandoned, but Maya people continued to live, speak their languages, practice traditions, and reshape their societies. Museum and educational sources stress this continuity repeatedly, linking ancient achievements in writing, astronomy, mathematics, and architecture to living Maya communities today. That continuity corrects a long history of treating the Maya as relics rather than as historical and modern peoples. It also changes how ancient Maya civilization should be interpreted. Their cities, texts, sculptures, and calendars are not simply remains of a vanished world; they are part of an ongoing cultural legacy.

In conclusion, the Maya civilization stands as one of the great achievements of human history. Its cities were extensive and politically complex; its agriculture and water systems reveal environmental ingenuity; its writing, mathematics, and astronomy show intellectual brilliance; and its art and architecture preserve a deeply historical and cosmological vision of power. At the same time, the Maya story is not only one of grandeur but of resilience and transformation. Recent research using LiDAR, climate science, epigraphy, and archaeology has made the Maya world more legible than ever before, while also emphasizing how much remains to be discovered. The ancient Maya were not merely a civilization of ruins hidden in the forest. They were urban planners, engineers, artists, astronomers, rulers, scribes, farmers, and traders whose legacy still lives in the cultures of the Maya people today.

Mayan History

2026-03-21T23:53:43Z

Kirk:

[[The Mayans]]

=====The Maya Living Maya Time=====
[https://maya.nmai.si.edu/maya No author listed Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian n.d.]
Summary: Museum overview connecting ancient Maya achievements in writing mathematics astronomy and architecture with modern Maya communities emphasizing cultural continuity.

=====Ancient Maya City Found in Southern Mexico=====
[https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-maya-city-found-southern-mexico by Meghie Rodrigues Science News November 6 2024]
Summary: Reports LiDAR discovery of dense Maya settlement hidden beneath forest canopy reshaping understanding of urban scale.

=====Maya Population May Have Topped 16 Million=====
[https://archaeologymag.com/2025/08/maya-population-may-have-topped-16-million/ by Dario Radley Archaeology Magazine August 8 2025]
Summary: Reviews LiDAR based demographic modeling suggesting higher Classic period populations.

=====Hidden Maya Urban Sites Identified by Researchers=====
[https://news.nau.edu/maya-lidar-study/ Northern Arizona University News n.d.]
Summary: Describes reinterpretation of existing LiDAR scans revealing thousands of previously undocumented structures.

=====Maya Society=====
[https://umaine.edu/hudsonmuseum/maya/maya-society/ Hudson Museum University of Maine n.d.]
Summary: Educational overview of Maya class structure artisans farmers elites and religious authorities.

=====Forests Fields and Sustainability at Tikal=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1419133112 by David L Lentz et al PNAS 2014]
Summary: Examines agricultural strategies agroforestry and environmental limits in sustaining Tikal.

=====Water and Sustainable Land Use at Tikal=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1202886109 by Vernon L Scarborough et al PNAS 2012]
Summary: Discusses reservoirs and hydrological engineering that supported urban populations.

=====Ancient Maya Wetland Fields Revealed=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1910553116 by Timothy Beach et al PNAS 2019]
Summary: Demonstrates extensive wetland agricultural systems discovered through LiDAR.

=====Classic Maya Response to Seasonal Droughts=====
[https://www.pnas.org/ D H James et al 2025]
Summary: Climate data reconstruction showing multi year drought cycles that impacted society.

=====Mexican Cave Stalagmites and Maya Decline=====
[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2025/08/250814094654.htm ScienceDaily August 16 2025]
Summary: News summary of cave isotope research linking drought stress to decline.

=====Stalagmites Reveal Devastating Droughts=====
[https://www.science.org/content/article/stalagmites-reveal-devastating-droughts-helped-spur-maya-breakdown Science August 29 2025]
Summary: Reports climate evidence and its interaction with political instability.

=====Drought Hastened Maya Decline=====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2012.11780 Nature News November 8 2012]
Summary: Discusses climate variability and societal pressure.

=====Prehistoric Raised Field Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands=====
[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.213.4506.399 by B L Turner II Science 1981]
Summary: Foundational research on raised field cultivation systems.

=====Early Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands=====
[https://aquila.usm.edu/context/fac_pubs/article/16704/viewcontent/early_agriculture_in_the_maya_lowlands.pdf by Mary D Pohl et al University Repository n.d.]
Summary: Reviews paleoecological evidence for subsistence strategies.

=====Maya Hieroglyphs=====
[https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/maya-hieroglyphs/ Expedition Magazine Penn Museum n.d.]
Summary: Historical account of decipherment and reading of glyphic texts.

=====Maya Hieroglyphic Writing=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maya-hieroglyphic-writing Encyclopaedia Britannica January 10 2026]
Summary: Overview of writing system components and phonetic structure.

=====Maya Writing Got Early Start=====
[https://www.science.org/content/article/maya-writing-got-early-start Science January 6 2006]
Summary: Discusses early inscription discoveries.

=====Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo=====
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400112/ by William A Saturno et al Science 2006]
Summary: Documents Preclassic painted texts and early literacy evidence.

=====Maya Writing System and Hieroglyphic Script=====
[https://www.mayaarchaeologist.co.uk/public-resources/maya-world/maya-writing-system/ Maya Archaeologist n.d.]
Summary: Introductory guide to glyph components and reading methods.

=====Maya Calendar and Mesoamerican Astronomy=====
[https://ethos.lps.library.cmu.edu/article/id/520/
by Gerardo Aldana CMU Educational Resource 2022]
Summary: Explains calendrical cycles and astronomical calculation.

=====The Maya Ancient and Modern=====
[https://multiverse.ssl.berkeley.edu/Calendar-in-the-Sky/Articles/the-maya-ancient-and-modern UC Berkeley Educational Site n.d.]
Summary: Broad overview linking archaeology to modern Maya communities.

=====Lost Maya City Discovered in Mexico=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/29/lost-maya-city-valeriana-mexico-temple-pyramids-plazas The Guardian October 29 2024]
Summary: News coverage of LiDAR discovery of monumental structures.

=====4000 Year Old Canal System Preceded Maya Civilization=====
[https://apnews.com/article/ebec21901049b634ab910d8190cf89ef Associated Press November 22 2024]
Summary: Reports early engineered fishing canals in Belize wetlands.

=====Deep Learning for Maya Settlement Detection=====
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10816-025-09741-5 by B J Britton et al Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2025]
Summary: Describes AI assisted LiDAR analysis methods.

=====Model for Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns=====
[https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10324810 NSF Public Access Repository 2021]
Summary: Proposes refined analytical frameworks for settlement density.

=====Ancient Maya Sculpture=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/ancient-maya-sculpture by Mary E Miller The Metropolitan Museum of Art October 1 2001]
Summary: Examines sculptural traditions including stelae altars and portrait monuments used to legitimize rulers and record historical events.

=====Ancient Maya Painted Ceramics=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/ancient-maya-painted-ceramic by James Doyle The Metropolitan Museum of Art April 1 2017]
Summary: Discusses polychrome ceramics narrative scenes and how painted vessels reveal mythological and political history.

=====Tikal=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/tikal
Department of the Arts of Africa Oceania and the Americas The Metropolitan Museum of Art October 1 2001]
Summary: Overview of Tikal’s political growth monumental architecture and dynastic history.

=====The Mesoamerican Ballgame=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-mesoamerican-ballgame
by Caitlin C Earley The Metropolitan Museum of Art June 1 2017]
Summary: Explains origins rules symbolism and political importance of the ritual ballgame.

=====Architectural Models from the Ancient Americas=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/architectural-models-from-the-ancient-americas
by Joanne Pillsbury The Metropolitan Museum of Art August 2016]
Summary: Discusses miniature architectural representations and their symbolic significance.

=====The Maya An Introduction=====
[https://smarthistory.org/maya-intro/
by Dr Maya Jiménez Smarthistory August 19 2016]
Summary: Concise introduction to Maya history religion architecture and major periods.

=====Palenque Classic Period=====
[https://smarthistory.org/palenque/
by Dr Maya Jiménez Smarthistory August 19 2016]
Summary: Reviews Palenque’s palace complexes Temple of the Inscriptions and role under Pakal.

=====Yaxchilán Lintels 24 and 25=====
[https://smarthistory.org/yaxchilan-lintels/
by Dr Lauren Kilroy Ewbank Smarthistory April 9 2016]
Summary: Interprets bloodletting ritual scenes and royal legitimacy carved in stone lintels.

=====Classic Maya Portrait Stelae=====
[https://smarthistory.org/classic-maya-portrait-stelae/
by Dr Catherine E Burdick Smarthistory August 9 2015]
Summary: Examines carved monuments as public political and religious statements.

=====Vessel with a Mythological Scene=====
[https://smarthistory.org/vessel-maya/
by Dr James Doyle and Dr Steven Zucker Smarthistory February 7 2017]
Summary: Analyzes mythological imagery and codex style painting traditions.

=====The Fenton Vase=====
[https://smarthistory.org/maya-the-fenton-vase/ Smarthistory March 1 2017]
Summary: Discusses elite vessel iconography and social symbolism.

=====Códice Maya de México=====
[https://smarthistory.org/codice-maya-de-mexicogetty-conversations/
by Dr Andrew Turner and Dr Lauren Kilroy Ewbank Smarthistory May 17 2023]
Summary: Explains authentication history astronomical content and codex significance.

=====On Effigies of Ancestors and Gods=====
[https://mayadecipherment.com/2012/01/20/on-effigies-of-ancestors-and-gods/
by David Stuart Maya Decipherment January 20 2012]
Summary: Specialist discussion of glyph interpretation and ritual effigies.

=====Theory and Method in Maya Decipherment=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI1802.pdf
The PARI Journal 2017]
Summary: Explains methods used in deciphering hieroglyphic inscriptions.

=====The Great Ballcourt Stone from Chichén Itzá=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI0404.pdf
by Linnea H Wren The PARI Journal 2004]
Summary: Epigraphic analysis of ballcourt related inscriptions.

=====Ethnic Intermarriage in the Ninth Century Maya Lowlands=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/2504/Martin.2025.pdf
by Simon Martin The PARI Journal 2025]
Summary: Investigates alliances and identity through inscriptional evidence.

=====The PARI Journal Volume XXII No 1=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI2201.pdf
The PARI Journal 2021]
Summary: Collection of specialist research articles in epigraphy and archaeology.

=====Readings for T78514 and Its Syllabic Substitutions=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/2303/MacLeod-Biro.2023.pdf
by Barbara MacLeod and Péter Bíró The PARI Journal 2023]
Summary: Technical refinement of glyph phonetic readings.

=====Composite Mirrors of the Ancient Maya=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/pari/journal/archive/PARI0904.pdf
by Zachary Nelson The PARI Journal 2009]
Summary: Study of reflective ritual objects and elite symbolism.

=====Digital Catalog of Maya Hieroglyphs=====
[https://classicmayan.org/portal/doc/246
ClassicMayan Portal August 1 2025]
Summary: Presents digital classification and documentation of glyphs.

=====Mesoweb Index=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/index/title.html
Mesoweb n.d.]
Summary: Index of downloadable Maya research resources and PDFs.

=====Mesoweb Resources=====
[https://www.mesoweb.com/resources/resources.html
Mesoweb n.d.]
Summary: Portal of epigraphic dictionaries site reports and research tools.

=====PARI Journal Electronic Archive=====
[https://www.precolumbia.org/pari/journal.html
Ancient Cultures Institute PARI n.d.]
Summary: Archive landing page for open access journal issues.

=====Maya Decipherment Notes=====
[https://mayadecipherment.com/category/notes/
Maya Decipherment n.d.]
Summary: Archive of commentary and analysis on glyphs and inscriptions.

=====The Rise and Fall of the Maya Civilization=====
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/who-were-the-maya by Erin Blakemore National Geographic October 9 2025]
Summary: Narrative overview of Maya development major achievements and enduring legacy emphasizing archaeological discoveries and cultural continuity.

=====Maya Civilization=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Civilization/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia May 2 2014]
Summary: Comprehensive overview of politics religion trade warfare and architecture across Maya history.

=====Tikal National Park World Heritage Site=====
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/64/ UNESCO World Heritage Centre n.d.]
Summary: Official site description outlining archaeological and ecological significance of Tikal.

=====Chichén Itzá=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Chichen_Itza/ by Joshua J Mark World History Encyclopedia September 26 2014]
Summary: Reviews architectural innovation political prominence and Postclassic development.

=====Calakmul Kingdom of the Snake Kings=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Calakmul/ by James Blake Wiener World History Encyclopedia April 19 2018]
Summary: Explores Calakmul’s rivalry with Tikal and regional geopolitical influence.

=====Copán=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Describes Copán’s sculptural tradition dynastic history and importance as a Classic Maya center.

=====Maya Religion and Cosmology=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Religion/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia April 6 2015]
Summary: Covers deities cosmology ritual practices and sacred symbolism.

=====Maya Food and Agriculture=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/802/maya-food--agriculture/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia n.d.]
Summary: Overview of milpa farming raised fields and agricultural sustainability.

=====The Maya Ballgame=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/604/the-maya-ballgame/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 24 2014]
Summary: Examines rules ritual meaning and political importance of the ballgame tradition.

=====Giant Ancient Maya Structure Discovered Using LiDAR=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/giant-ancient-maya-structure-discovered-using-lidar-180975105/
by Brigit Katz Smithsonian Magazine June 4 2020]
Summary: Reports discovery of Aguada Fénix and its implications for early social organization.

=====Classic Maya Collapse=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Maya_collapse Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Encyclopedic overview of factors contributing to societal decline including drought warfare and political instability.

=====How the Maya Saw the Universe=====
[https://astronomy.com/news/2019/04/how-the-maya-saw-the-universe by Danielle Venton Astronomy Magazine April 25 2019]
Summary: Discusses astronomical observation and its integration into calendrical cycles.

=====Mexico the Maya and Central America=====
[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/mexico-the-maya-and-central-america British Museum n.d.]
Summary: Museum overview highlighting artifacts and historical development.

=====About Caracol=====
[https://www.caracol.org/about-caracol/ by Arlen F Chase and Diane Z Chase Caracol Archaeological Project n.d.]
Summary: Field research overview of one of the largest Maya urban centers.

=====Maya Glyphs=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Glyphs/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia March 17 2015]
Summary: Explains structure decipherment and phonetic elements of hieroglyphic writing.

=====The Popol Vuh Maya Creation Myth=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1406/the-popol-vuh-maya-creation-myth/ by Joshua J Mark World History Encyclopedia August 29 2019]
Summary: Overview of Maya origin narrative and Hero Twins mythology.

=====The Violent History of the Ancient Maya=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-violent-history-of-the-ancient-maya-180979824/ by Eric A Powell Smithsonian Magazine May 2022]
Summary: Reviews archaeological evidence of warfare fortified cities and political rivalry.

=====Ancient Maya Water System at Tikal=====
[https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ancient-mayas-water-system/ by David Biello Scientific American October 2012]
Summary: Describes water management reservoir design and urban sustainability.

=====Laser Mapping Reveals Maya Mega City=====
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/maya-lidar-guatemala-pacunam by Kristin Romey National Geographic February 1 2018]
Summary: Reports extensive LiDAR surveys uncovering hidden infrastructure.

=====Maya Trade Networks=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/611/maya-trade/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 23 2014]
Summary: Describes trade goods routes and regional economic integration.

=====Temple of the Inscriptions=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Temple_of_the_Inscriptions/ by James Blake Wiener World History Encyclopedia May 12 2018]
Summary: Discusses Pakal’s tomb discovery and dynastic record preservation.

=====Maya Architecture=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Architecture/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia October 10 2014]
Summary: Explains construction planning vaulted chambers and ceremonial centers.

=====What Caused the Maya Civilization to Collapse=====
[https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-what-caused-the-maya-civilisation-to-collapse/ by Daisy Dunne Carbon Brief July 2022]
Summary: Reviews climate research and its role among multiple contributing stressors.

=====Kings of the Snake Dynasty=====
[https://mayadecipherment.com/2011/02/19/kings-of-the-snake-dynasty/ by David Stuart Maya Decipherment February 19 2011]
Summary: Epigraphic analysis of the Kaan Snake dynasty and political influence.

=====Uxmal=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Uxmal/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia July 8 2014]
Summary: Overview of Puuc architectural style and Late Classic prominence.

=====Dresden Codex=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dresden-Codex Encyclopaedia Britannica n.d.]
Summary: Overview of one of the few surviving Maya bark paper books containing astronomical and calendrical tables central to understanding Maya timekeeping.

=====Madrid Codex=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Codex_%28Maya%29 Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Describes the longest surviving Maya codex including almanacs ritual tables and astronomical material.

=====Paris Codex=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Codex Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Details the fragmentary codex containing calendrical and ritual cycles.

=====Maya Codices=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_codices Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Overview of Maya folding books written in hieroglyphic script including surviving examples.

=====Maya Astronomy=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_astronomy Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Explains astronomical practices preserved in codices inscriptions and architecture.

=====Maya Mathematics=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization#Mathematics Wikipedia n.d.]
Summary: Describes the vigesimal base twenty numerical system and the use of zero.

=====Maya Pyramids and Temples=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1726/maya-pyramids-and-temples/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia November 3 2020]
Summary: Reviews ceremonial structures stepped pyramids and architectural symbolism.

=====The Puuc Region=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1252/the-puuc-region/ by James Blake Wiener World History Encyclopedia June 13 2018]
Summary: Describes distinctive Puuc style architecture in northwest Yucatán.

=====Maya Calendar=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1437/maya-calendar/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia November 19 2019]
Summary: Explains interlocking ritual and solar calendars and the Long Count system.

=====Maya Architecture=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Architecture/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia October 10 2014]
Summary: Discusses city planning corbel vaults palace complexes and ceremonial centers.

=====Maya Trade=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/611/maya-trade/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 23 2014]
Summary: Examines trade goods including jade obsidian shells and cacao.

=====Sacred Cenote at Chichén Itzá=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1646/the-sacred-cenote/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia July 27 2020]
Summary: Reviews archaeological excavation and ritual offerings recovered from the cenote.

=====Human Sacrifice Among the Maya=====
[https://www.britannica.com/story/human-sacrifice-among-the-maya Encyclopaedia Britannica July 12 2023]
Summary: Explains sacrificial rituals within cosmological political and ceremonial contexts.

=====The Maya and Chocolate=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-chocolate-21860917/ by Marina Watts Smithsonian Magazine February 14 2012]
Summary: Describes cacao production ceremonial uses and social symbolism.

=====Maya Food and Drink=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1680/maya-food-and-drink/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 10 2020]
Summary: Details maize beans squash and traditional preparation practices.

=====The Postclassic Maya=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1769/the-postclassic-maya/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia January 28 2021]
Summary: Reviews political transformation after the Classic period including Mayapán and Chichén Itzá.

=====Bonampak=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Bonampak/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia September 24 2014]
Summary: Describes vivid murals depicting warfare ceremony and elite culture.

=====Maya Numbers and Zero=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1662/maya-numbers-and-zero/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia August 7 2020]
Summary: Explains bar and dot notation and conceptual zero.

=====Maya Calendar System=====
[https://maya.nmai.si.edu/calendar/calendar-system Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian n.d.]
Summary: Educational explanation of ceremonial and solar calendars still used among modern Maya communities.

=====Maya Glyphs=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Maya_Glyphs/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia March 17 2015]
Summary: Overview of hieroglyphic structure phonetics and decipherment breakthroughs.

=====Who Were the Ancient Maya=====
[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z8ydjhv BBC Bitesize BBC n.d.]
Summary: Educational overview introducing society science mathematics and legacy.

=====Uxmal=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Uxmal/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia July 8 2014]
Summary: Overview of Puuc style architecture and Late Classic prominence.

=====Obsidian Trade=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Obsidian/ by Mark Cartwright World History Encyclopedia n.d.]
Summary: Discusses importance of obsidian in trade networks and tool production.

History of the Picts

2026-03-21T21:58:44Z

Kirk:

[[The Picts]]

=====The Picts=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts by Wikipedia]
The Picts were a group of peoples in what is now Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, in the Early Middle Ages.Where they lived and details of their culture can be gleaned from early medieval texts and Pictish stones. The name Picti appears in written records as an exonym from the late third century AD. They are assumed to have been descendants of the Caledonii and other northern Iron Age tribes. Their territory is referred to as "Pictland" by modern historians. Initially made up of several chiefdoms, it came to be dominated by the Pictish kingdom of Fortriu from the seventh century. During this Verturian hegemony, Picti was adopted as an endonym. This lasted around 160 years until the Pictish kingdom merged with that of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba, ruled by the House of Alpin. The concept of "Pictish kingship" continued for a few decades until it was abandoned during the reign of Caustantín mac Áeda.

=====Pict=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pict | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise overview of the Picts as an ancient people of eastern and northeastern Scotland, first noted in Roman sources. It summarizes their uncertain origins, conflict with Rome, later Christianization, and political union with the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin.

=====The Northern Picts Project=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/departments/archaeology/research/research-projects/the-northern-picts-project/ | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
A research-project page from the University of Aberdeen covering major archaeological work on Pictish society. It is one of the strongest institutional entry points for recent excavation-based research on elite sites, settlement, and political development among the Picts.

=====Shedding New Light on Scotland’s Mysterious Picts=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/stories/shedding-new-light-on-the-picts/index.html | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
An accessible summary of how recent archaeology has changed the old image of the Picts as unknowable or purely legendary. It highlights discoveries linked to Professor Gordon Noble and the Northern Picts Project, especially around Rhynie and the emergence of Pictish kingdoms.

=====What’s Left of the Picts? Scotland’s Pictish Stones=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2025/08/whats-left-of-the-picts-scotlands-pictish-stones/ | Ali George | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 8/1/25]
A public-facing overview of Scotland’s surviving Pictish stones and why they matter for understanding Pictish culture. It is especially useful for readers interested in visible remains, symbolism, and places where major stones can still be seen.

=====Investigating the Picts=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2017/03/investigating-the-picts/ | Guest Blog | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 3/17/17]
A background article on archaeological work uncovering Pictish power centres, carved stones, and silver hoards. It gives a good mid-level introduction to how archaeology fills gaps left by the sparse written record.

=====Newly Discovered Pictish Stone to Go on Display at North Coast Visitor Centre=====
[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/about-us/news/newly-discovered-pictish-stone-to-go-on-display/ | No byline listed | Historic Environment Scotland | No date listed]
A Historic Environment Scotland news item showing that major Pictish finds are still being made and publicly interpreted. It is useful as evidence that Pictish studies are active and not limited to older scholarship.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 10/26/18]
A major scholarly article arguing that the Pictish symbols were likely part of a formal communication system tied to identity, status, and power. This is one of the most important academic sources for understanding why the symbol stones are treated as more than decorative carvings.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/171818/ | G. Noble; M. Goldberg; D. Hamilton | University of Glasgow Repository | 10/26/18]
A repository entry for the same Antiquity article, useful as an alternate academic access point. It confirms the authorship, publication venue, and online publication date.

=====The Northern Picts: The Citadel Project, Rescue and Research-Led Investigations at a Viking Age Power Centre=====
[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/the-northern-picts-the-citadel-project/ | No byline listed | The British Academy | No date listed]
A lecture/event page tied to major current scholarship on northern Pictish archaeology. It is useful for readers who want a bridge between formal academic work and public-facing scholarly interpretation.

=====Pictish Language=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pictish-language | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise background source on the language associated with the Picts. It is useful mainly for orientation, since the linguistic evidence remains incomplete and debated.

=====Alba=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Alba-historical-kingdom-Scotland | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A short reference article explaining the kingdom of Alba and its connection to the Picts and Gaels. It helps place the Picts within the transition to medieval Scotland rather than treating them as a people who simply vanished.

=====Scotland: History=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Scotland/History | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A broader historical overview of Scotland that gives useful context for where the Picts fit among Romans, Gaels, Britons, and later medieval state formation. Best used as background rather than as a specialized source on the Picts alone.

=====Royal succession and kingship among the Picts=====
[https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/royal-succession-and-kingship-among-the-picts/ | Nicholas Evans | The Innes Review / University of Edinburgh Research Explorer | 2008]
A detailed peer-reviewed study of how Pictish kingship actually worked, using king-lists, Bede, and succession patterns rather than later legend. It is especially useful because it challenges oversimplified ideas about Pictish royal inheritance and gives a more concrete political structure to early Pictland.

=====Dún Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts=====
[https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/dun-nechtain-fortriu-and-the-geography-of-the-picts%286cf2c07c-b853-40d6-8de6-fa033b32269a%29.html | Alexander Woolf | Scottish Historical Review / University of St Andrews Research Portal | 2006]
A highly influential article that reexamines where the kingdom of Fortriu should be located and argues that older scholarship misplaced a major Pictish power center. This matters because the geography of Fortriu affects how historians map Pictish political power and military history.

=====Pictish matriliny reconsidered=====
[https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/inr.1998.49.2.147 | Alex Woolf | The Innes Review / Edinburgh University Press | 1998]
A scholarly reassessment of the long-standing claim that the Picts practiced matrilineal royal succession. The article is important because it questions one of the most repeated older assumptions about Pictish society and forces a closer reading of the evidence.

=====Between prehistory and history: the archaeological detection of social change among the Picts=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/between-prehistory-and-history-the-archaeological-detection-of-social-change-among-the-picts/EB0C22E70BEF1A9B94B44402550BBCC0 | Gordon Noble; Meggen Gondek; Ewan Campbell; Murray Cook | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 11/22/13]
A major archaeological article tracing how Pictish society changed from later prehistory into historically visible kingdoms. It is valuable because it connects settlement, elite centers, and material culture to the rise of Pictish political complexity.

=====(Re)discovering the Gaulcross hoard=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/rediscovering-the-gaulcross-hoard/1D4141D467B8007487F63D58CF913825 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Alistair McPherson; Oskar Sveinbjarnarson | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 5/17/16]
A close study of the famous Gaulcross silver hoard and its rediscovery, with implications for elite exchange, status, and long-distance connections in Pictish Scotland. It is especially useful for readers interested in how treasure finds reshape understanding of Pictish power and wealth.

=====Burning Matters: the Rise and Fall of an Early Medieval Fortified Centre. A New Chronology for Clatchard Craig=====
[https://abdn.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/burning-matters-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-early-medieval-fortified-/ | Gordon Noble; Nick Evans; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Medieval Archaeology / University of Aberdeen Research Portal | 12/16/22]
A specialist study using new chronology to reinterpret Clatchard Craig as a short-lived but significant elite fortified center. It is useful because it sharpens the picture of warfare, fortification, and political instability among Pictish elites.

=====Buckquoy, Orkney: addressing the Pictish-Viking transition in northern Scotland=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/buckquoy-orkney-addressing-the-pictishviking-transition-in-northern-scotland/7D385A829027ED1D810828861E05994F | Gordon Noble; Sarah Jane Gibbon; James H. Barrett; et al. | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | No date listed]
A research article on the transition from Pictish to Viking-era society in Orkney, arguing against a simplistic total replacement model. It is valuable because it treats cultural change in northern Pictish zones as gradual, uneven, and archaeologically traceable.

=====The development of the Pictish symbol system: inscribing identity beyond the edges of Empire=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 10/26/18]
A foundational scholarly article on the chronology and meaning of Pictish symbols. It argues that the symbols likely formed a formal identity system rather than random decoration, making it one of the key academic works on how the Picts represented authority and affiliation.

=====Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010360 | Adeline Morez et al. | PLOS Genetics | 4/27/23]
A peer-reviewed ancient-DNA study using Pictish genomes to examine population continuity, mobility, and relatedness. It is one of the most technically advanced recent studies on the Picts and is especially useful for separating older ethnic narratives from biological evidence.

=====Illuminating the Painted People of Early Medieval Scotland: Forts, Warfare and Symbols of Power=====
[https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstreams/e013f1ec-b5f9-44a8-9b66-2d4ad58c25a2/download | Gordon Noble | Kelten / University of Aberdeen AURA repository | 1/12/26]
A recent scholarly overview focused on forts, warfare, symbols, and the emergence of Pictish power in northern Britain. It is useful as a compact synthesis of where current archaeology stands, especially for readers wanting something more up to date than older textbook treatments.

History of the Picts

2026-03-21T21:57:48Z

Kirk:

[[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/The_Picts|The Picts]]

=====The Picts=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts by Wikipedia]
The Picts were a group of peoples in what is now Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, in the Early Middle Ages.Where they lived and details of their culture can be gleaned from early medieval texts and Pictish stones. The name Picti appears in written records as an exonym from the late third century AD. They are assumed to have been descendants of the Caledonii and other northern Iron Age tribes. Their territory is referred to as "Pictland" by modern historians. Initially made up of several chiefdoms, it came to be dominated by the Pictish kingdom of Fortriu from the seventh century. During this Verturian hegemony, Picti was adopted as an endonym. This lasted around 160 years until the Pictish kingdom merged with that of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba, ruled by the House of Alpin. The concept of "Pictish kingship" continued for a few decades until it was abandoned during the reign of Caustantín mac Áeda.

=====Pict=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pict | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise overview of the Picts as an ancient people of eastern and northeastern Scotland, first noted in Roman sources. It summarizes their uncertain origins, conflict with Rome, later Christianization, and political union with the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin.

=====The Northern Picts Project=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/departments/archaeology/research/research-projects/the-northern-picts-project/ | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
A research-project page from the University of Aberdeen covering major archaeological work on Pictish society. It is one of the strongest institutional entry points for recent excavation-based research on elite sites, settlement, and political development among the Picts.

=====Shedding New Light on Scotland’s Mysterious Picts=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/stories/shedding-new-light-on-the-picts/index.html | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
An accessible summary of how recent archaeology has changed the old image of the Picts as unknowable or purely legendary. It highlights discoveries linked to Professor Gordon Noble and the Northern Picts Project, especially around Rhynie and the emergence of Pictish kingdoms.

=====What’s Left of the Picts? Scotland’s Pictish Stones=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2025/08/whats-left-of-the-picts-scotlands-pictish-stones/ | Ali George | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 8/1/25]
A public-facing overview of Scotland’s surviving Pictish stones and why they matter for understanding Pictish culture. It is especially useful for readers interested in visible remains, symbolism, and places where major stones can still be seen.

=====Investigating the Picts=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2017/03/investigating-the-picts/ | Guest Blog | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 3/17/17]
A background article on archaeological work uncovering Pictish power centres, carved stones, and silver hoards. It gives a good mid-level introduction to how archaeology fills gaps left by the sparse written record.

=====Newly Discovered Pictish Stone to Go on Display at North Coast Visitor Centre=====
[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/about-us/news/newly-discovered-pictish-stone-to-go-on-display/ | No byline listed | Historic Environment Scotland | No date listed]
A Historic Environment Scotland news item showing that major Pictish finds are still being made and publicly interpreted. It is useful as evidence that Pictish studies are active and not limited to older scholarship.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 10/26/18]
A major scholarly article arguing that the Pictish symbols were likely part of a formal communication system tied to identity, status, and power. This is one of the most important academic sources for understanding why the symbol stones are treated as more than decorative carvings.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/171818/ | G. Noble; M. Goldberg; D. Hamilton | University of Glasgow Repository | 10/26/18]
A repository entry for the same Antiquity article, useful as an alternate academic access point. It confirms the authorship, publication venue, and online publication date.

=====The Northern Picts: The Citadel Project, Rescue and Research-Led Investigations at a Viking Age Power Centre=====
[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/the-northern-picts-the-citadel-project/ | No byline listed | The British Academy | No date listed]
A lecture/event page tied to major current scholarship on northern Pictish archaeology. It is useful for readers who want a bridge between formal academic work and public-facing scholarly interpretation.

=====Pictish Language=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pictish-language | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise background source on the language associated with the Picts. It is useful mainly for orientation, since the linguistic evidence remains incomplete and debated.

=====Alba=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Alba-historical-kingdom-Scotland | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A short reference article explaining the kingdom of Alba and its connection to the Picts and Gaels. It helps place the Picts within the transition to medieval Scotland rather than treating them as a people who simply vanished.

=====Scotland: History=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Scotland/History | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A broader historical overview of Scotland that gives useful context for where the Picts fit among Romans, Gaels, Britons, and later medieval state formation. Best used as background rather than as a specialized source on the Picts alone.

=====Royal succession and kingship among the Picts=====
[https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/royal-succession-and-kingship-among-the-picts/ | Nicholas Evans | The Innes Review / University of Edinburgh Research Explorer | 2008]
A detailed peer-reviewed study of how Pictish kingship actually worked, using king-lists, Bede, and succession patterns rather than later legend. It is especially useful because it challenges oversimplified ideas about Pictish royal inheritance and gives a more concrete political structure to early Pictland.

=====Dún Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts=====
[https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/dun-nechtain-fortriu-and-the-geography-of-the-picts%286cf2c07c-b853-40d6-8de6-fa033b32269a%29.html | Alexander Woolf | Scottish Historical Review / University of St Andrews Research Portal | 2006]
A highly influential article that reexamines where the kingdom of Fortriu should be located and argues that older scholarship misplaced a major Pictish power center. This matters because the geography of Fortriu affects how historians map Pictish political power and military history.

=====Pictish matriliny reconsidered=====
[https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/inr.1998.49.2.147 | Alex Woolf | The Innes Review / Edinburgh University Press | 1998]
A scholarly reassessment of the long-standing claim that the Picts practiced matrilineal royal succession. The article is important because it questions one of the most repeated older assumptions about Pictish society and forces a closer reading of the evidence.

=====Between prehistory and history: the archaeological detection of social change among the Picts=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/between-prehistory-and-history-the-archaeological-detection-of-social-change-among-the-picts/EB0C22E70BEF1A9B94B44402550BBCC0 | Gordon Noble; Meggen Gondek; Ewan Campbell; Murray Cook | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 11/22/13]
A major archaeological article tracing how Pictish society changed from later prehistory into historically visible kingdoms. It is valuable because it connects settlement, elite centers, and material culture to the rise of Pictish political complexity.

=====(Re)discovering the Gaulcross hoard=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/rediscovering-the-gaulcross-hoard/1D4141D467B8007487F63D58CF913825 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Alistair McPherson; Oskar Sveinbjarnarson | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 5/17/16]
A close study of the famous Gaulcross silver hoard and its rediscovery, with implications for elite exchange, status, and long-distance connections in Pictish Scotland. It is especially useful for readers interested in how treasure finds reshape understanding of Pictish power and wealth.

=====Burning Matters: the Rise and Fall of an Early Medieval Fortified Centre. A New Chronology for Clatchard Craig=====
[https://abdn.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/burning-matters-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-early-medieval-fortified-/ | Gordon Noble; Nick Evans; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Medieval Archaeology / University of Aberdeen Research Portal | 12/16/22]
A specialist study using new chronology to reinterpret Clatchard Craig as a short-lived but significant elite fortified center. It is useful because it sharpens the picture of warfare, fortification, and political instability among Pictish elites.

=====Buckquoy, Orkney: addressing the Pictish-Viking transition in northern Scotland=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/buckquoy-orkney-addressing-the-pictishviking-transition-in-northern-scotland/7D385A829027ED1D810828861E05994F | Gordon Noble; Sarah Jane Gibbon; James H. Barrett; et al. | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | No date listed]
A research article on the transition from Pictish to Viking-era society in Orkney, arguing against a simplistic total replacement model. It is valuable because it treats cultural change in northern Pictish zones as gradual, uneven, and archaeologically traceable.

=====The development of the Pictish symbol system: inscribing identity beyond the edges of Empire=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 10/26/18]
A foundational scholarly article on the chronology and meaning of Pictish symbols. It argues that the symbols likely formed a formal identity system rather than random decoration, making it one of the key academic works on how the Picts represented authority and affiliation.

=====Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010360 | Adeline Morez et al. | PLOS Genetics | 4/27/23]
A peer-reviewed ancient-DNA study using Pictish genomes to examine population continuity, mobility, and relatedness. It is one of the most technically advanced recent studies on the Picts and is especially useful for separating older ethnic narratives from biological evidence.

=====Illuminating the Painted People of Early Medieval Scotland: Forts, Warfare and Symbols of Power=====
[https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstreams/e013f1ec-b5f9-44a8-9b66-2d4ad58c25a2/download | Gordon Noble | Kelten / University of Aberdeen AURA repository | 1/12/26]
A recent scholarly overview focused on forts, warfare, symbols, and the emergence of Pictish power in northern Britain. It is useful as a compact synthesis of where current archaeology stands, especially for readers wanting something more up to date than older textbook treatments.

The Picts

2026-03-21T21:56:31Z

Kirk:

'''The Picts of Scotland'''

''Power, Identity, and the Making of Early Medieval Britain''

Essay based on the provided historical and scholarly source list

The Picts remain one of the most intriguing peoples of early medieval Europe. Living in what is now northern and eastern Scotland, they appear in Roman and later medieval sources as a distinct population beyond the main zone of Roman control. For generations, they were portrayed as shadowy, almost unknowable figures - 'painted people' who left behind strange carved stones and little else. Yet recent scholarship has substantially changed that picture. Archaeology, historical reinterpretation, linguistic study, and ancient DNA research now show that the Picts were not a mysterious fringe society so much as a dynamic and politically sophisticated people who played a central role in the formation of medieval Scotland. Rather than vanishing abruptly, they contributed deeply to the kingdom of Alba and to the historical development of Scotland itself.

Older reference works such as Britannica and broad historical surveys describe the Picts as an ancient people of eastern and northeastern Scotland first noted in Roman sources and later united with the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin. That basic outline is still useful, but modern research adds much more texture. The Picts were likely not a single tribe that suddenly emerged in history. Instead, they seem to have been a coalition or grouping of related peoples descended from earlier Iron Age communities, including groups the Romans called the Caledonii. Over time, these communities developed stronger regional political structures, and by the early medieval period they had formed powerful kingdoms. Modern historians often use the term 'Pictland' for this sphere of rule, though the political reality was not static. It included several centers of authority that rose and fell over time.

One of the most important shifts in modern scholarship has been the rethinking of Pictish political geography. Alexander Woolf's influential work on Fortriu challenged an older scholarly consensus that misplaced one of the major Pictish power centers. By relocating Fortriu farther north, Woolf changed the map of early medieval Scotland and with it the interpretation of Pictish military and political strength. This matters because Fortriu appears to have been a dominant kingdom, especially from the seventh century onward. If its center lay in the north rather than farther south, then the core of Pictish power was more expansive and more deeply rooted in northern Scotland than many earlier historians assumed. This reinterpretation aligns well with current archaeological work, especially projects associated with the University of Aberdeen, which have uncovered major elite sites in northern Pictish territories.

Archaeology has been crucial in transforming the study of the Picts. The Northern Picts Project and related work summarized by Gordon Noble and others show that Pictish society was organized around major fortified centers, elite settlements, and highly visible monuments. Excavations at sites such as Rhynie have revealed that these were not marginal communities but hubs of power, craft production, and long-distance exchange. The article 'Between prehistory and history' is especially important because it demonstrates how social and political complexity developed across the transition from later prehistory into the historically visible early medieval world. The Picts were not a historical anomaly appearing out of nowhere; they were the product of long-term local developments in settlement, hierarchy, and rulership.

The material record also reveals a culture deeply invested in symbolism and public display. Pictish symbol stones are perhaps the most famous surviving expression of this world. For a long time, these carvings were treated as decorative or as evidence of an opaque and exotic culture. More recent work, especially 'The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire,' argues that these symbols likely formed a meaningful and formal system tied to identity, status, and authority. That interpretation is significant because it suggests that Pictish elites used visual signs in deliberate and structured ways, perhaps to communicate lineage, affiliation, or rank. These stones therefore should not be seen as random relics of a vanished people, but as evidence of a society with its own modes of representation and political communication.

Kingship among the Picts has also been reassessed in important ways. For many years, one of the most repeated claims about Pictish society was that royal succession was matrilineal. That idea became so common that it shaped popular perceptions of the Picts as somehow fundamentally different from neighboring peoples. Yet scholarship by Alex Woolf and Nicholas Evans has significantly weakened this view. 'Pictish matriliny reconsidered' and 'Royal succession and kingship among the Picts' argue that the evidence for strict matrilineal inheritance is far weaker than once thought. Instead, Pictish kingship seems to have been complex, competitive, and rooted in dynastic politics rather than in a simple rule of descent through women. This revision matters because it moves the Picts away from romantic stereotype and toward a more realistic understanding of early medieval rulership.

The relationship between the Picts and the wider world was equally significant. Although they are often defined by their location beyond Rome's northern frontier, they were not isolated. Finds such as the Gaulcross hoard show elite access to precious materials and wider exchange networks. Fortified centers and prestige goods suggest that Pictish rulers were engaged in warfare, alliance-building, and status competition on a substantial scale. Gordon Noble's recent synthesis, 'Illuminating the Painted People of Early Medieval Scotland,' emphasizes forts, warfare, and symbols of power as central to the emergence of Pictish kingdoms. This work presents the Picts not as passive inhabitants of a remote zone, but as active participants in the political transformations of post-Roman Britain.

Recent science has added another layer to this picture. The 2023 PLOS Genetics study on Pictish genomes is especially important because it tests older assumptions about identity and continuity with biological evidence. While genetics cannot define culture on its own, the study suggests meaningful continuity and relatedness among Iron Age, early medieval, and later populations in Britain. This supports a broader trend in scholarship: moving away from simple stories of disappearance or replacement. In northern areas such as Orkney, research on the Pictish-Viking transition similarly argues against the idea of total cultural erasure. Instead, change appears uneven, gradual, and regionally varied.

That insight helps explain one of the biggest historical questions surrounding the Picts: what happened to them? Older popular narratives often imply that they vanished after the rise of Kenneth MacAlpin or were absorbed so completely by the Scots that they ceased to matter. But the transition to Alba was more complex. The kingdom that emerged in the ninth century was not created from nothing, nor was it purely a Gaelic replacement for a defeated Pictish world. Rather, Alba was built out of earlier political traditions that included strong Pictish foundations. Even if the name 'Pict' gradually declined in use, Pictish institutions, elites, territories, and cultural legacies fed into the making of medieval Scotland. In that sense, the Picts did not disappear; they were transformed within a changing political order.

In conclusion, the Picts should no longer be understood as a mysterious or marginal people known only from legend and carved stones. Modern scholarship presents them as a historically grounded society with evolving kingdoms, elite power centers, formal symbolic systems, and a major place in the transition from Iron Age northern Britain to medieval Scotland. Archaeology has revealed their settlements and fortifications, historians have revised long-standing myths about their kingship, and genetics has helped clarify continuity and mobility in their population history. The result is a far richer and more convincing portrait. The Picts were not simply 'painted people' at the edge of the known world. They were architects of power, identity, and state formation in early medieval Scotland, and their legacy survives not only in stones and ruins, but in the historical foundations of Scotland itself.

'''Selected Works Cited'''

Britannica Editors. 'Pict.' Encyclopaedia Britannica. No date listed.

Britannica Editors. 'Alba.' Encyclopaedia Britannica. No date listed.

Evans, Nicholas. 'Royal succession and kingship among the Picts.' The Innes Review, 2008.

Morez, Adeline, et al. 'Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK.' PLOS Genetics, April 27, 2023.

Noble, Gordon. 'Illuminating the Painted People of Early Medieval Scotland: Forts, Warfare and Symbols of Power.' University of Aberdeen AURA repository, January 12, 2026.

Noble, Gordon, Meggen Gondek, Ewan Campbell, and Murray Cook. 'Between prehistory and history: the archaeological detection of social change among the Picts.' Antiquity, November 22, 2013.

Noble, Gordon, Martin Goldberg, and Derek Hamilton. 'The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire.' Antiquity, October 26, 2018.

University of Aberdeen. 'The Northern Picts Project.' No date listed.

University of Aberdeen. 'Shedding New Light on Scotland's Mysterious Picts.' No date listed.

Woolf, Alex. 'Pictish matriliny reconsidered.' The Innes Review, 1998.

Woolf, Alexander. 'Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts.' Scottish Historical Review, 2006.

The Picts

2026-03-21T21:55:53Z

Kirk: Created page with "The Picts of Scotland Power, Identity, and the Making of Early Medieval Britain Essay based on the provided historical and scholarly source list The Picts remain one of the most intriguing peoples of early medieval Europe. Living in what is now northern and eastern Scotland, they appear in Roman and later medieval sources as a distinct population beyond the main zone of Roman control. For generations, they were portrayed as shadowy, almost unknowable figures - 'painted..."

The Picts of Scotland
Power, Identity, and the Making of Early Medieval Britain
Essay based on the provided historical and scholarly source list

The Picts remain one of the most intriguing peoples of early medieval Europe. Living in what is now northern and eastern Scotland, they appear in Roman and later medieval sources as a distinct population beyond the main zone of Roman control. For generations, they were portrayed as shadowy, almost unknowable figures - 'painted people' who left behind strange carved stones and little else. Yet recent scholarship has substantially changed that picture. Archaeology, historical reinterpretation, linguistic study, and ancient DNA research now show that the Picts were not a mysterious fringe society so much as a dynamic and politically sophisticated people who played a central role in the formation of medieval Scotland. Rather than vanishing abruptly, they contributed deeply to the kingdom of Alba and to the historical development of Scotland itself.
Older reference works such as Britannica and broad historical surveys describe the Picts as an ancient people of eastern and northeastern Scotland first noted in Roman sources and later united with the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin. That basic outline is still useful, but modern research adds much more texture. The Picts were likely not a single tribe that suddenly emerged in history. Instead, they seem to have been a coalition or grouping of related peoples descended from earlier Iron Age communities, including groups the Romans called the Caledonii. Over time, these communities developed stronger regional political structures, and by the early medieval period they had formed powerful kingdoms. Modern historians often use the term 'Pictland' for this sphere of rule, though the political reality was not static. It included several centers of authority that rose and fell over time.
One of the most important shifts in modern scholarship has been the rethinking of Pictish political geography. Alexander Woolf's influential work on Fortriu challenged an older scholarly consensus that misplaced one of the major Pictish power centers. By relocating Fortriu farther north, Woolf changed the map of early medieval Scotland and with it the interpretation of Pictish military and political strength. This matters because Fortriu appears to have been a dominant kingdom, especially from the seventh century onward. If its center lay in the north rather than farther south, then the core of Pictish power was more expansive and more deeply rooted in northern Scotland than many earlier historians assumed. This reinterpretation aligns well with current archaeological work, especially projects associated with the University of Aberdeen, which have uncovered major elite sites in northern Pictish territories.
Archaeology has been crucial in transforming the study of the Picts. The Northern Picts Project and related work summarized by Gordon Noble and others show that Pictish society was organized around major fortified centers, elite settlements, and highly visible monuments. Excavations at sites such as Rhynie have revealed that these were not marginal communities but hubs of power, craft production, and long-distance exchange. The article 'Between prehistory and history' is especially important because it demonstrates how social and political complexity developed across the transition from later prehistory into the historically visible early medieval world. The Picts were not a historical anomaly appearing out of nowhere; they were the product of long-term local developments in settlement, hierarchy, and rulership.
The material record also reveals a culture deeply invested in symbolism and public display. Pictish symbol stones are perhaps the most famous surviving expression of this world. For a long time, these carvings were treated as decorative or as evidence of an opaque and exotic culture. More recent work, especially 'The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire,' argues that these symbols likely formed a meaningful and formal system tied to identity, status, and authority. That interpretation is significant because it suggests that Pictish elites used visual signs in deliberate and structured ways, perhaps to communicate lineage, affiliation, or rank. These stones therefore should not be seen as random relics of a vanished people, but as evidence of a society with its own modes of representation and political communication.
Kingship among the Picts has also been reassessed in important ways. For many years, one of the most repeated claims about Pictish society was that royal succession was matrilineal. That idea became so common that it shaped popular perceptions of the Picts as somehow fundamentally different from neighboring peoples. Yet scholarship by Alex Woolf and Nicholas Evans has significantly weakened this view. 'Pictish matriliny reconsidered' and 'Royal succession and kingship among the Picts' argue that the evidence for strict matrilineal inheritance is far weaker than once thought. Instead, Pictish kingship seems to have been complex, competitive, and rooted in dynastic politics rather than in a simple rule of descent through women. This revision matters because it moves the Picts away from romantic stereotype and toward a more realistic understanding of early medieval rulership.
The relationship between the Picts and the wider world was equally significant. Although they are often defined by their location beyond Rome's northern frontier, they were not isolated. Finds such as the Gaulcross hoard show elite access to precious materials and wider exchange networks. Fortified centers and prestige goods suggest that Pictish rulers were engaged in warfare, alliance-building, and status competition on a substantial scale. Gordon Noble's recent synthesis, 'Illuminating the Painted People of Early Medieval Scotland,' emphasizes forts, warfare, and symbols of power as central to the emergence of Pictish kingdoms. This work presents the Picts not as passive inhabitants of a remote zone, but as active participants in the political transformations of post-Roman Britain.
Recent science has added another layer to this picture. The 2023 PLOS Genetics study on Pictish genomes is especially important because it tests older assumptions about identity and continuity with biological evidence. While genetics cannot define culture on its own, the study suggests meaningful continuity and relatedness among Iron Age, early medieval, and later populations in Britain. This supports a broader trend in scholarship: moving away from simple stories of disappearance or replacement. In northern areas such as Orkney, research on the Pictish-Viking transition similarly argues against the idea of total cultural erasure. Instead, change appears uneven, gradual, and regionally varied.
That insight helps explain one of the biggest historical questions surrounding the Picts: what happened to them? Older popular narratives often imply that they vanished after the rise of Kenneth MacAlpin or were absorbed so completely by the Scots that they ceased to matter. But the transition to Alba was more complex. The kingdom that emerged in the ninth century was not created from nothing, nor was it purely a Gaelic replacement for a defeated Pictish world. Rather, Alba was built out of earlier political traditions that included strong Pictish foundations. Even if the name 'Pict' gradually declined in use, Pictish institutions, elites, territories, and cultural legacies fed into the making of medieval Scotland. In that sense, the Picts did not disappear; they were transformed within a changing political order.
In conclusion, the Picts should no longer be understood as a mysterious or marginal people known only from legend and carved stones. Modern scholarship presents them as a historically grounded society with evolving kingdoms, elite power centers, formal symbolic systems, and a major place in the transition from Iron Age northern Britain to medieval Scotland. Archaeology has revealed their settlements and fortifications, historians have revised long-standing myths about their kingship, and genetics has helped clarify continuity and mobility in their population history. The result is a far richer and more convincing portrait. The Picts were not simply 'painted people' at the edge of the known world. They were architects of power, identity, and state formation in early medieval Scotland, and their legacy survives not only in stones and ruins, but in the historical foundations of Scotland itself.
Selected Works Cited
Britannica Editors. 'Pict.' Encyclopaedia Britannica. No date listed.
Britannica Editors. 'Alba.' Encyclopaedia Britannica. No date listed.
Evans, Nicholas. 'Royal succession and kingship among the Picts.' The Innes Review, 2008.
Morez, Adeline, et al. 'Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK.' PLOS Genetics, April 27, 2023.
Noble, Gordon. 'Illuminating the Painted People of Early Medieval Scotland: Forts, Warfare and Symbols of Power.' University of Aberdeen AURA repository, January 12, 2026.
Noble, Gordon, Meggen Gondek, Ewan Campbell, and Murray Cook. 'Between prehistory and history: the archaeological detection of social change among the Picts.' Antiquity, November 22, 2013.
Noble, Gordon, Martin Goldberg, and Derek Hamilton. 'The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire.' Antiquity, October 26, 2018.
University of Aberdeen. 'The Northern Picts Project.' No date listed.
University of Aberdeen. 'Shedding New Light on Scotland's Mysterious Picts.' No date listed.
Woolf, Alex. 'Pictish matriliny reconsidered.' The Innes Review, 1998.
Woolf, Alexander. 'Dun Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts.' Scottish Historical Review, 2006.

Free Expression-Stories of Peoples

2026-03-21T21:55:40Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
|title=Free Expression-Stories of Peoples
|description=A collection of articles about free expression-stories of people
|keywords=Blockbuster, Justice, Expert, Explosive, Soldiers, Missionaries, Christian
|image=File:Free Expression-Stories of Peoples.jpg
|image_width=300
|image_height=200}}

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:SandCreek.jpg||alt=Sandcreek Massacre by Winter Rabbit 11/29/24 DailyKos
</gallery>

[[The Picts]]

===== Meet the woman who lives without money: ‘I feel more secure than when I was earning’ =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2025/feb/01/meet-the-woman-who-lives-without-money-i-feel-more-secure-than-when-i-was-earning by Louise Southerden 31/1/25 The Guardian]
Sharon Brodie clearly remembers her first Christmas with her good friend Jo Nemeth. It was 2016 and also her first Christmas without her husband, Monty, who had died suddenly a month earlier

===== I was a long-haired teenage boy in the 1960s. Why did everyone hate us so much? =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/dec/14/i-was-a-long-haired-teenage-boy-in-the-1960s-why-did-everyone-hate-us-so-much by Alan Clayson 14/12/24 The Guardian]
Throughout the mid-to-late 60s, I had to fight every literal inch of the way over the matter of long hair. As I practised being Mick Jagger before the bedroom mirror, it was always on the understanding that, within hours, I might be in front of that same mirror after a parentally-dictated trip to the barber.

===== Bhutan tried to erase us. Now, Trump’s America is helping =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/jul/10/bhutan-refugees-trump-america by Lok Darjee 10/7/25 The Guardian]
In mid-March 2025, I sat quietly in the back of a small, crowded room at the Asian Refugees United center in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, surrounded by members of the Bhutanese diaspora. The silence was heavy, thick with fear and uncertainty. This modest office, once a vibrant hub for refugee youth, cultural celebrations, and literary competitions, had become an impromptu crisis center, where community leaders scrambled to make sense of the Trump administration’s escalating immigration crackdown on Bhutanese refugees across the country.

===== The destruction of Palestine is breaking the world Moustafa Bayoumi =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/jul/06/destruction-of-palestine-is-breaking-the-world by Sereen Haddad 6/7/25 The Guardian]
Haddad, who is Palestinian American, had been raising awareness on her campus about the Palestinian fight for freedom as part of her university’s chapter of Students for Justice in Palestine. The struggle is also personal for her. With roots in Gaza, she has lost more than 200 members of her extended family to Israel’s war.

===== Ben Franklin Declared His Independence from his Inheritance of Nasty Superstitions and Became an Enlightenment Man =====
[https://www.theunpopulist.net/p/ben-franklin-declared-his-independence by ANDY CRAIG 4/7/25 The UnPopulist]
In 1692, Salem, Mass. was in the throes of its infamous witch trials. In courtroom scenes which seem so inexplicably absurd to us, human beings were sent to the gallows on the basis of “spectral evidence”—invisible proof of alleged witchcraft that only the accusers, mostly young girls, could see or experience. Many would collapse into screaming fits in front of the judges, alleging that they were being tormented in that very moment by the bewildered defendants. But not all such accusers were impressionable children, as it’s often remembered. One was a woman around the age of 40.

===== The real Salt Path: how a blockbuster book and film were spun from lies, deceit and desperation =====
[https://observer.co.uk/news/national/article/the-real-salt-path-how-the-couple-behind-a-bestseller-left-a-trail-of-debt-and-deceit by Chloe Hadjimatheou 5/7/25 National]
A heartbreaking “true” story of two people in their early 50s forced out of their rural home in Wales and weighed down by a sudden diagnosis of Moth’s terminal illness, The Salt Path went straight to the top of the bestseller charts, selling more than 2m copies worldwide since its publication in 2018.

===== A beautiful, broken America: what I learned on a 2,800-mile bus ride from Detroit to LA =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2023/jul/26/america-roadtrip-greyhound-bus by Joanna Pocock 26/7/23 The Guardian]
Historically, chroniclers of the road have travelled by car – intrepid individuals in charge of their destinies. They also tend to be male. The only book I could find by a woman about crossing the US was America Day by Day by Simone de Beauvoir. It is also the only Great American Road Trip book that features Greyhound bus travel. Simone became my companion on the road.

===== How did these class rings stay put for decades? Santa Cruz County beach mystery delights ocean expert =====
[https://lookout.co/how-did-these-class-rings-stay-put-for-decades-santa-cruz-county-beach-mystery-delights-ocean-expert/story by Hillary Ojeda 3/7/25 LookOut
When UC Santa Cruz ocean expert Gary Griggs read this week about a ring found on a local beach 28 years after it was lost in the water, he was struck by the similarities to another story he’s told his students for more than two decades about a long-lost ring found on the beach.

===== Is America’s oldest Chinese restaurant in a tiny suburb of Sacramento? Historians investigate =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/may/02/oldest-chinese-american-restaurant-chicago-cafe by Clair Wang 2/5/24 The Guardian]
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/may/02/oldest-chinese-american-restaurant-chicago-cafe
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:SandCreek.jpg| [https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2024/11/29/2289278/-Sand-Creek-Massacre-of-November-29th-1864-160th-Anniversary?pm_campaign=front_page&pm_source=latest_community&pm_medium=web Sandcreek Massacre by Winter Rabbit 11/29/24 DailyKos]
</gallery>

=====Sand Creek Massacre of November 29th, 1864: 160th Anniversary=====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2024/11/29/2289278/-Sand-Creek-Massacre-of-November-29th-1864-160th-Anniversary?pm_campaign=front_page&pm_source=latest_community&pm_medium=web by Winter Rabbit 11/29/24 DailyKos]
The massacre was on. Chivington ordered that cannons be fired into the panicked groups of Indians first; then the troops charged on horseback and on foot. There was nowhere for the native people to hide.
I saw quite a number of infants in arms killed with their mothers. I went over the ground soon after the battle [reported Asbury Bird, a soldier with Company D of the First Colorado Cavalry]. I should judge there were between 400 and 500 Indians killed .... Nearly all, men, women, and children were scalped.
===== Opinion: As darkness descends on Gaza, I yearn for the world to see us, too =====
[https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/11/opinions/gaza-palestinian-israel-hamas-seige-ghraieb/index.html by Omar Ghraieb 12/10/23 CNN]

An explosive roar shakes my home and my laptop goes flying, landing amid shattered glass and debris. Looking at its flickering screen, I sigh and brace myself to pronounce the death of another computer — and this essay. I collect it gently from the floor and coax it back to life. I keep writing.

===== Ancient Celtic tribe had women at its social center =====
[https://www.npr.org/2025/01/15/nx-s1-5258236/ancient-celtic-tribe-had-women-at-its-social-center by Ari Daniel 15/1/25 npr]
In Britain, during the Neolithic Period (characterized by the introduction of agriculture) and the Bronze Age, which dated from about 4000 to 800 BCE, prehistoric human societies tended to be patrilocal. That's "where women move," says Cassidy. "They leave their home upon marriage, and they go join the village, the community of their husbands."

===== Harriet Tubman’s church in Canada was a crucial force in the abolitionist movement. It’s still standing today =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/jun/19/harriet-tubman-church-canada-abolition by Adria R. Walker 19/6/25 The Guardian]
Salem Chapel is one of the oldest Black churches in Ontario. Though it may not be widely known to most Americans or Canadians, its influence on both countries’ history is undeniable. The church, which is still in use as a religious institution, is considered a sacred site and tourist destination because of its importance for people who participated in the Underground Railroad and for their descendants.

===== Circassia: The land, people, and brutal Russian genocide you've never heard of =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/17/2129458/-Circassia-The-land-people-and-brutal-Russian-genocide-you-ve-never-heard-of by Spherical Aberration 17/9/22 DAILY KOS]
Well, until the Russian Empire got involved, anyway. In 1763, Russia essentially declared that it was annexing Circassia. The Circassians... strongly disagreed, sparking one of the longest, bloodiest, most brutal conflicts that you've never heard of. The Russo-Circassian War lasted from 1763 until the final Circassian army was defeated in 1864. Yep, that's 101 years of more or less constant warfare in the region, combined with relentless atrocity. The Russians declared the Circassians to be "subhuman", "mountain scum", and “untrustworthy swine” and that Circassia was a land of "bandits" and criminals. And I bet you can guess where this is going.

===== Looking at Black Lives Matter mural in downtown Santa Cruz from above =====
[https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2025/06/17/photo-looking-at-black-lives-matter-mural-in-downtown-santa-cruz-from-above/ by Shmuel Thaler 24/6/25 Santa Cruz Sentinel]
https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2025/06/17/photo-looking-at-black-lives-matter-mural-in-downtown-santa-cruz-from-above/

===== Early humans survived in a range of extreme environments before global migration, study says =====
[https://apnews.com/article/ancient-humans-migration-adaptability-homo-sapiens-d7c15932203b50221d3ff321f10da44b by Christina Larson 19/6/25 AP]
WASHINGTON (AP) — Humans are the only animal that lives in virtually every possible environment, from rainforests to deserts to tundra.

===== Indians 101: Emancipating California's Mission Indians in 1833-1834 =====

===== [https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2025/6/19/2328563/-Indians-101-Emancipating-California-s-Mission-Indians-in-1833-1834?pm_campaign=front_page&pm_source=latest_community&pm_medium=web by Ojibwa 19/6/25 DAILY KOS] =====
The Spanish Mission Era in California begins in 1769 and lasted until 1834. During this time the Franciscan missionaries founded 21 missions in California, or, more precisely, Alta California. These missions sought to capture souls for Christ by converting the Indians to Catholicism and to solidify Spain’s imperial control over the region.

===== Indians 101: A very short overview of the California missions =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/7/30/1964625/-Indians-101-A-very-short-overview-of-the-California-missions by Ojibwa 30/7/20 DAILY KOS]
In 1769 Father Junípero Serra leads a group of Franciscan friars from Baja California to establish a series of 21 missions, starting with San Diego de Alcalá in the south. The group is accompanied by a column of Spanish soldiers under the leadership of Captain Gaspar de Portolá. As with other Christian missionaries throughout the world, there was little concern for aboriginal lifeways: to become Christian required abandoning aboriginal traditions and fully assimilating to European way of life.

===== Indians 201: Indian Rebellions at the California Missions =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/03/04/1282022/-Indians-201-Indian-Rebellions-at-the-California-Missions by Ojibwa 4/3/14 DAILY KOS]
While it is not uncommon for some textbooks to give the impression that the California Native Americans passively accepted the missions, Spanish domination, and conversion to Christianity, this was not the case. In fact, the initial reception of the Franciscans by the California Indians was anything but hospitable. Resistance to the Spanish Franciscans was organized by village chiefs and influential shamans and this resistance was expressed through attacks on both the Spanish soldiers and the Franciscan missionaries. During the first years of the Franciscan mission program the overt hostility of the Indians slowed the rate of the establishment of the new missions and created a reliance on soldiers to protect the Franciscans.

===== Indians 201: The death toll in the California missions =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/3/29/2088493/-Indians-101-The-death-toll-in-the-California-missions by Ojibwa 29/3/22 DAILY KOS]
Indian people did not come joyously or freely to live and work at the new missions. In his book Where the Lightning Strikes: The Lives of American Indian Sacred Places, Peter Nabokov writes:

===== Indians 201: The Navajo and Mexico =====

===== [https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/10/6/2126199/-Indians-201-The-Navajo-and-Mexico by Ojibwa 6/10/22 DAILY KOS] =====
In 1821 Mexico obtained independence from Spain. In the Plan of Iguala, Mexico did away with all legal distinctions regarding Indians and reaffirmed that Indians were citizens of Mexico on an equal basis with non-Indians.

===== Indians 101: American Indians and Mexico 200 years ago, 1825 =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2025/3/25/2312021/-Indians-101-American-Indians-and-Mexico-200-years-ago-1825 by Ojibwa 25/3/25 DAILY KOS]
Mexico obtained its independence from Spain in 1821. Mexican territory as this time extended into the American Southwest (the present-day American states of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California). Under the Treaty of Córdobav between Spain and Mexico all Indians were granted Mexican citizenship. In the Plan of Iguala which outlined Mexico’s political and social structure Mexico did away with all legal distinctions regarding Indians and reaffirmed that Indians were citizens of Mexico on an equal basis with non-Indians.

===== Indians 201: American Indians and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/5/18/2169672/-Indians-201-American-Indians-and-the-Treaty-of-Guadalupe-Hidalgo by Ojibwa 18/5/23 DAILY KOS]
While Mexico declared its independence from Spain on September 16, 1810, it did not actually obtain its independence until September 27, 1821. In the Plan de Iguala, Mexico did away with all legal distinctions regarding Indians and reaffirmed that Indians were citizens of Mexico on an equal basis with non-Indians. In other words, Mexico, unlike the United States, gave Indians full citizenship and recognized that Indians had rights to their land.

===== Indians 101: The Franciscans in the American Southwest =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/story/2010/12/11/928141/-Indians-101:-The-Franciscans-in-the-American-Southwest- by Ojibwa 11/12/10 DAILY KOS]
"you must explain to the natives of the land that there is only one god in heaven, and the emperor on earth to rule and govern it, whose subjects they must all become and whom they must serve."

===== Indians 101: The California treaties of 1851-1852 =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/11/24/2137836/-Indians-101-The-California-treaties-of-1851-1852 by Ojibwa 24/11/22 DAILY KOS]
In 1850, California became a U.S. state. The American system, unlike the Spanish and Mexican systems, viewed Indians not as an economic asset but as an impediment to civilization, to the ability to acquire individual wealth.

===== Juneteenth Means Protecting Our History and Safeguarding Our Joy =====
[https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/edcentral/juneteenth-means-protecting-our-history-and-safeguarding-our-joy/ by Jazmyne Owens 18/6/25 NEW AMERICA]
On June 19, 1865, a Union army under the leadership of General Gordon Granger rode into Galveston, Texas, and announced that all enslaved African Americans were free—two years after the Emancipation Proclamation had been signed, and two months after Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered, ending the Civil War. Despite the enormous economic and social impact of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the United States, Juneteenth only became a federal holiday in 2021. The first Juneteenth celebration, however, took place in 1866 and Black communities have been celebrating it on a yearly basis ever since.

===== Juneteenth is the most widely known US emancipation celebration – but it’s not the only one =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/jun/19/juneteenth-other-emancipation-celebrations by Adria R Walker 19/6/25 The Guardian]
In Galveston, Texas, it wasn’t until 19 June 1865 that people who were enslaved found out about the declaration. Though Robert E Lee had surrendered in April, people continued fighting for the lost cause for months.

===== The Midnight Cry =====
[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2010/6/13/875469/- DailyKos Mark Sumner 6/13/20]
After all, there are now almost 19 million Seventh-Day Adventists and 8 million Jehovah’s Witnesses. Both groups came from just a handful of stubborn Millerites after the majority of the movement had decamped in disgust.
The Millerites were a protestant group that had gone from zero to 100,000 members in a decade. They were named for William Miller, a farmer and Bible enthusiast from that fabulous generator of new faiths, the "burned-over district" of New York. Miller, like many Americans around the time of the Revolution, had spent his early life as deist, believing in a remote God who had little to do with human beings. But following a "foxhole conversion" during the War of 1812, in which he had survived while men all around him died, Miller began to study the Bible, looking for signs and portents. Starting in 1832, Miller published a series of letters in a local Baptist paper. In these letters, Miller first laid out his unique theories about prophetic statements found in the Old Testament book of Daniel. In particular, Miller latched on this verse.

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
</gallery>

History of the Picts

2026-03-21T21:26:13Z

Kirk:

=====The Picts=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts by Wikipedia]
The Picts were a group of peoples in what is now Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, in the Early Middle Ages.Where they lived and details of their culture can be gleaned from early medieval texts and Pictish stones. The name Picti appears in written records as an exonym from the late third century AD. They are assumed to have been descendants of the Caledonii and other northern Iron Age tribes. Their territory is referred to as "Pictland" by modern historians. Initially made up of several chiefdoms, it came to be dominated by the Pictish kingdom of Fortriu from the seventh century. During this Verturian hegemony, Picti was adopted as an endonym. This lasted around 160 years until the Pictish kingdom merged with that of Dál Riata to form the Kingdom of Alba, ruled by the House of Alpin. The concept of "Pictish kingship" continued for a few decades until it was abandoned during the reign of Caustantín mac Áeda.

=====Pict=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pict | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise overview of the Picts as an ancient people of eastern and northeastern Scotland, first noted in Roman sources. It summarizes their uncertain origins, conflict with Rome, later Christianization, and political union with the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin.

=====The Northern Picts Project=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/departments/archaeology/research/research-projects/the-northern-picts-project/ | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
A research-project page from the University of Aberdeen covering major archaeological work on Pictish society. It is one of the strongest institutional entry points for recent excavation-based research on elite sites, settlement, and political development among the Picts.

=====Shedding New Light on Scotland’s Mysterious Picts=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/stories/shedding-new-light-on-the-picts/index.html | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
An accessible summary of how recent archaeology has changed the old image of the Picts as unknowable or purely legendary. It highlights discoveries linked to Professor Gordon Noble and the Northern Picts Project, especially around Rhynie and the emergence of Pictish kingdoms.

=====What’s Left of the Picts? Scotland’s Pictish Stones=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2025/08/whats-left-of-the-picts-scotlands-pictish-stones/ | Ali George | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 8/1/25]
A public-facing overview of Scotland’s surviving Pictish stones and why they matter for understanding Pictish culture. It is especially useful for readers interested in visible remains, symbolism, and places where major stones can still be seen.

=====Investigating the Picts=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2017/03/investigating-the-picts/ | Guest Blog | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 3/17/17]
A background article on archaeological work uncovering Pictish power centres, carved stones, and silver hoards. It gives a good mid-level introduction to how archaeology fills gaps left by the sparse written record.

=====Newly Discovered Pictish Stone to Go on Display at North Coast Visitor Centre=====
[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/about-us/news/newly-discovered-pictish-stone-to-go-on-display/ | No byline listed | Historic Environment Scotland | No date listed]
A Historic Environment Scotland news item showing that major Pictish finds are still being made and publicly interpreted. It is useful as evidence that Pictish studies are active and not limited to older scholarship.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 10/26/18]
A major scholarly article arguing that the Pictish symbols were likely part of a formal communication system tied to identity, status, and power. This is one of the most important academic sources for understanding why the symbol stones are treated as more than decorative carvings.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/171818/ | G. Noble; M. Goldberg; D. Hamilton | University of Glasgow Repository | 10/26/18]
A repository entry for the same Antiquity article, useful as an alternate academic access point. It confirms the authorship, publication venue, and online publication date.

=====The Northern Picts: The Citadel Project, Rescue and Research-Led Investigations at a Viking Age Power Centre=====
[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/the-northern-picts-the-citadel-project/ | No byline listed | The British Academy | No date listed]
A lecture/event page tied to major current scholarship on northern Pictish archaeology. It is useful for readers who want a bridge between formal academic work and public-facing scholarly interpretation.

=====Pictish Language=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pictish-language | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise background source on the language associated with the Picts. It is useful mainly for orientation, since the linguistic evidence remains incomplete and debated.

=====Alba=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Alba-historical-kingdom-Scotland | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A short reference article explaining the kingdom of Alba and its connection to the Picts and Gaels. It helps place the Picts within the transition to medieval Scotland rather than treating them as a people who simply vanished.

=====Scotland: History=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Scotland/History | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A broader historical overview of Scotland that gives useful context for where the Picts fit among Romans, Gaels, Britons, and later medieval state formation. Best used as background rather than as a specialized source on the Picts alone.

=====Royal succession and kingship among the Picts=====
[https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/royal-succession-and-kingship-among-the-picts/ | Nicholas Evans | The Innes Review / University of Edinburgh Research Explorer | 2008]
A detailed peer-reviewed study of how Pictish kingship actually worked, using king-lists, Bede, and succession patterns rather than later legend. It is especially useful because it challenges oversimplified ideas about Pictish royal inheritance and gives a more concrete political structure to early Pictland.

=====Dún Nechtain, Fortriu and the Geography of the Picts=====
[https://research-portal.st-andrews.ac.uk/en/researchoutput/dun-nechtain-fortriu-and-the-geography-of-the-picts%286cf2c07c-b853-40d6-8de6-fa033b32269a%29.html | Alexander Woolf | Scottish Historical Review / University of St Andrews Research Portal | 2006]
A highly influential article that reexamines where the kingdom of Fortriu should be located and argues that older scholarship misplaced a major Pictish power center. This matters because the geography of Fortriu affects how historians map Pictish political power and military history.

=====Pictish matriliny reconsidered=====
[https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/inr.1998.49.2.147 | Alex Woolf | The Innes Review / Edinburgh University Press | 1998]
A scholarly reassessment of the long-standing claim that the Picts practiced matrilineal royal succession. The article is important because it questions one of the most repeated older assumptions about Pictish society and forces a closer reading of the evidence.

=====Between prehistory and history: the archaeological detection of social change among the Picts=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/between-prehistory-and-history-the-archaeological-detection-of-social-change-among-the-picts/EB0C22E70BEF1A9B94B44402550BBCC0 | Gordon Noble; Meggen Gondek; Ewan Campbell; Murray Cook | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 11/22/13]
A major archaeological article tracing how Pictish society changed from later prehistory into historically visible kingdoms. It is valuable because it connects settlement, elite centers, and material culture to the rise of Pictish political complexity.

=====(Re)discovering the Gaulcross hoard=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/rediscovering-the-gaulcross-hoard/1D4141D467B8007487F63D58CF913825 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Alistair McPherson; Oskar Sveinbjarnarson | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 5/17/16]
A close study of the famous Gaulcross silver hoard and its rediscovery, with implications for elite exchange, status, and long-distance connections in Pictish Scotland. It is especially useful for readers interested in how treasure finds reshape understanding of Pictish power and wealth.

=====Burning Matters: the Rise and Fall of an Early Medieval Fortified Centre. A New Chronology for Clatchard Craig=====
[https://abdn.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/burning-matters-the-rise-and-fall-of-an-early-medieval-fortified-/ | Gordon Noble; Nick Evans; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Medieval Archaeology / University of Aberdeen Research Portal | 12/16/22]
A specialist study using new chronology to reinterpret Clatchard Craig as a short-lived but significant elite fortified center. It is useful because it sharpens the picture of warfare, fortification, and political instability among Pictish elites.

=====Buckquoy, Orkney: addressing the Pictish-Viking transition in northern Scotland=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/buckquoy-orkney-addressing-the-pictishviking-transition-in-northern-scotland/7D385A829027ED1D810828861E05994F | Gordon Noble; Sarah Jane Gibbon; James H. Barrett; et al. | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | No date listed]
A research article on the transition from Pictish to Viking-era society in Orkney, arguing against a simplistic total replacement model. It is valuable because it treats cultural change in northern Pictish zones as gradual, uneven, and archaeologically traceable.

=====The development of the Pictish symbol system: inscribing identity beyond the edges of Empire=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 10/26/18]
A foundational scholarly article on the chronology and meaning of Pictish symbols. It argues that the symbols likely formed a formal identity system rather than random decoration, making it one of the key academic works on how the Picts represented authority and affiliation.

=====Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1010360 | Adeline Morez et al. | PLOS Genetics | 4/27/23]
A peer-reviewed ancient-DNA study using Pictish genomes to examine population continuity, mobility, and relatedness. It is one of the most technically advanced recent studies on the Picts and is especially useful for separating older ethnic narratives from biological evidence.

=====Illuminating the Painted People of Early Medieval Scotland: Forts, Warfare and Symbols of Power=====
[https://aura.abdn.ac.uk/bitstreams/e013f1ec-b5f9-44a8-9b66-2d4ad58c25a2/download | Gordon Noble | Kelten / University of Aberdeen AURA repository | 1/12/26]
A recent scholarly overview focused on forts, warfare, symbols, and the emergence of Pictish power in northern Britain. It is useful as a compact synthesis of where current archaeology stands, especially for readers wanting something more up to date than older textbook treatments.

History of the Picts

2026-03-21T21:19:26Z

Kirk:

History of the Picts

2026-03-21T21:01:58Z

Kirk:

=====Pict=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pict | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise overview of the Picts as an ancient people of eastern and northeastern Scotland, first noted in Roman sources. It summarizes their uncertain origins, conflict with Rome, later Christianization, and political union with the Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin.

=====The Northern Picts Project=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/departments/archaeology/research/research-projects/the-northern-picts-project/ | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
A research-project page from the University of Aberdeen covering major archaeological work on Pictish society. It is one of the strongest institutional entry points for recent excavation-based research on elite sites, settlement, and political development among the Picts.

=====Shedding New Light on Scotland’s Mysterious Picts=====
[https://www.abdn.ac.uk/stories/shedding-new-light-on-the-picts/index.html | No byline listed | University of Aberdeen | No date listed]
An accessible summary of how recent archaeology has changed the old image of the Picts as unknowable or purely legendary. It highlights discoveries linked to Professor Gordon Noble and the Northern Picts Project, especially around Rhynie and the emergence of Pictish kingdoms.

=====What’s Left of the Picts? Scotland’s Pictish Stones=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2025/08/whats-left-of-the-picts-scotlands-pictish-stones/ | Ali George | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 8/1/25]
A public-facing overview of Scotland’s surviving Pictish stones and why they matter for understanding Pictish culture. It is especially useful for readers interested in visible remains, symbolism, and places where major stones can still be seen.

=====Investigating the Picts=====
[https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2017/03/investigating-the-picts/ | Guest Blog | Historic Environment Scotland Blog | 3/17/17]
A background article on archaeological work uncovering Pictish power centres, carved stones, and silver hoards. It gives a good mid-level introduction to how archaeology fills gaps left by the sparse written record.

=====Newly Discovered Pictish Stone to Go on Display at North Coast Visitor Centre=====
[https://www.historicenvironment.scot/about-us/news/newly-discovered-pictish-stone-to-go-on-display/ | No byline listed | Historic Environment Scotland | No date listed]
A Historic Environment Scotland news item showing that major Pictish finds are still being made and publicly interpreted. It is useful as evidence that Pictish studies are active and not limited to older scholarship.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248 | Gordon Noble; Martin Goldberg; Derek Hamilton | Antiquity / Cambridge University Press | 10/26/18]
A major scholarly article arguing that the Pictish symbols were likely part of a formal communication system tied to identity, status, and power. This is one of the most important academic sources for understanding why the symbol stones are treated as more than decorative carvings.

=====The Development of the Pictish Symbol System: Inscribing Identity Beyond the Edges of Empire=====
[https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/171818/ | G. Noble; M. Goldberg; D. Hamilton | University of Glasgow Repository | 10/26/18]
A repository entry for the same Antiquity article, useful as an alternate academic access point. It confirms the authorship, publication venue, and online publication date.

=====The Northern Picts: The Citadel Project, Rescue and Research-Led Investigations at a Viking Age Power Centre=====
[https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/the-northern-picts-the-citadel-project/ | No byline listed | The British Academy | No date listed]
A lecture/event page tied to major current scholarship on northern Pictish archaeology. It is useful for readers who want a bridge between formal academic work and public-facing scholarly interpretation.

=====Pictish Language=====
[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pictish-language | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A concise background source on the language associated with the Picts. It is useful mainly for orientation, since the linguistic evidence remains incomplete and debated.

=====Alba=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Alba-historical-kingdom-Scotland | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A short reference article explaining the kingdom of Alba and its connection to the Picts and Gaels. It helps place the Picts within the transition to medieval Scotland rather than treating them as a people who simply vanished.

=====Scotland: History=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Scotland/History | Britannica Editors | Encyclopaedia Britannica | No date listed]
A broader historical overview of Scotland that gives useful context for where the Picts fit among Romans, Gaels, Britons, and later medieval state formation. Best used as background rather than as a specialized source on the Picts alone.

History of the Picts

2026-03-21T20:56:58Z

Kirk: Created page with "# The Picts of Scotland — Reputable Online Sources ## Overview The **Picts** were an ancient people of what is now **eastern and northern Scotland**, first mentioned in late Roman sources. Modern archaeology increasingly shows that they were not just a vague “mystery people,” but a major political and cultural force in early medieval Scotland. Their legacy survives especially through **Pictish symbol stones**, archaeological sites, and the role Pictish kingdoms..."

# The Picts of Scotland — Reputable Online Sources

## Overview

The **Picts** were an ancient people of what is now **eastern and northern Scotland**, first mentioned in late Roman sources. Modern archaeology increasingly shows that they were not just a vague “mystery people,” but a major political and cultural force in early medieval Scotland.

Their legacy survives especially through **Pictish symbol stones**, archaeological sites, and the role Pictish kingdoms played in the emergence of **Alba**, the predecessor of medieval Scotland.

---

## Best Starting Sources

### General overview
- [Encyclopaedia Britannica — Pict](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pict)
A concise general overview of who the Picts were, where they lived, and how they appear in historical tradition.

### Archaeology and current scholarship
- [University of Aberdeen — The Northern Picts Project](https://www.abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/departments/archaeology/research/research-projects/the-northern-picts-project/)
One of the strongest modern research hubs for Pictish archaeology, including excavations and studies of major Pictish sites.

- [University of Aberdeen — Shedding New Light on Scotland’s Mysterious Picts](https://www.abdn.ac.uk/stories/shedding-new-light-on-the-picts/index.html)
An accessible summary of recent archaeological findings and how they are changing older views of the Picts.

### Material culture and symbol stones
- [Historic Environment Scotland — What’s Left of the Picts? Scotland’s Pictish Stones](https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2025/08/whats-left-of-the-picts-scotlands-pictish-stones/)
A useful public-history overview of Pictish stones, their significance, and why they remain one of the most important traces of Pictish culture.

- [Historic Environment Scotland — Investigating the Picts](https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2017/03/investigating-the-picts/)
A solid background piece on archaeological work uncovering Pictish power centres, forts, and silver hoards.

- [Historic Environment Scotland — Newly Discovered Pictish Stone to Go on Display](https://www.historicenvironment.scot/about-us/news/newly-discovered-pictish-stone-to-go-on-display/)
Evidence that discoveries of Pictish stones are still ongoing in recent years.

---

## Stronger Scholarly Reading

### Symbol system and identity
- [Antiquity — The Development of the Pictish Symbol System](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248)
A major article arguing that the symbols were likely an elaborate non-alphabetic writing or identity system rather than mere decoration.

- [University of Glasgow repository — The Development of the Pictish Symbol System](https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/171818/)
Repository version of the same research, useful if you want a more academic access point.

### Political development and archaeology
- [British Academy — The Northern Picts: the citadel project, rescue and research](https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/the-northern-picts-the-citadel-project/)
Lecture page summarizing major archaeological advances and the Picts’ role in the formation of Alba.

---

## Related Background Reading

- [Encyclopaedia Britannica — Pictish Language](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pictish-language)
Background on the language associated with the Picts, though the linguistic picture remains debated.

- [Encyclopaedia Britannica — Alba](https://www.britannica.com/place/Alba-historical-kingdom-Scotland)
Useful for understanding how the Picts connect to the emergence of the kingdom of Alba.

- [Encyclopaedia Britannica — Scotland: History](https://www.britannica.com/place/Scotland/History)
Broader historical context showing where the Picts fit into early Scottish history.

---

## What These Sources Support

Across these sources, a few points stand out clearly:

The Picts were a historically real people or group of related peoples in northern and eastern Scotland, not merely legend.

Recent archaeology has greatly expanded what scholars can say about them, especially through the work of the **Northern Picts Project** and excavations at elite centres such as **Rhynie**.

The **Pictish symbol stones** are among the most important surviving sources, and many scholars now think their symbols likely carried formal meaning tied to identity, status, or political authority.

The old story that the Picts simply “disappeared” is too simplistic; modern work frames the transition more as a transformation into the kingdom of **Alba** than a sudden vanishing.

---

## Suggested Reading Order

1. [Britannica — Pict](https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pict)
2. [University of Aberdeen — The Northern Picts Project](https://www.abdn.ac.uk/geosciences/departments/archaeology/research/research-projects/the-northern-picts-project/)
3. [University of Aberdeen — Shedding New Light on Scotland’s Mysterious Picts](https://www.abdn.ac.uk/stories/shedding-new-light-on-the-picts/index.html)
4. [Historic Environment Scotland — What’s Left of the Picts? Scotland’s Pictish Stones](https://blog.historicenvironment.scot/2025/08/whats-left-of-the-picts-scotlands-pictish-stones/)
5. [Antiquity — The Development of the Pictish Symbol System](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/development-of-the-pictish-symbol-system-inscribing-identity-beyond-the-edges-of-empire/4F09B9C943A1C29F226591A20BEC5248)

Health Care-Prevention

2026-03-21T16:36:12Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
|title=Preventative Health Care
|description=Information relating to preventative health care.
|keywords=antioxidants, fruits, vegetables, vaccine, nutrients, fiber, biome, multivitamins, meat, fat, oils, omega3, omega6, exercise, diet
|image=File:Health Care-Prevention.jpg
|image_width=300
|image_height=200}}

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Exercise1.jpg|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Exercise Exercise]
File:Sleep and rest.png|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Sleep_and_Rest Sleep and Rest]
Didier Raoult.jpg|[https://www.science.org/content/article/infamous-paper-popularized-unproven-covid-19-treatment-finally-retracted?utm_campaign=Science&utm_medium=ownedSocial&utm_source=Bluesky Infamous paper that popularized unproven COVID-19 treatment finally retracted by Cathleen O’Grady 12/17/24 Science]
Flu Vaccine & Alzheimer's.png|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/7/2/2107067/-Researchers-say-flu-shot-connected-to-40-reduced-risk-of-Alzheimer-s-disease Researchers say flu shot connected to 40 reduced risk of Alzheimers disease by Walter Einenkel 2/6/22 DAILY KOS]
Pistachio Image.png|[https://www.psu.edu/news/health-and-human-development/story/nighttime-pistachio-snacking-may-reshape-gut-microbiome Nighttime pistachio snacking may reshape gut microbiome in prediabetic adults by Jose Calatrava 7/7/25 Pennstate]
File:Texas vs US health insurance.jpg|[https://www.texastribune.org/2022/11/07/texas-medicaid-expansion-republicans/ by Kim Krisberg and David Leffler 7/11/22 THE TEXAS TRIBUNE]
</gallery>

See improvements you could make on this page?--Go ahead [[Special:CreateAccount|become a member]] and make your changes.

[[Protein Restriction]]

[[Calorie Restriction]]

[[Exercise]]

[[Diet]]

[[Supplements]]

[[Vaccines]]

[[Pharmaceuticals]]

[[Massage Therapy]]

[[Sleep and Rest]]

[[Traditional Medicines]]

=====Evidence Shows ACA’s Mandated Benefits Alone Don’t Drive Up Costs. The Debate Continues.=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/obamacare-essential-health-benefits-premium-costs-debate/ | Julie Appleby and Sarah Boden | KFF Health News | 3/18/26]
This article argues that preventive care such as cancer screenings and lab tests can save money by catching illness earlier, when treatment is more effective and less costly.

=====It’s Not Just Vaccines — Parents Are Refusing Other Routine Preventive Care for Newborns=====
[https://apnews.com/article/9126463f0cb38b9778fb77bc0d071776 | AP News | AP News | 3/21/26]
AP reports that some parents are declining vitamin K shots, hepatitis B vaccination, and erythromycin eye ointment for newborns, despite these long-standing preventive measures protecting against bleeding, infection, and blindness.

=====How Does Your State Compare on Cancer Prevention & Screening?=====
[https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-news/how-well-is-your-state-protecting-you-from-cancer.html | Sandy McDowell | American Cancer Society | 2/10/26]
This piece looks at prevention practices including smoking reduction, HPV vaccination, healthy weight, physical activity, and recommended cancer screening, and compares how well states support them.

=====Trump Team’s Planned ACA Rule Offers Its Answer to Rising Premium Costs: Catastrophic Coverage=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/aca-trump-proposal-catastrophic-coverage-premiums-care-networks/ | Julie Appleby | KFF Health News | 2/13/26]
The article discusses how insurance design affects access to preventive care and explains why even limited coverage can matter if it preserves screenings and other basic preventive services.

=====Some Pediatricians Are Already Seeing Negative Effects of Changing Vaccine Recommendations=====
[https://abcnews.com/Health/pediatricians-negative-effects-changing-vaccine-recommendations/story?id=128962494 | Dr. Jade Cobern | ABC News | 1/7/26]
ABC covers the preventive role of childhood vaccination and reports that pediatricians are concerned reduced vaccine recommendations will weaken one of the most established forms of preventive care.

=====The New Blood Pressure Guidelines: What You Need to Know=====
[https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/the-new-blood-pressure-guidelines-what-you-need-to-know | Julie Corliss | Harvard Health | 12/1/25]
This explainer outlines updated blood pressure guidance and emphasizes early treatment plus sustained lifestyle change to prevent heart disease and preserve brain health.

=====What Is CKM Syndrome, and Why Should Young Adults Pay Attention?=====
[https://www.heart.org/en/news/2025/12/01/what-is-ckm-syndrome-and-why-should-young-adults-pay-attention | American Heart Association News | American Heart Association | 12/1/25]
The article explains preventive practices for cardiokidneymetabolic health, including healthy diet, regular exercise, weight management, avoiding smoking, regular checkups, and knowing your numbers.

=====The Heartfelt Effects of Exercise=====
[https://www.health.harvard.edu/exercise-and-fitness/the-heartfelt-effects-of-exercise | Julie Corliss | Harvard Health | 11/1/25]
Harvard Health summarizes evidence that regular physical activity is one of the strongest preventive tools for lowering cardiovascular risk and extending life.

=====American Cancer Society Guideline for Diet and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention=====
[https://www.cancer.org/cancer/risk-prevention/diet-physical-activity/acs-guidelines-nutrition-physical-activity-cancer-prevention.html | American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society | 10/20/25]
This guideline article lays out prevention practices for cancer risk reduction, including fruit and vegetable intake, whole grains, fiber-rich foods, weight control, and regular physical activity.

=====Yoga Isn’t Just for Flexibility. It May Also Protect Brain Health.=====
[https://www.heart.org/en/news/2025/09/09/yoga-isnt-just-for-flexibility-it-may-also-protect-brain-health | American Heart Association News | American Heart Association | 9/9/25]
This piece reviews evidence that yoga may support preventive brain health by improving stress regulation, supporting cognition, and helping reduce decline with aging.

=====How Can We Prevent Heart Disease?=====
[https://health.clevelandclinic.org/heart-disease-prevention | Author not clearly exposed in tool | Cleveland Clinic | recent page, exact publish date not clearly exposed in tool]
Cleveland Clinic outlines practical prevention steps such as Mediterranean or DASH-style eating, exercise, smoking cessation, stress reduction, and management of blood sugar and cholesterol.

=====6 Ways To Improve Your Brain Health=====
[https://health.clevelandclinic.org/brain-health | Author not clearly exposed in tool | Cleveland Clinic | recent page, exact publish date not clearly exposed in tool]
This explainer presents preventive brain-health habits including movement, sleep, social connection, mental stimulation, good nutrition, and management of overall health risks.

=====Can You Prevent a Heart Attack?=====
[https://health.clevelandclinic.org/how-to-prevent-a-heart-attack | Author not clearly exposed in tool | Cleveland Clinic | recent page, exact publish date not clearly exposed in tool]
The article emphasizes prevention through health screenings, blood pressure and cholesterol control, exercise, diet, quitting smoking, managing stress, and getting adequate sleep.

=====Flossing May Reduce Risk for Stroke and Irregular Heart Rhythm=====
[https://www.heart.org/en/news/2025/01/30/flossing-may-reduce-risk-for-stroke-and-irregular-heart-rhythm | Laura Williamson | American Heart Association News | 1/30/25]
This article connects oral hygiene to prevention, reporting research suggesting that regular flossing may help reduce risk of some strokes and atrial fibrillation.

=====What Is Healthspan, and How Can You Maximize Yours?=====
[https://www.heart.org/en/news/2025/01/14/what-is-healthspan-and-how-can-you-maximize-yours | American Heart Association News | American Heart Association | 1/14/25]
The piece frames preventive care as a long-term strategy built around not smoking, staying active, sleeping well, eating a healthy diet, and controlling blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar.

=====How To Reduce Risk of Breast Cancer=====
[https://health.clevelandclinic.org/how-to-reduce-risk-of-breast-cancer | Cleveland Clinic | Cleveland Clinic | 3/17/26]
This article explains that while genetics and age cannot be changed, lifestyle habits and regular screening can help reduce overall breast cancer risk.

=====A Blood Test That Checks for Dozens of Different Cancers?=====
[https://www.health.harvard.edu/cancer/a-blood-test-that-checks-for-dozens-of-different-cancers | Harvard Health staff page lists title and date; author not clearly exposed in search snippet | Harvard Health | 11/10/25]
Harvard Health explains the promise and limits of multi-cancer early detection blood tests and places them in the broader context of preventive screening and early detection.

===== Salad chain Sweetgreen is caving to conspiracy theories about seed oils. Why? =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/food/2025/jan/21/sweetgreen-seed-oils by Aimee Levitt 21/1/25 The Guardian]
It’s January, season of resolutions and virtue, when Americans collectively decide to throw out the butter and sugar and booze and embrace grain bowls and bone broth. Most of these resolutions – 80%, according to some studies – will fade by February, Super Bowl Sunday at the latest, so advertisers pushing dietary health trends have to strike fast.

===== 'Harmless' virus might trigger Parkinson's disease, researchers say =====
[https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-07-harmless-virus-trigger-parkinson-disease.html#google_vignette by Dennis Thompson 9/7/25 Medical x press]
"HPgV is a common, symptomless infection previously not known to frequently infect the brain," lead researcher Dr. Igor Koralnik, chief of neuroinfectious diseases and global neurology at Northwestern Medicine in Chicago, said in a news release. "We were surprised to find it in the brains of Parkinson's patients at such high frequency and not in the controls."

===== Kennedy touts ultra-processed meals he once called ‘poison’ =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jul/09/rfk-ultra-processed-food-medicaid by Jessica Glenza 9/7/25 The Guardian]
The US health secretary appeared at an enormous food plant in Oklahoma for a company called Mom’s Meals, which makes 1.5m “medically tailored” meals each week and ships them all over the country.

===== Ready to cold plunge? We dive into the science to see if it's worth it =====
[https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/10/08/1204411415/cold-plunge-health-benefits-how-to by Will Stone 20/11/23 npr]
Your body's first reaction to a plunge in chilly water is the "cold shock" response. Your heart rate jumps. Stress hormones spike. You gasp suddenly, and may hyperventilate.

===== Nighttime pistachio snacking may reshape gut microbiome in prediabetic adults =====
[https://www.psu.edu/news/health-and-human-development/story/nighttime-pistachio-snacking-may-reshape-gut-microbiome by Jose Calatrava 7/7/25 Pennstate]
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — Prediabetes affects a third of people in the United States and most of them will develop Type 2 diabetes, yet effective dietary intervention strategies remain limited. Pistachios have shown promise in improving markers of diet quality, yet little is known about how they influence the gut microbiome — a key player in glucose regulation and inflammation.

===== Why Evangelicals Turned Their Back on PEPFAR =====
[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2025/07/pepfar-evangelical/683418/?gift=63Gh33MHIm6zIngFjhtdLarUdXy58L78qW2wd01yCls&utm_source=copy-link&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=share by Peter Wehner 6/7/25 The Atlantic]
In parts of Botswana, 75 percent of pregnant women had HIV. Most diseases kill the very old and the very young, “but this disease was killing the most productive and reproductive parts of society,” Dybul recalled in 2018. “So not only were many households run by orphans, but entire villages were run by orphans, because everyone else was dead.”

===== Should I worry about ticks? =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/jul/16/should-i-worry-about-ticks?CMP=twt_a-environment_b-gdneco by Joel Snape 16/7/23 The Guardian]
As arachnid superorders go, ticks are pretty evolutionarily successful. They’ve been around for at least 100 million years in one variety or another, with their main party trick – hanging around until they can latch a host to feed on – working on thousands of different animals across almost endless environments. But how concerned should you be about them in the UK? You won’t miss the blood they take, but they can cause a variety of unpleasant conditions in their hosts – and there’s some evidence that their population is growing.

===== Children need the freedom to play on driveways and streets again – here’s how to make it happen =====
[https://theconversation.com/children-need-the-freedom-to-play-on-driveways-and-streets-again-heres-how-to-make-it-happen-254543 by Debbie Watson 4/6/25 THE CONVERSATION]
In many cases, children don’t have easy access to purpose-built spaces like playgrounds. They need adults to get them there. Without the use of more informal spaces to spend time with other children, this means they often lack daily opportunities for play.

===== Wearables Aren't Going to 'Make America Healthy Again' =====
[https://lifehacker.com/health/wearables-wont-make-america-healthy-again by Beth Skwarecki 1/7/25 LIFEHACKER]
Health and fitness wearables can do many things, but they really can’t do much to make people healthier—no matter what U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., says in front of Congress.

===== 5 ways Trump's megabill will limit health care access =====
[https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/07/02/nx-s1-5453870/senate-republicans-tax-bill-medicaid-health-care by Phil Galewitz 3/7/25 npr]
The bill, passed in both the House and the Senate without a single Democratic vote, is expected to reverse many of the health coverage gains of the Biden and Obama administrations. Their policies made it easier for millions of people to access health care and reduced the U.S. uninsured rate to record lows, though Republicans say the trade-off was far higher costs borne by taxpayers and increased fraud.

===== Why Texas Republicans still oppose Medicaid expansion =====
[https://www.texastribune.org/2022/11/07/texas-medicaid-expansion-republicans/ by Kim Krisberg and David Leffler 7/11/22 THE TEXAS TRIBUNE]
Eighteen percent of Texans don’t have health insurance — the highest rate in the nation — and Johnson had already filed five pieces of legislation that session to use Medicaid expansion to get as many as 1.2 million of those people insured.

=====New polymer-coated vitamins and minerals=====
https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/11/new-polymer-coated-vitamins-and-minerals-could-fight-malnutrition-low-income-countries Science Mag 11/13/19
Frustrated by such failures, health policy experts at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, sought the help of Jaklenec and her supervisor, Robert Langer, an MIT chemical engineer who has pioneered numerous dissolvable coatings for protecting and delivering fragile medicines.

Jaklenec, Langer, and their colleagues initially considered more than 50 different polymer coatings that were stable in boiling water but would dissolve in the stomach’s acidic environment. After narrowing the list to 10 candidates and studying each closely, they settled on a polymer known as BMC. A protective coating in dietary supplements, BMC is already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (and therefore considered safe). The MIT team coated 11 micronutrient powders in BMC, including iron, zinc, folate, vitamin A, and vitamin D. They also coated microparticles containing up to four different vitamins and minerals. Lab testing showed that all stood up well to heat, ultraviolet light, and even 2 hours straight of being cooked in boiling water. The particles also readily dissolved in a low pH solution meant to mimic stomach acid.

=====U.S. life expectancy plunged in 2020, with Black Americans acutely affected.=====
[https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/02/18/world/covid-19-coronavirus#us-life-expectancy-plunged-in-2020-with-black-americans-acutely-affected NY Times 2-18-2021]
Thursday’s figures give the first full picture of the pandemic’s effect on American expected life spans, which dropped to 77.8 years from 78.8 years in 2019. It also showed a deepening of racial and ethnic disparities: Life expectancy of the Black population declined by 2.7 years in the first half of 2020, after 20 years of gains. The gap between Black and white Americans, which had been narrowing, is now at six years, the widest since 1998.
Still, unlike the drop caused by the extended, complex problem of drug overdoses, this one, driven largely by Covid-19, is not likely to last as long because virus deaths are easing and people are being vaccinated. In 1918, when hundreds of thousands of Americans died in the flu pandemic, life expectancy declined 11.8 years from the previous year, Dr. Arias said, down to 39. Numbers fully rebounded the following year.

=====Health Check: why swimming in the sea is good for you=====
https://theconversation.com/health-check-why-swimming-in-the-sea-is-good-for-you-68583 the Conversation December 25, 2016 3.41pm EST

Historically, doctors would recommend their patients go to the seaside to improve various ills. They would actually issue prescriptions detailing exactly how long, how often and under what conditions their patients were to be in the water.

Using seawater for medical purposes even has a name: thalassotherapy.

To this day, healing and spa resorts by the seaside abound. They are thought of as places where people can not only let go of their troubles but, in some cases, even cure arthritis.

===== Little-known nutrient can boost your brain and fight cancer =====
[https://www.earth.com/news/little-known-nutrient-can-boost-your-brain-and-fight-cancer/ by Jordan Joseph 26/6/25 earth.com]
The work centers on queuosine, a vitamin‑like micronutrient we must borrow from food or friendly gut bacteria.

===== Scientists Just Discovered a Surprising Benefit of Turmeric =====
[https://www.eatingwell.com/turmeric-benefits-study-11760379 by Lauren Manaker 24/6/25 NEW STUDY]
A new review of studies found that turmeric may help improve blood pressure, cholesterol and more. Older people without dementia experienced better cognitive health while taking turmeric.

===== Some ultra-processed foods are good for your health, WHO-backed study finds =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/nov/13/some-ultra-processed-foods-are-good-for-your-health-who-backed-study-finds by Denis Campbell 13/11/23 The Guardian]
Some ultra-processed foods increase the risk of developing cancer, heart disease and diabetes – but others are good for you, new research into the demonised foodstuffs suggests.

===== Can multivitamins improve memory? =====
[https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2023/05/26/1178225715/can-multivitamins-improve-memory-a-new-study-shows-intriguing-results by Allison Aubrey 26/5/23 npr]
A team of researchers wanted to assess how a daily multivitamin may influence cognitive aging and memory. They tracked about 3,500 older adults who were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial. One group of participants took a placebo, and another group took a Silver Centrum multivitamin, for three years. The participants also took tests, administered online, to evaluate memory.

===== Just add sugar: Research shows common antioxidant can be more beneficial through glycosylation =====
[https://phys.org/news/2023-06-sugar-common-antioxidant-beneficial-glycosylation.amp by Sydney Dahle 14/6/23 PHYS ORG]
Polyphenols are a class of compounds found in many plant-based foods. Polyphenols help prevent cellular damage in the body and can help to prevent diseases such as cancer or heart disease. However, many of them do not dissolve in water, making it difficult to fully take advantage of their health benefits.

===== RFK Jr.’s made promises about vaccines. Here’s what he’s done as health secretary =====
[https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2025/06/27/rfk-vaccine-promises/ by Associated Press 30/6/25 National Politics]
During his Senate confirmation hearings, Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. suggested he wouldn’t undermine vaccines.

===== Here is how we know that vaccines do not cause autism =====
[https://www.statnews.com/2025/02/03/vaccine-autism-rfk-jr-how-science-proves-vaccines-do-not-cause-autism/ by Matthew Herper 3/2/25 STAT]
Vaccines do not cause autism. You’ve almost certainly read that before — probably hundreds of times. But many people do not believe it, perhaps because too often it is repeated without a real explanation of how we know that.

===== Children die as USAID aid cuts snap a lifeline for the world’s most malnourished =====
[https://apnews.com/article/usaid-funding-cuts-humanitarian-children-trump-4447e210c4b5543b8ebb9a6b9e01aa53 by Taiwo Adebayo 15/5/25 AP]
For years, the United States Agency for International Development had been the backbone of the humanitarian response in northeastern Nigeria, helping non-government organizations provide food, shelter and healthcare to millions of people. But this year, the Trump administration cut more than 90% of USAID’s foreign aid contracts and $60 billion in overall assistance around the world.
===== 30-Min ‘Japanese Walking’ Trend Goes Viral As Expert Says It Beats 10,000 Steps =====
[https://www.aol.com/30-min-japanese-walking-trend-182323703.html by Renan Duarte 14/6/25 AOL]
The fix-all “10,000 steps per day” method credited with longevity and healthy aging has been bettered by a surprisingly easier fitness hack.

===== Yoga teachers 'risking serious hip problems' =====
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-50181155<nowiki/>BBC News 11/03/2019
Mr Matthews says the amount of yoga teachers do, as well as the fact they might not be doing any other kind of exercise, can explain the problems that develop......."They might be doing yoga six days a week and think that's enough, without doing any other kind of exercise, like cardio or cross training," he says...."It's like anything. If you do the same thing again and again, there can be problems. You need to mix it up in terms of the kind of exercise you do.<br />

News Gallery

2026-03-21T16:32:46Z

Kirk: /* Ongoing Health Care News (Updated 3/21) */

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[[File:Heat trapping gases.png|thumb|center| [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Foundational Climate Change-Foundational]]]
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[[File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Effects Climate Change Effects]]]

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[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Health_Care-Aging_Solutions Health Care Aging-Solutions]]]
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<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Reverse Centaur.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2026/jan/18/tech-ai-bubble-burst-reverse-centaur AI companies will fail. We can salvage something from the wreckage by Cory Doctorow 28/01/2026]
Southern Propaganda.jpg|[https://www.mcclatchydc.com/opinion/article136803208.html?fbclid=IwAR0j3vPWScDNfbL90yZCQ2_PVl0ZeWFVHlsyLf90Xfn2RmM432CNKJ2ymAA The Confederacy was a con job on whites. And still is. McClatchy DC Bureau By Frank Hyman Updated 3/11/2021]
Democracy-480 x2.jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html The 1619 Project is an ongoing initiative from The New York Times Magazine that began in August 2019, the 400th anniversary of the beginning of American slavery. New York Magazine Aug 2019]
Bamboo farming.jpg| [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/?fbclid=IwAR25pUqt5-deiEnuIHJaMNXMwBwhm2qf0OqU1nQY2pHHQynsd8BYQYuhqBI The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America Inside Climate News Jan 11 2021]
Lizard Optim.jpg|[https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/qanon-s-capitol-rioters-nashville-bomber-s-lizard-people-theory-ncna1253819 Like QAnon's Capitol rioters, the Nashville bomber's lizard people theory is deadly serious NBC Think Jan 12 2021]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker (1).jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
Giddeons.jpg|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/17/1944048/-From-Libba-Cotten-to-Rhiannon-Giddens-the-North-Carolina-Black-folk-tradition-persists?fbclid=IwAR2iobl2YTI_OujtQiiDI7jHSanySaM49wPnmu_lsmJwgL_nWrTOND-Cjrs From Libba Cotten to Rhiannon Giddens, the North Carolina Black folk tradition persists]
Conspiracy theory handbook.jpg| [https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1mVHMdoby_2VKvYhpPkuxedk6mca9FUnkQoyrZqCXHg03Vxb19B320bC8 How to recognize and Deal with Conspiracy Theories]
</gallery>

News Gallery

2026-03-21T16:30:22Z

Kirk:

{{#seo:
|title=Curated News Gallery
|description=A Refreshing way to browse the web.
|keywords=news, world news, overlooked news, vital news, electoral system, climate change, racism, custom search
|image=https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/File:Real_Red_vs_Blue.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200}}

This is [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Homemade_Social_Media Homemade Social Media] [http://wikidemocracy.us/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Good+Reads&returntoquery=action%3Dedit become a member] and help us get this thing started.

====[[Storytelling]]====

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===[[Racism-Effects]]===

=Ongoing Health Care News (Updated 3/21)=

===[[Health Care US-Effects]]===

=Ongoing Climate Change Topics Regularly Updated (Current update 3/20)=

===[[Mass Migration]]===
===[[Heat and Drought]]===

{|
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|'''''Curated Web Exploring'''''
[[File:Basket.gif|thumb|center|150px|link=Curated Web Exploring]]
|'''''Climate Change Technological Solutions'''''
[[File:Kitepower-Aruba-1-1004x669.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Technological_adaptations Technological Solutions]]]
|'''''Climate Change-Foundational'''''
[[File:Heat trapping gases.png|thumb|center| [https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Foundational Climate Change-Foundational]]]
|'''''Climate Change Effects'''''
[[File:Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker.png|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Climate_Change-Effects Climate Change Effects]]]

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==== [https://cse.google.com/cse?cx=001641913649056623981:jdpkfam3fyc Search: Democracy Oriented Sites] ====
{|
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|'''''Health Care Prevention'''''
[[File:Texas vs US health insurance.jpg|thumb|center|[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Health_Care-Prevention Health Care Prevention]]]
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[[File:Aging skin.jpg|thumb|center|
[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php/Health_Care-Aging_Solutions Health Care Aging-Solutions]]]
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==Good Long Reads==

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Reverse Centaur.jpg|[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2026/jan/18/tech-ai-bubble-burst-reverse-centaur AI companies will fail. We can salvage something from the wreckage by Cory Doctorow 28/01/2026]
Southern Propaganda.jpg|[https://www.mcclatchydc.com/opinion/article136803208.html?fbclid=IwAR0j3vPWScDNfbL90yZCQ2_PVl0ZeWFVHlsyLf90Xfn2RmM432CNKJ2ymAA The Confederacy was a con job on whites. And still is. McClatchy DC Bureau By Frank Hyman Updated 3/11/2021]
Democracy-480 x2.jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/1619-america-slavery.html The 1619 Project is an ongoing initiative from The New York Times Magazine that began in August 2019, the 400th anniversary of the beginning of American slavery. New York Magazine Aug 2019]
Bamboo farming.jpg| [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/11012021/the-radical-case-for-growing-huge-swaths-bamboo-in-north-america/?fbclid=IwAR25pUqt5-deiEnuIHJaMNXMwBwhm2qf0OqU1nQY2pHHQynsd8BYQYuhqBI The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America Inside Climate News Jan 11 2021]
Lizard Optim.jpg|[https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/qanon-s-capitol-rioters-nashville-bomber-s-lizard-people-theory-ncna1253819 Like QAnon's Capitol rioters, the Nashville bomber's lizard people theory is deadly serious NBC Think Jan 12 2021]
Rafe Pomerance (center) and Daniel Becker (far right) at the Noordwijk meeting in 1989. From Daniel Becker (1).jpg|[https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/08/01/magazine/climate-change-losing-earth.html?smid=pl-share The Decade we Almost Stopped Climate Change NY Times]
Sep2016_k01_lonniebunch.jpg|[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/definitive-story-national-museum-african-american-history-culture-came-be-180960125/ The Definitive Story of How the National Museum of African American History and Culture Came to Be By Lonnie G. Bunch III SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE SEPTEMBER 2016]
Giddeons.jpg|[https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2020/5/17/1944048/-From-Libba-Cotten-to-Rhiannon-Giddens-the-North-Carolina-Black-folk-tradition-persists?fbclid=IwAR2iobl2YTI_OujtQiiDI7jHSanySaM49wPnmu_lsmJwgL_nWrTOND-Cjrs From Libba Cotten to Rhiannon Giddens, the North Carolina Black folk tradition persists]
Conspiracy theory handbook.jpg| [https://www.climatechangecommunication.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ConspiracyTheoryHandbook.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1mVHMdoby_2VKvYhpPkuxedk6mca9FUnkQoyrZqCXHg03Vxb19B320bC8 How to recognize and Deal with Conspiracy Theories]
</gallery>

Health Care US-Effects

2026-03-21T16:29:21Z

Kirk:

=====Lawmakers, Health Groups Resist Their States’ Rural Health Fund Plans=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/rural-transformation-fund-lawmakers-health-groups-resist-state-spending-plans/ | Arielle Zionts and Sarah Jane Tribble | KFF Health News | 3/4/26]
This piece shows that even when rural health money is available, political conflict and implementation disputes can delay how it reaches struggling communities. It ties those delays to places already dealing with hospital closures, service reductions, and weak rural access.

=====Clinics Sour on CMS After Agency Scraps 10-Year Primary Care Program Only Months In=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/cms-mcp-lead-primary-care-model-canceled-rural-health-north-carolina/ | Andrew Jones | KFF Health News | 2/13/26]
KFF Health News reports that clinics expected long-term federal support to strengthen primary care, only to have the program canceled. The article presents the reversal as a setback for already fragile clinics that need stability to maintain services in underserved areas.

=====Rural Hospitals Face a Funding Crisis — How It Could Get Worse=====
[https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/explainer/2026/feb/why-rural-hospitals-face-funding-crisis-how-it-could-get-worse | Commonwealth Fund authors page lists authors on article | Commonwealth Fund | 2/9/26]
The explainer says more than 200 rural hospitals have completely or partially closed since 2005 and hundreds more are at risk. It also argues that recent policy changes could further erode services, even at hospitals that remain open.

=====More Than 31,000 Nurses, Health Care Workers Strike at Kaiser Permanente, Arguing for Safe Staffing Levels, Fair Wages=====
[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/31000-nurses-health-care-workers-strike-kaiser-permanente/story?id=129559912 | Mary Kekatos | ABC News | 1/26/26]
This article says the strike affected at least two dozen hospitals and hundreds of clinics in California and Hawaii. Workers argued that unsafe staffing levels were undermining care delivery, making it a clear example of health resources under strain.

=====States Race To Launch Rural Health Transformation Plans=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/rural-health-transformation-state-distribution-technical-scores-variation-deadlines/ | KFF Health News | KFF Health News | 1/14/26]
This article describes states scrambling to deploy rural health money as many hospitals remain cash-strapped and vulnerable. It connects uneven state support and delays to the broader decline of hospital capacity and service availability in rural America.

=====Largest Nursing Strike in New York City History Begins Amid Stalled Contract Negotiations=====
[https://abcnews.go.com/US/largest-nursing-strike-new-york-city-history-looming/story?id=129100789 | Bill Hutchinson and Mary Kekatos | ABC News | 1/12/26]
ABC reports that about 15,000 nurses walked off the job while accusing hospitals of failing to address safe staffing and patient-care concerns. The story fits your theme because it centers on workforce shortages and strained hospital capacity in a major city system.

=====Trump Administration Announces Allocation of Rural Health Fund to States=====
[https://apnews.com/article/rural-hospitals-fund-medicaid-cuts-48fb63019a6e73504eb13411abc6bc1e | AP News | AP News | 12/29/25]
AP reports on the distribution of a multibillion-dollar rural health fund meant to shore up fragile systems facing service cuts and closure risk. The story underscores that states are trying to keep access alive in communities where hospitals and clinics have been under mounting financial pressure.

=====Trump Administration Rolls Out Rural Health Funding, With Strings Attached=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/trump-administration-rolls-out-rural-health-funding-with-strings-attached | PBS NewsHour | PBS NewsHour | 12/29/25]
This piece covers a new rural health fund while emphasizing that the money comes with deadlines and constraints. It presents the program as an attempt to stabilize shrinking health infrastructure, but not a full solution to deeper shortages and closures.

=====What to Know About the Impacts Medicaid Cuts Are Having on Rural Health Care=====
[https://apnews.com/article/medicaid-cuts-rural-health-care-new-hampshire-38e2a0ada09d0a1606ec8b40fc5d893f | Michael Casey, Amanda Swinhart, and Devi Shastri | AP News | 11/19/25]
AP uses the closure of a New Hampshire health center to show how Medicaid cuts are already reducing access to care in small communities. The story says rural systems are being forced into hard choices that can leave older and sicker patients traveling farther or dropping out of care.

=====Struggling Rural Hospitals Compete for Billions of Dollars in Federal Funding=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/struggling-rural-hospitals-compete-for-billions-of-dollars-in-federal-funding | PBS NewsHour | PBS NewsHour | 11/8/25]
PBS reports that rural hospitals across the country are losing money and competing for limited federal relief. The segment frames the fight for funding as part of a larger access crisis in communities that have already lost hospitals or core services.

=====The Quiet Collapse of America’s Reproductive Health Safety Net=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/title-x-family-planning-hhs-opa-trump-cuts-reproductive-health-maine/ | Céline Gounder | KFF Health News | 10/30/25]
This article explains how flat or reduced federal family-planning funding is pushing clinics to cut contraception, preventive care, and staffing. It highlights rural clinic closures and argues the remaining safety-net providers do not have the capacity to absorb all displaced patients.

=====Health Centers Face Risks as Government Funding Lapses=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/community-health-centers-government-shutdown-state-cuts-funding-risks/ | Paula Andalo | KFF Health News | 10/3/25]
Federally funded community health centers serving millions of low-income patients were described as facing severe financial strain from expiring grants and Medicaid pressure. The piece says some centers may cut staff, reduce services, or close altogether, worsening emergency room crowding.

Health Care US-Effects

2026-03-21T16:27:28Z

Kirk: Created page with "=====Health Centers Face Risks as Government Funding Lapses===== [https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/community-health-centers-government-shutdown-state-cuts-funding-risks/ | Paula Andalo | KFF Health News | 10/3/25] Federally funded community health centers serving millions of low-income patients were described as facing severe financial strain from expiring grants and Medicaid pressure. The piece says some centers may cut staff, reduce services, or close altogether..."

=====Health Centers Face Risks as Government Funding Lapses=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/community-health-centers-government-shutdown-state-cuts-funding-risks/ | Paula Andalo | KFF Health News | 10/3/25]
Federally funded community health centers serving millions of low-income patients were described as facing severe financial strain from expiring grants and Medicaid pressure. The piece says some centers may cut staff, reduce services, or close altogether, worsening emergency room crowding.

=====The Quiet Collapse of America’s Reproductive Health Safety Net=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/title-x-family-planning-hhs-opa-trump-cuts-reproductive-health-maine/ | Céline Gounder | KFF Health News | 10/30/25]
This article explains how flat or reduced federal family-planning funding is pushing clinics to cut contraception, preventive care, and staffing. It highlights rural clinic closures and argues the remaining safety-net providers do not have the capacity to absorb all displaced patients.

=====What to Know About the Impacts Medicaid Cuts Are Having on Rural Health Care=====
[https://apnews.com/article/medicaid-cuts-rural-health-care-new-hampshire-38e2a0ada09d0a1606ec8b40fc5d893f | Michael Casey, Amanda Swinhart, and Devi Shastri | AP News | 11/19/25]
AP uses the closure of a New Hampshire health center to show how Medicaid cuts are already reducing access to care in small communities. The story says rural systems are being forced into hard choices that can leave older and sicker patients traveling farther or dropping out of care.

=====Struggling Rural Hospitals Compete for Billions of Dollars in Federal Funding=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/struggling-rural-hospitals-compete-for-billions-of-dollars-in-federal-funding | PBS NewsHour | PBS NewsHour | 11/8/25]
PBS reports that rural hospitals across the country are losing money and competing for limited federal relief. The segment frames the fight for funding as part of a larger access crisis in communities that have already lost hospitals or core services.

=====Trump Administration Rolls Out Rural Health Funding, With Strings Attached=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/trump-administration-rolls-out-rural-health-funding-with-strings-attached | PBS NewsHour | PBS NewsHour | 12/29/25]
This piece covers a new rural health fund while emphasizing that the money comes with deadlines and constraints. It presents the program as an attempt to stabilize shrinking health infrastructure, but not a full solution to deeper shortages and closures.

=====Trump Administration Announces Allocation of Rural Health Fund to States=====
[https://apnews.com/article/rural-hospitals-fund-medicaid-cuts-48fb63019a6e73504eb13411abc6bc1e | AP News | AP News | 12/29/25]
AP reports on the distribution of a multibillion-dollar rural health fund meant to shore up fragile systems facing service cuts and closure risk. The story underscores that states are trying to keep access alive in communities where hospitals and clinics have been under mounting financial pressure.

=====Largest Nursing Strike in New York City History Begins Amid Stalled Contract Negotiations=====
[https://abcnews.go.com/US/largest-nursing-strike-new-york-city-history-looming/story?id=129100789 | Bill Hutchinson and Mary Kekatos | ABC News | 1/12/26]
ABC reports that about 15,000 nurses walked off the job while accusing hospitals of failing to address safe staffing and patient-care concerns. The story fits your theme because it centers on workforce shortages and strained hospital capacity in a major city system.

=====More Than 31,000 Nurses, Health Care Workers Strike at Kaiser Permanente, Arguing for Safe Staffing Levels, Fair Wages=====
[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/31000-nurses-health-care-workers-strike-kaiser-permanente/story?id=129559912 | Mary Kekatos | ABC News | 1/26/26]
This article says the strike affected at least two dozen hospitals and hundreds of clinics in California and Hawaii. Workers argued that unsafe staffing levels were undermining care delivery, making it a clear example of health resources under strain.

=====Clinics Sour on CMS After Agency Scraps 10-Year Primary Care Program Only Months In=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/cms-mcp-lead-primary-care-model-canceled-rural-health-north-carolina/ | Andrew Jones | KFF Health News | 2/13/26]
KFF Health News reports that clinics expected long-term federal support to strengthen primary care, only to have the program canceled. The article presents the reversal as a setback for already fragile clinics that need stability to maintain services in underserved areas.

=====Lawmakers, Health Groups Resist Their States’ Rural Health Fund Plans=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/rural-transformation-fund-lawmakers-health-groups-resist-state-spending-plans/ | Arielle Zionts and Sarah Jane Tribble | KFF Health News | 3/4/26]
This piece shows that even when rural health money is available, political conflict and implementation disputes can delay how it reaches struggling communities. It ties those delays to places already dealing with hospital closures, service reductions, and weak rural access.

=====Rural Hospitals Face a Funding Crisis — How It Could Get Worse=====
[https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/explainer/2026/feb/why-rural-hospitals-face-funding-crisis-how-it-could-get-worse | Commonwealth Fund authors page lists authors on article | Commonwealth Fund | 2/9/26]
The explainer says more than 200 rural hospitals have completely or partially closed since 2005 and hundreds more are at risk. It also argues that recent policy changes could further erode services, even at hospitals that remain open.

=====States Race To Launch Rural Health Transformation Plans=====
[https://kffhealthnews.org/news/article/rural-health-transformation-state-distribution-technical-scores-variation-deadlines/ | KFF Health News | KFF Health News | 1/14/26]
This article describes states scrambling to deploy rural health money as many hospitals remain cash-strapped and vulnerable. It connects uneven state support and delays to the broader decline of hospital capacity and service availability in rural America.