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|title=Pentecostalism and Christian Nationalism: Dominionism, Politics, and Global Movements
|description=An overview of the relationship between Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity and Christian nationalism, including dominion theology, the New Apostolic Reformation, prophecy, prosperity theology, political mobilization, and examples from the United States, Africa, and Latin America.
|keywords=Pentecostalism, Christian nationalism, charismatic Christianity, dominionism, New Apostolic Reformation, Seven Mountains Mandate, prosperity gospel, political Pentecostalism, prophecy, spiritual warfare, religion and politics
|image=File:Placeholder.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200
|type=article}}

[[Category:Christian nationalism]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism]]
[[Category:Charismatic Christianity]]
[[Category:Religion and politics]]
[[Category:New Apostolic Reformation]]
[[Category:Dominion theology]]
[[Category:Political theology]]
[[Category:Prosperity theology]]

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== Pentecostalism and Christian Nationalism ==

Pentecostalism and Christian nationalism intersect in a diverse set of religious and political movements that combine Pentecostal or charismatic theology with ideas about the religious character, destiny, or governance of nations. The relationship is not uniform. Pentecostal churches encompass a wide range of political orientations, and Pentecostal identity by itself does not imply support for Christian nationalism. The literature instead identifies particular theological movements, networks, leaders, and national settings in which Pentecostal and charismatic beliefs have become closely connected with projects of political and cultural transformation.

A recurring theme in research on the subject is the political transformation of Pentecostalism. Early Pentecostal communities were sometimes characterized by political withdrawal or skepticism toward formal politics. Over time, however, Pentecostal and charismatic Christians in many countries developed increasingly visible roles in elections, political parties, social movements, public policy debates, media, and relations with political leaders. Researchers therefore increasingly speak of ''political Pentecostalism'' as a broad field encompassing multiple forms of Pentecostal engagement with political power.

Within this larger phenomenon, some scholars identify a particularly important connection between Christian nationalism and forms of charismatic Christianity emphasizing prophecy, spiritual warfare, divine authority, national transformation, and Christian influence over political and cultural institutions.

=== Pentecostalism and the Political Turn ===

Pentecostal political involvement has developed differently across countries and denominations. Historically, some Pentecostal traditions stressed personal conversion, evangelism, holiness, and anticipation of divine intervention rather than sustained political participation. In other contexts Pentecostals became active participants in elections, political advocacy, civil society, and national debates.

This transition has produced a wide spectrum of political behavior. Pentecostal churches may support political participation through conventional democratic institutions, advocate particular moral or social policies, cultivate relationships with government leaders, organize political constituencies, or present themselves as prophetic critics of political power.

Studies from Africa and Latin America demonstrate that Pentecostal political activity cannot be reduced to a single ideological pattern. Pentecostal movements have operated under democratic and authoritarian governments and have supported political actors from different ideological traditions. Local history, church organization, economic conditions, theology, and relationships with the state all influence how Pentecostal political engagement develops.

The growth of large churches and transnational charismatic networks has also expanded Pentecostal political capacity. Megachurches, television ministries, social media, religious universities, international conferences, and networks of pastors can provide organizational resources through which religious leaders participate in public life.

=== Christian Nationalism and Charismatic Dominionism ===

Christian nationalism generally refers to efforts to connect national identity and political authority with a particular understanding of Christianity. Within the scholarship represented in the source material, one significant variety is described as ''charismatic dominionism.''

Charismatic dominionism combines charismatic religious practices—including prophecy, healing, supernatural revelation, and beliefs about contemporary apostles and prophets—with the conviction that Christians should exercise substantial influence over society and its institutions.

This differs from other varieties of Christian nationalism. Researchers distinguish charismatic dominionism from traditions such as Christian Reconstructionism, Calvinist nationalism, and Catholic integralism. These movements may share certain political goals while deriving them from different theological traditions.

Charismatic dominionism is particularly associated with independent charismatic networks and with movements commonly described as the New Apostolic Reformation.

=== The New Apostolic Reformation ===

The New Apostolic Reformation, or NAR, is a loosely organized collection of charismatic churches, ministries, leaders, and networks rather than a conventional denomination. Its participants frequently emphasize the continuing authority of apostles and prophets, supernatural gifts, spiritual warfare, revival, and the transformation of society.

The term itself is contested. Some religious leaders associated by scholars or journalists with NAR networks reject the label, while others acknowledge relationships with apostolic or prophetic movements without considering themselves part of a unified organization.

Research on the movement emphasizes its network structure. Authority often flows through relationships among influential pastors, prophets, apostles, ministries, conferences, and media organizations rather than through traditional denominational hierarchies.

NAR-associated political theology frequently presents social and political conflict as having a spiritual dimension. Political events may therefore be interpreted through ideas about prophecy, spiritual warfare, demonic influence, divine favor, revival, and national destiny.

These ideas have allowed certain charismatic networks to connect religious revival with political mobilization.

=== The Seven Mountains Mandate ===

One influential framework associated with charismatic dominionist circles is the ''Seven Mountains Mandate''. The teaching identifies major areas of society—commonly including government, religion, education, family, business, media, and arts or entertainment—as spheres in which Christians should exercise influence.

Interpretations vary. Some proponents describe the mandate primarily as encouraging Christians to participate constructively in society. Critics and some researchers interpret stronger versions as advocating Christian control or domination of important cultural institutions.

The Seven Mountains framework has become influential within portions of independent charismatic Christianity and has helped connect revival-oriented religious movements with broader strategies for cultural and political influence.

Its significance lies partly in reframing political participation as a religious mission. Political institutions become one of several cultural arenas in which believers are encouraged to advance what they understand as God's purposes.

=== Prophecy and Political Leadership ===

Prophecy occupies an important place in some forms of political Pentecostalism. Charismatic leaders may describe political candidates, elections, national crises, or government policies through prophetic language.

In the United States, prophetic networks gained considerable public attention through predictions concerning Donald Trump's political career and elections. Some charismatic leaders portrayed Trump as a leader chosen or used by God despite disagreements over his personal religious behavior.

Failed predictions concerning the 2020 presidential election generated substantial debate within charismatic Christianity. Some prophets apologized or reassessed their predictions, while others maintained that prophetic claims remained valid or interpreted subsequent events within broader spiritual narratives.

The controversy raised internal questions about prophetic accountability, political partisanship, religious authority, and the relationship between charismatic experience and empirical political events.

=== Spiritual Warfare and Politics ===

Spiritual warfare theology interprets events in the visible world as connected with conflict in a supernatural realm. Although spiritual warfare has long existed within Pentecostal and charismatic traditions, some contemporary movements apply it directly to politics.

Political institutions, geographic territories, elections, social movements, and government officials may therefore be described as objects of spiritual struggle. Prayer campaigns, prophetic declarations, public rallies, and symbolic acts can become both religious practices and forms of political mobilization.

In some cases, political opponents or institutions are portrayed not merely as participants in ordinary political disagreements but as manifestations of deeper spiritual conflict.

Researchers studying Christian nationalism have paid particular attention to this development because spiritual-warfare language can transform political disagreements into narratives involving sacred national destiny and cosmic struggle.

=== January 6 and American Charismatic Politics ===

The events surrounding the January 6, 2021 attack on the United States Capitol became an important subject in research concerning Christian nationalism and charismatic political activism.

Some Pentecostal and independent charismatic leaders participated in prayer events, prophetic gatherings, Jericho Marches, and other demonstrations following the 2020 election. Religious symbolism, spiritual-warfare language, prophecy, and Christian-nationalist themes appeared among portions of the mobilization challenging the election outcome.

Researchers have examined how prophetic expectations and charismatic religious networks contributed to these events. The scholarship does not treat all Pentecostals or evangelicals as participants; instead it investigates particular networks and leaders whose religious beliefs became closely linked with efforts to contest the election result.

January 6 subsequently became an important case study in discussions about Christian nationalism, political violence, religious symbolism, election denial, and democratic institutions.

=== Prosperity Theology and Christian Nationalism ===

Another major theme in the literature concerns connections between the prosperity gospel and Christian nationalism.

Prosperity theology teaches in various forms that divine blessing may be expressed through health, material prosperity, success, or other forms of flourishing. Scholars studying Zambia, Ghana, Brazil, and Papua New Guinea have identified parallels between prosperity theology and nationalist ideas concerning divine promises to nations.

Both may employ the language of covenant, inheritance, territory, blessing, possession, and divine entitlement. A believer may claim God's promises personally, while a religious community may similarly understand a nation as possessing a divinely authorized destiny.

This connection is especially visible in settings where national political identity is explicitly described in covenantal or biblical terms.

=== Zambia and the Christian Nation ===

Zambia represents one of the most extensively studied examples of Pentecostal nationalism.

President Frederick Chiluba declared Zambia a Christian nation in 1991. Subsequent Pentecostal political theology often interpreted this declaration as a covenant between Zambia and God.

Researchers have examined how prosperity theology contributed to this understanding. Just as individuals may enter covenantal relationships with God, the nation itself can be imagined as participating in a divine covenant promising protection, peace, or prosperity.

This framework has encouraged debates about presidential leadership, prophetic authority, sexuality, citizenship, pluralism, and the proper relationship between Christianity and the state.

Zambian Pentecostalism demonstrates how Christian nationalism outside the United States may develop from distinctive national histories rather than simply reproducing American political movements.

=== Ghana and National Transformation ===

Ghana provides another important African case.

Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity has become highly influential in Ghanaian public life. Churches and religious leaders participate in media, development projects, political conferences, elections, public morality campaigns, and relationships with government officials.

Some researchers identify dominion theology within Ghanaian Pentecostalism, particularly the belief that Christians should transform society and expand Christian influence throughout public institutions.

The Church of Pentecost has promoted programs aimed at national transformation and public morality. Researchers have examined how these initiatives intersect with citizenship, governance, political leadership, national identity, and religious pluralism.

Other studies emphasize that Ghanaian Pentecostalism operates within democratic political institutions and that the relationships among churches, politicians, and citizens are complex rather than uniformly nationalist.

=== Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, and East Africa ===

Pentecostalism has also become a significant political force in Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and other African countries.

In Nigeria, scholars describe the development of what has sometimes been called a ''Pentecostal republic'', in which Pentecostal churches and religious leaders occupy increasingly prominent positions within public culture and political life. Prophecy, prosperity theology, political patronage, and charismatic authority have all influenced relationships between religion and government.

Kenyan Pentecostal politics includes prophetic engagement with elections, relationships between religious leaders and politicians, and the use of spiritual language in national political campaigns.

Research on Uganda examines relationships among Pentecostal identity, nationalism, sexuality, citizenship, political loyalty, and memories of earlier religious persecution.

Tanzanian studies demonstrate how spiritual-warfare narratives can accompany the movement of charismatic pastors into electoral politics.

Ethiopia presents another distinctive case because Pentecostal political influence developed within a religious landscape historically dominated by Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and Islam. Scholars have examined the Pentecostal backgrounds of prominent political leaders and the broader growth of Protestant influence in national politics.

=== South Africa and Zimbabwe ===

Southern Africa illustrates additional varieties of political Pentecostalism.

In South Africa, researchers have examined prophetic ministries, prosperity theology, electoral participation, relationships between churches and political parties, and the use of Christianity by political leaders.

Some studies emphasize differences among Pentecostal pastors. Prosperity theology, political activism, and attitudes toward government vary significantly among churches.

Zimbabwean Pentecostalism has similarly interacted with nationalism, party politics, political leadership, and debates over governance. Research on ZAOGA and other churches demonstrates that charismatic religious organizations may simultaneously maintain relationships with political authority and attempt to preserve independent religious legitimacy.

These cases reinforce the broader finding that Pentecostal political behavior differs substantially across national contexts.

=== Brazil and Pentecostal Political Power ===

Brazil provides one of the most prominent examples of Pentecostal electoral mobilization.

Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal churches moved gradually from political withdrawal toward extensive participation in electoral politics. Evangelical politicians established organized legislative caucuses, while prominent pastors and media ministries became influential political actors.

The rise of Jair Bolsonaro brought particular attention to evangelical and Pentecostal political networks. Scholars have examined how conservative moral politics, populism, religious media, charismatic leadership, and evangelical political organization contributed to Bolsonaro's coalition.

Brazilian Pentecostal politics nevertheless remains internally diverse. Pentecostal Christians participate in movements across the political spectrum, and studies of Pentecostals in organizations such as the Landless Workers Movement demonstrate that religious identity does not automatically determine political ideology.

=== Latin America Beyond Brazil ===

Pentecostal political participation has expanded throughout Latin America.

Guatemala provides an early example of evangelical and Pentecostal participation in national political leadership. Researchers have examined the governments of figures such as Efraín Ríos Montt and Jorge Serrano Elías and the broader development of evangelical electoral politics.

In Colombia, Pentecostal churches established political organizations and parties following constitutional changes that expanded religious pluralism.

Mexican researchers have studied evangelical political mobilization around elections, family policy, and opposition to what activists describe as ''gender ideology.''

Costa Rica experienced a highly visible evangelical presidential campaign involving Pentecostal singer and politician Fabricio Alvarado.

Studies from Chile and other Latin American countries demonstrate similarly complex processes in which Pentecostal groups moved from political marginality toward organized political participation.

These cases show that Pentecostal political mobilization is a transnational phenomenon but develops differently within each country's institutions and history.

=== Global Networks and Christian Nationalism ===

Pentecostal and charismatic Christianity is highly transnational.

Pastors, missionaries, conferences, television networks, books, social media, religious universities, and ministry organizations circulate political and theological ideas across national borders.

American charismatic movements have influenced churches elsewhere, but influence also moves in multiple directions. African, Latin American, and Asian Pentecostal organizations increasingly operate as global religious networks in their own right.

For this reason, some researchers argue that purely national explanations are insufficient for understanding contemporary Christian nationalism. Ideas concerning spiritual warfare, prosperity, prophecy, apostleship, national transformation, and dominion circulate internationally.

Examples from Zambia, Ghana, Brazil, Papua New Guinea, and elsewhere demonstrate how common religious concepts can be adapted to different political histories and national identities.

=== Pentecostalism, Democracy, and Political Participation ===

The relationship between Pentecostalism and democracy remains contested and highly dependent on context.

Pentecostal churches can encourage political participation by providing strong social networks, civic organizations, leadership opportunities, and motivation for members to participate in public affairs. Research from African countries has found circumstances in which charismatic religious participation can stimulate political engagement.

At the same time, Christian-nationalist interpretations of Pentecostal theology can raise questions concerning religious pluralism, minority rights, and equality when political authority is understood as belonging particularly to Christians.

Different Pentecostal movements therefore may support very different visions of political participation. Some emphasize democratic citizenship and ethical government. Others emphasize national religious identity or Christian authority over public institutions.

The available research consequently does not support treating Pentecostalism as inherently democratic or inherently authoritarian.

=== Diversity Within Pentecostalism ===

One of the strongest themes across the literature is diversity.

Pentecostalism consists of thousands of denominations, independent churches, networks, ministries, and theological traditions. Classical Pentecostal denominations may differ considerably from independent neo-Pentecostal churches or apostolic-prophetic networks.

Political attitudes likewise differ among nations, congregations, pastors, and individual believers.

Terms such as Pentecostalism, evangelicalism, charismatic Christianity, New Apostolic Reformation, dominionism, and Christian nationalism therefore should not be treated as interchangeable.

Christian nationalism represents one possible political development within portions of the broader Pentecostal and charismatic world rather than a defining characteristic of Pentecostal Christianity as a whole.

=== Conclusion ===

The relationship between Pentecostalism and Christian nationalism is best understood as a collection of overlapping religious and political developments rather than a single unified movement.

Across the source material, several recurring themes connect particular Pentecostal and charismatic movements with Christian nationalism: prophecy, spiritual warfare, prosperity theology, covenant theology, national destiny, dominion, charismatic authority, and efforts to influence major political and cultural institutions.

The New Apostolic Reformation and Seven Mountains teaching represent especially visible expressions of these ideas in the United States, while research from Zambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Brazil, Guatemala, and other countries demonstrates that similar relationships between Pentecostalism and national politics have developed independently and through transnational exchange.

At the same time, comparative research cautions against equating Pentecostalism with Christian nationalism. Pentecostal political activity varies substantially across denominations and societies. Pentecostal churches can participate in democratic institutions, social reform, civil society, nationalist politics, political patronage, prophetic activism, or political opposition.

The broader significance of political Pentecostalism therefore lies not in a single political ideology but in the expanding role of charismatic religious ideas, institutions, and networks in contemporary public life. Understanding Christian nationalism within this context requires attention both to shared transnational theological concepts and to the distinct histories, institutions, and political cultures in which those concepts are interpreted.

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=== Foundations: Pentecostalism, Christian Nationalism, and Political Theology ===

1. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2026.2686128 | Naomi Haynes | Religion | 2026]
 Claiming What Is Theirs by Right: The Elective Affinity Between the Prosperity Gospel and Christian Nationalism — Comparative study of Zambia, Brazil, Ghana, and Papua New Guinea arguing that prosperity-gospel concepts can overlap with Christian-nationalist claims to territory, authority, and political influence.

2. [https://currentsjournal.org/index.php/currents/article/view/647 | Craig L. Nessan | Currents in Theology and Mission | 2026]
 Christian Nationalism: Primer on an American Heresy — Reviews Christian nationalism's historical antecedents and discusses Reconstructionism, the New Apostolic Reformation, independent charismatic churches, and the Seven Mountains Mandate.

3. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/varieties-of-american-christian-nationalism/B78994104CA1CCBBAC34A20E3AA2A980 | Nilay Saiya | Politics and Religion | 2025]
 The Varieties of American Christian Nationalism — Identifies charismatic dominionism, Calvinist nationalism, and Catholic integralism as distinct currents, with the New Apostolic Reformation central to the charismatic variant.

4. [https://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/2025/03/05/video-yang-scholars-2025-christian-nationalism-global-perspective | Harvard Divinity School | Harvard Divinity School | 2025]
 Christian Nationalism in Global Perspective — Discussion of different Christian-nationalist varieties, including charismatic dominionism and Pentecostal/charismatic networks advocating social transformation.

5. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/christian-nationalism-and-attitudes-about-democracy-in-africa/59CD6B84EB9B078692980EBD87A17EBB | Jeffrey Haynes | Politics and Religion | 2025]
 Christian Nationalism and Attitudes About Democracy in Africa — Examines Christian nationalism, democracy, Pentecostal and charismatic growth, dominion theology, and political attitudes across African societies.

6. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/16/1/63 | Leandro Luis Bedin Fontana | Religions | 2025]
 Engaging Political Pentecostalism: A Probe into the Political Theology of a Post-Confessional Christian Network — Develops the concept of “political Pentecostalism” for transnational charismatic networks that seek political influence, sacralize selected political leaders, and deploy ideas of anointing, dominion, and spiritual warfare.

7. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1474225X.2023.2281139 | Roger Robins | International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church | 2024]
 The Political Turn in American Pentecostalism: Prophets, Healers, Businessmen, and the Lure of Christian America — Traces Pentecostal political networking from Oral Roberts, Gordon Lindsay, and Full Gospel businessmen through Kenneth Copeland and later charismatic political movements.

8. [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter-abstract/553480825 | Adeshina Afolayan | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History | 2024]
 Pentecostal Political Thought — Surveys Pentecostal political theology, political power, spiritual authority, postcolonial societies, and Pentecostal conceptions of the political order.

9. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1474225X.2023.2275839 | Author study | International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church | 2023]
 Christian Nationalism in Post-Apartheid South Africa: From the White Broederbond to the Transracial Neo/Pentecostals — Examines how newer, racially diverse neo-Pentecostal movements intersect with Christian-nationalist politics.

10. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2020.1810817 | S. Jonathon O'Donnell | Religion | 2020]
 The Deliverance of the Administrative State — Examines intersections among neo-charismatic spiritual warfare, Christian nationalism, Deep State narratives, national identity, and Trump-era politics.

11. [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/62239/chapter-abstract/550733330 | John F. McCauley | Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics | 2019]
 The Politics of Pentecostalism in Africa — Explores charismatic Pentecostalism's political influence, spiritual warfare, prosperity teaching, political elites, national identity, and ideas concerning Christian nations.

12. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_1 | Adeshina Afolayan, Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso, Toyin Falola | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Introduction: The Pentecostal and the Political in Africa — Introduces major debates concerning Pentecostalism, political identity, citizenship, party politics, political participation, ethnicity, race, and the postcolonial state.

13. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_2 | Olufunke Adeboye | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Explaining the Growth and Legitimation of the Pentecostal Movement in Africa — Examines institutional growth, legitimacy, relations with secular governments, and Pentecostal participation in wider Christian and interfaith public life.

14. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_3 | Marinus Chijioke Iwuchukwu | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Pentecostalism, Islam, and Religious Fundamentalism in Africa — Explores Pentecostal-Muslim relations, fundamentalism, religious competition, and the consequences of exclusivist religious identities for African societies.

15. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_4 | Marleen de Witte | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Buy the Future: Charismatic Pentecostalism and African Liberation in a Neoliberal World — Examines charismatic ideas of transformation and liberation within changing African political-economic orders.

16. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_6 | Abimbola Adelakun | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Pentecostal Panopticism and the Phantasm of “The Ultimate Power” — Studies Pentecostal performances of authority and the ways spiritual power intersects with social and political power.

17. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_8 | Samson O. Ijaola | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Pentecostalism, the Prosperity Gospel, and Poverty in Africa — Discusses prosperity theology and its implications for social hierarchy, public policy, economic expectations, and political life.

18. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-companion-to-pentecostalism/politics-and-economics-of-pentecostalism/80768E33E63197E4B3A1391FD562C887 | Calvin L. Smith | Cambridge University Press | 2014]
 The Politics and Economics of Pentecostalism: A Global Survey — Broad introduction to changing Pentecostal attitudes toward political participation, political parties, state institutions, and economic power.

19. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/an-introduction-to-pentecostalism/politics-and-economics/EB10FA97C14C6198F9B32A96EA6AAF66 | Allan Heaton Anderson | Cambridge University Press | 2014]
 Politics and Economics — Reviews Pentecostalism's historical transition from political withdrawal toward increasingly direct involvement in public affairs.


=== New Apostolic Reformation, Dominionism, and Seven Mountains ===

20. [https://religionnews.com/2026/01/13/what-is-christian-reconstructionism-%E2%88%92-and-why-it-matters-in-us-politics/ | Religion News Service / The Conversation | 2026]
 What Is Christian Reconstructionism — Contrasts Reconstructionist theology with charismatic kingdom theology and explains the latter's influence on NAR and Seven Mountains thinking.

21. [https://religionnews.com/2025/07/08/what-is-the-seven-mountains-mandate-and-how-is-it-linked-to-political-extremism-in-the-us/ | Art Jipson | Religion News Service / The Conversation | 2025]
 What Is the Seven Mountains Mandate? — Explains the teaching that Christians should influence or control seven cultural institutions and its relationship to contemporary charismatic politics.

22. [https://religiondispatches.org/2024/05/23/reporters-guide-new-apostolic-reformation-revised-2025 | Frederick Clarkson and André Gagné | Religion Dispatches | 2024]
 A Reporter's Guide to the New Apostolic Reformation — Detailed guide to NAR history, apostles and prophets, dominionism, Seven Mountains theology, global networks, political strategy, and terminology.

23. [https://religionnews.com/2024/05/06/how-trumpism-has-pushed-a-fringe-charismatic-theology-into-the-mainstream/ | Matthew D. Taylor | Religion News Service | 2024]
 How Trumpism Has Pushed a Fringe Charismatic Theology Into the Mainstream — Explains how prophetic and apostolic networks moved from relatively obscure charismatic circles toward greater evangelical and political prominence.

24. [https://projects.propublica.org/christian-nationalism-origins/ | ProPublica | ProPublica | 2024]
 Behind Christian Nationalism's Influence on the 2024 Election — Interactive history tracing connections among charismatic Christianity, C. Peter Wagner, NAR, dominionism, Seven Mountains ideology, and contemporary politics.

25. [https://religiondispatches.org/2022/11/30/call-it-christian-globalism-reporters-guide-new-apostolic-reformation-part-iii | Frederick Clarkson and André Gagné | Religion Dispatches | 2022]
 Call It Christian Globalism — Examines the international dimensions of NAR networks and argues that the movement's political ambitions extend beyond narrowly American nationalism.

26. [https://religiondispatches.org/2022/10/21/statement-nar-christian-nationalism-answers-few-questions-exposes-growing-rifts-movement | Frederick Clarkson and André Gagné | Religion Dispatches | 2022]
 Statement on NAR & Christian Nationalism Answers Few Questions But Exposes Growing Rifts — Discusses disagreements among charismatic leaders about NAR identity, apostleship, dominion, and Christian nationalism.

27. [https://academic.oup.com/book/4753 | Brad Christerson and Richard Flory | Oxford University Press | 2017]
 The Rise of Network Christianity — Major sociological study defining Independent Network Charismatic Christianity and examining apostles, networks, supernatural practices, social transformation, and institutional influence.

28. [https://academic.oup.com/book/4753/chapter-abstract/147004647 | Brad Christerson and Richard Flory | Oxford University Press | 2017]
 The Rise of Independent Network Charismatic Christianity — Details the origins, organization, expansion, and distinctive authority structures of independent charismatic networks.

29. [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2012/06/apostolicmovement/ | Christianity Today | Christianity Today | 2012]
 A New Apostolic Movement? — Examines debates over contemporary apostles, five-fold ministry, post-denominational charismatic networks, and Pentecostal criticism of NAR structures.


=== U.S. Charismatic Politics, Prophecy, and Trump ===

30. [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2026/05/rededicate-250-prayer-rally-america-revival/ | Christianity Today | Christianity Today | 2026]
 A Star-Spangled Search for Revival — Reports on a national prayer event involving Guillermo Maldonado, Dutch Sheets, Lou Engle, and other figures associated with neo-charismatic and NAR networks.

31. [https://religionnews.com/2024/11/11/new-apostolic-reformation-evangelicals-see-trump-as-gods-warrior-in-battle-to-christianize-america/ | Religion News Service / The Conversation | 2024]
 New Apostolic Reformation Evangelicals See Trump as God's Warrior — Describes NAR beliefs concerning prophets, apostles, spiritual warfare, cultural institutions, and political authority.

32. [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/11/donald-trump-win-reelection-evangelicals-white-house/ | Christianity Today | Christianity Today | 2024]
 Donald Trump Takes the White House Again — Reviews religious mobilization surrounding the 2024 election, including revival-style political events organized by NAR figure Lance Wallnau.

33. [https://religionnews.com/2024/09/28/jd-vance-courage-tour/ | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | 2024]
 Vance, at Christian Nationalist Revival, Says Immigration Stance Is in Keeping With Faith — Reports on a Courage Tour event hosted by Lance Wallnau and its intersection with presidential politics.

34. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/elections/2024/09/28/jd-vance-christian-nationalism-lance-wallnau/ | Meryl Kornfield and Hannah Allam | The Washington Post | 2024]
 Vance Appears at Event Hosted by Hard-Right Christian Nationalist — Examines Wallnau's New Apostolic Reformation background and the movement's growing visibility in national politics.

35. [https://religionnews.com/2024/09/13/lance-wallnau-first-to-prophesy-trumps-presidency-is-back-to-vanquish-anti-trump-demons/ | Tess Owen | Religion News Service | 2024]
 Lance Wallnau, First to 'Prophesy' Trump's Presidency — Profiles Wallnau, the Seven Mountains Mandate, spiritual warfare rhetoric, political revival events, and NAR influence.

36. [https://www.pbs.org/video/christian-nationalism-in-america-1727728056/ | PBS NewsHour | PBS | 2024]
 Vance Appears at Event Hosted by Christian Nationalist — Interview with scholar Matthew D. Taylor about Wallnau, NAR, prophecy, Christian nationalism, and electoral politics.

37. [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/09/trump-vote-pastors-evangelical-election-lifeway-survey/ | Aaron Earls / Lifeway Research | Christianity Today | 2024]
 Half of Pastors Plan to Vote for Trump — Presents survey evidence showing denominational differences in pastors' political preferences, including especially strong Trump support among Pentecostal pastors.

38. [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/06/trump-prophets-election-jeremiah-johnson-reckoning-charisma/ | Stefani McDade | Christianity Today | 2021]
 How Could All the Prophets Be Wrong About Trump? — Examines charismatic prophets' predictions about the 2020 election and subsequent internal debates about prophecy and political involvement.

39. [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2020/01/evangelicals-for-trump-pastor-guillermo-maldonado-miami/ | Christianity Today | Christianity Today | 2020]
 Influential Hispanic Pastor Welcomes Evangelicals for Trump — Profiles Guillermo Maldonado and discusses his connections to Cindy Jacobs, Lou Engle, Ché Ahn, prophetic networks, and Seven Mountains ideas.


=== U.S. Charismatic Politics, January 6, and Spiritual Warfare ===

40. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/backlash-to-christian-nationalism-the-impact-of-the-january-6th-insurrection-on-americans-religiosity-and-political-partisanship/E9E41CEF322761F414AA175BE50F3DF8 | David E. Campbell and Geoffrey C. Layman | Politics and Religion | 2026]
 Backlash to Christian Nationalism — Studies how Americans responded politically and religiously to Christian-nationalist symbolism associated with the January 6 Capitol attack.

41. [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/show/what-is-christian-nationalism-and-why-it-raises-concerns-about-threats-to-democracy | PBS NewsHour | PBS | 2024]
 What Is Christian Nationalism and Why It Raises Concerns About Threats to Democracy — Includes discussion of NAR, spiritual warfare, apostles and prophets, January 6, and the movement's political goals.

42. [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/flag-associated-with-christian-nationalism-flown-at-alitos-beach-house-report-says | PBS NewsHour | PBS | 2024]
 Flag Associated With Christian Nationalism Flown at Alito's Beach House — Explains Dutch Sheets' role in popularizing the Appeal to Heaven flag within contemporary charismatic political networks.

43. [https://religionnews.com/2024/10/31/authoritarian-movements-are-religious-movements-not-least-in-america-today/ | Religion News Service | Religion News Service | 2024]
 Authoritarian Movements Depend on Political Religions — An interpretive essay examining NAR, the Seven Mountains Mandate, Christian supremacy, and broader political-religious movements.

44. [https://www.salon.com/2024/09/24/revolution-succeeds-one-of-the-fastest-shifts-in-evangelical-thought-in-american-history/ | Amanda Marcotte | Salon | 2024]
 Trump's Revolution Succeeds — Discusses Matthew D. Taylor's research on NAR involvement in efforts to overturn the 2020 election and the movement's relationship with Christian nationalism.

45. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/01/06/christian-nationalism-groups/ | Michelle Boorstein | The Washington Post | 2023]
 Who Are the Christian Nationalists? — Provides a taxonomy that includes prosperity-gospel figures, self-described prophets, and leaders overlapping with the New Apostolic Reformation.

46. [https://dornsife.usc.edu/crcc/how-self-proclaimed-christian-prophets-provided-religious-motivation-for-the-jan-6-events-at-the-us-capitol/ | Brad Christerson | USC Center for Religion and Civic Culture | 2021]
 How Self-Proclaimed Christian Prophets Provided Religious Motivation for the Jan. 6 Events — Examines Independent Network Charismatic involvement in Jericho Marches and efforts to overturn the 2020 election.

47. [https://www.interfaithamerica.org/article/how-self-proclaimed-prophets-provided-religious-motivation-for-the-attack-on-the-capitol/ | Brad Christerson | Interfaith America | 2021]
 How Self-Proclaimed Prophets Provided Religious Motivation for the Attack on the Capitol — Explains INC charismatic beliefs about prophecy, spiritual warfare, Trump, and post-election mobilization.

48. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/07/11/mercy-culture-church/ | The Washington Post | The Washington Post | 2021]
 At Mercy Culture, the Nation's Fastest-Growing Christian Movement Is Openly Political — Explores prophecy, NAR theology, dominionism, Seven Mountains ideas, and Trump-era charismatic activism.

49. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118660072.ch8 | Simon Coleman | Wiley-Blackwell | 2020]
 Spiritual Warfare in Pentecostalism — Scholarly overview of spiritual warfare as a global Pentecostal practice involving territory, conversion, spiritual authority, space, and religious identity.


=== Ghana: Dominion, Covenant, and National Transformation ===

50. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/17/7/857 | Jeffrey Haynes | Religions | 2026]
 “Progressive” Pentecostalism in Ghana: Development, Morality, and National Interest — Examines Ghanaian Pentecostalism's approach to development, morality, citizenship, and national interest.

51. [https://journals.pentvars.edu.gh/index.php/pjtm/article/view/208 | Charles Prempeh | Pentecost Journal of Theology and Mission | 2024]
 “God Would Himself Raise Up a Nation out of Africa” — Examines the Church of Pentecost's covenant theology, Ghanaian public life, governance, national identity, and claims about Ghana's religious mission.

52. [https://journals.pentvars.edu.gh/index.php/pjtm/article/view/182 | Samuel Kofi Boateng Nkrumah-Pobi et al. | Pentecost Journal of Theology and Mission | 2024]
 Pentecostals and Voting Behaviour in Ghana's 2024 Presidential Elections — Studies religious identity and voting behavior among Ghanaian Pentecostals.

53. [https://journals.pentvars.edu.gh/index.php/pjtm/article/view/225 | Justice Anquandah Arthur | Pentecost Journal of Theology and Mission | 2024]
 Pentecostalism and the Public Sphere — Introduces scholarship on African Pentecostalism, politics, public morality, social transformation, and church-state relations.

54. [https://journals.pentvars.edu.gh/index.php/pjtm/issue/view/26 | Pentecost University | Pentecost Journal of Theology and Mission | 2024]
 Pentecostalism and the Public Sphere — Special issue containing multiple studies on Ghanaian Pentecostalism, political engagement, voting, leadership, and moral transformation.

55. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/12/668 | Researchers on Ghanaian Pentecostalism | Religions | 2019]
 Scrambling for the Centre: Ghana's New Churches as an Alternative Ideology and Power — Studies Pentecostal-charismatic efforts to gain political access and influence Ghana's public sphere.


=== Zambia and Pentecostal Nationalism ===

56. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00145246231218552 | Chammah Kaunda | Expository Times | 2024]
 The Logic of Hatred: Pentecostal Normativity in Political Public Spheres in Zambia — Critiques the effects of constitutional Christian identity on pluralism and Pentecostal political discourse.

57. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/11/1379 | Research article | Religions | 2024]
 The Politics of Christianity in Shaping the Political Dynamics of Zambia — Reviews Pentecostal and evangelical influence on Zambia's Christian-nation declaration and church-state relations.

58. [https://rai.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9655.13866 | Naomi Haynes | Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute | 2023]
 Presidents, Priests, and Prophets: Covenantal Christian Nationalism and the Challenge of Biblical Analogy — Analyzes Zambia as a contemporary analogue of biblical Israel within Pentecostal Christian-nationalist political theology.

59. [https://www.pentecostaltheology.com/taking-dominion-in-a-christian-nation/ | Pentecostal Theology | Pentecostal Theology | 2022]
 Taking Dominion in a Christian Nation — Discusses how Reconstructionist and New Apostolic Reformation ideas have circulated within Zambian Christian-nationalist politics.

60. [https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/plar.12244 | Naomi Haynes | Political and Legal Anthropology Review | 2018]
 Why Can't a Pastor Be President of a Christian Nation? — Studies Pentecostal expectations about pastors, politicians, mediation, leadership, and Zambia's covenantal Christian national identity.

61. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/pentecostal-identity-and-citizen-engagement-in-subsaharan-africa-new-evidence-from-zambia/DEAD5B84F93F590D942F4E5DD4858189 | Elizabeth Sperber and Erin Hern | Politics and Religion | 2018]
 Pentecostal Identity and Citizen Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa — Survey study of 1,500 Zambians examining Pentecostal identity, voting, political interest, participation, biblical law, and religious political preferences.

62. [https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/why-cant-a-pastor-be-president-of-a-christian-nation-pentecostal-/ | Naomi Haynes | University of Edinburgh | 2018]
 Why Can't a Pastor Be President of a Christian Nation? — Research summary emphasizing religious mediation, Pentecostal leadership expectations, and the political significance of Zambia's Christian-nation covenant.

63. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/9/5/145 | Chammah J. Kaunda | Religions | 2018]
 “The Altars Are Holding the Nation in Captivity” — Examines Pentecostal conceptions of nationality, political authority, spiritual warfare, presidential power, and Zambia's Christian identity.

64. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2396939317730694 | Chammah J. Kaunda | International Bulletin of Mission Research | 2017]
 From Fools for Christ to Fools for Politicians — Examines divergent Pentecostal understandings of Zambia's declaration as a Christian nation and Pentecostal strategies toward political authority.

65. [https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article-abstract/19/1/5/70961/Zambia-Shall-be-Saved-Prosperity-Gospel-Politics | Naomi Haynes | Nova Religio | 2015]
 Zambia Shall Be Saved! Prosperity Gospel Politics in a Self-Proclaimed Christian Nation — Examines Zambia's Christian-nation covenant and how Pentecostal prosperity theology informs political participation.

66. [https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/zambia-shall-be-saved-prosperity-gospel-politics-in-a-self-procla/ | Naomi Haynes | University of Edinburgh | 2015]
 Zambia Shall Be Saved! — University research record and summary of Haynes's analysis connecting prosperity-gospel practice with Zambian Christian-nation politics.

67. [https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/81954/ | Adriaan van Klinken | Studies in World Christianity | 2014]
 Homosexuality, Politics and Pentecostal Nationalism in Zambia — Foundational study explicitly using the concept "Pentecostal nationalism" to analyze Christianity, national identity, sexuality, and the Christian-nation declaration.


=== West and East African Pentecostal Politics ===

68. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02653788261444968 | Abraham Great | Transformation | 2026]
 Pentecostalism, Political Theology, and Democratic Governance in Nigeria — Examines prosperity, prophetic authority, political patronage, Pentecostal leadership, and democratic governance.

69. [https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32911 | Mookgo Solomon Kgatle | Pharos Journal of Theology | 2026]
 The Role of Brueggemann's Prophetic Imagination in Neo-Prophetism and South African Politics — Studies prophecy and political discourse among contemporary South African neo-Pentecostal movements.

70. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/15/12/1448 | Jeffrey Haynes | Religions | 2024]
 Pentecostalisation, the American Christian Right, and Civil Religion in Ghana — Studies transnational influences, Pentecostalization, civil religion, and connections between Ghanaian Christianity and U.S. Christian-right organizations.

71. [https://journals.pentvars.edu.gh/index.php/pjtm/article/view/181 | Patrick Tetteh Kudadjie | Pentecost Journal of Theology and Mission | 2024]
 Pentecostalism and Political Engagement in Ghana's Fourth Republic — Reviews Pentecostal participation in elections, socioeconomic initiatives, political prophecy, and relations between churches and the state.

72. [https://journals.pentvars.edu.gh/index.php/pjtm/article/view/188 | Jeffrey Haynes | Pentecost Journal of Theology and Mission | 2024]
 The Church of Pentecost and the Moral Transformation of Ghana — Examines relations among Ghana's largest Pentecostal denomination, political parties, morality campaigns, and democracy.

73. [https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.4102/ids.v58i1.3000 | Titus M. Ingaboh | In die Skriflig | 2024]
 Pentecostal Church and Politics: Interdependent Instruments of God's Mission in Africa — Theological analysis of Pentecostal churches' relationships with political institutions and public ethics.

74. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/14/9/1202 | Jeffrey Haynes | Religions | 2023]
 Christian Nationalism and Politics in Ghana — Examines Christian nationalism as a political ideology in Ghana and its relationship with Pentecostal Christianity and national politics.

75. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/memory-of-persecution-is-in-our-blood-documenting-loyalties-identities-and-motivations-to-political-action-in-the-ugandan-pentecostal-movement/28D0D98DA6AB7D19A32552EEA43F6618 | Barbara Bompani | Journal of Modern African Studies | 2023]
 The Memory of Persecution Is in Our Blood — Examines historical identity, political loyalties, and motivations for political activism within Uganda's Pentecostal movement.

76. [https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S2074-77052023000100001&script=sci_arttext | Daniel O. Orogun and Jerry G. Pillay | Verbum et Ecclesia | 2023]
 Neo-Pentecostal Political Activism vis-à-vis Good Governance in Nigeria — Examines Nigerian neo-Pentecostal political activism and its relationship to governance and public theology.

77. [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/28167/chapter-abstract/213007473 | Gregory Deacon | Oxford Handbook of Kenyan Politics | 2020]
 The Political Role of Christian Churches — Examines the growing role of neo-Pentecostal ideas and symbolism in Kenyan politics, including elections and the Jubilee era.

78. [https://pure.uj.ac.za/en/publications/political-activism-in-pentecostal-charismatic-evangelical-churche/ | Maria Frahm-Arp | University of Johannesburg | 2020]
 Political Activism in Pentecostal Charismatic Evangelical Churches and the 2019 Elections — Compares different South African charismatic church leaders' approaches to voting, political activism, corruption, and governance.

79. [https://journals.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/cujpia/article/view/1823 | Ikem Afamefune Patrick et al. | Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs | 2019]
 Pentecostalism and Electoral Politics: A Projection of Nigeria's Soft Power in Africa — Studies political consultation of prophets and Pentecostal leaders during Nigerian elections.

80. [https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Pentecostalism-politics-and-prosperity-in-South/9912634907691 | Maria Frahm-Arp | University of Johannesburg | 2018]
 Pentecostalism, Politics, and Prosperity in South Africa — Studies ninety-seven Pentecostal-charismatic pastors and links between differing prosperity theologies and political engagement.

81. [https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/for-god-and-for-my-country-pentecostal-charismatic-churches-and-t | Barbara Bompani | Public Religion and the Politics of Homosexuality in Africa | 2016]
 For God and for My Country — Examines Pentecostal-charismatic churches, national identity, political discourse, sexuality, citizenship, and Christian rhetoric in Uganda.

82. [https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/pentecostalism-and-democracy-in-nigeria-electoral-politics-prophe/ | Richard Burgess | University of Roehampton | 2015]
 Pentecostalism and Democracy in Nigeria — Explores electoral politics, prophetic practices, political strategies, civil society, and changing Pentecostal engagement since Nigerian independence.

83. [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/682717 | Gwyneth McClendon and Rachel Beatty Riedl | Journal of Politics | 2015]
 Religion as a Stimulant of Political Participation — Experimental study finding that Pentecostal/charismatic-style religious messages could increase willingness to participate in a political campaign in Nairobi.

84. [https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1011-76012015000100007&script=sci_arttext | Maria Frahm-Arp | Journal for the Study of Religion | 2015]
 The Political Rhetoric in Sermons and Social Media in Three Pentecostal Charismatic Evangelical Churches — Examines how churches framed Christian civic responsibilities during South Africa's 2014 election.

85. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/abs/pentecostalism-as-an-informal-political-institution-experimental-evidence-from-ghana/CB6D7788280B348A7F5CC6CFFA6479EF | John F. McCauley | Politics and Religion | 2014]
 Pentecostalism as an Informal Political Institution — Experimental research examining religious leadership, political patronage, ethnicity, authority, and Pentecostal social networks in Ghana.

86. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/power-of-money-politics-occult-forces-and-pentecostalism-in-ghana/569941F780F6F6752E4A2A3174AADBD5 | Birgit Meyer | African Studies Review | 2014]
 The Power of Money: Politics, Occult Forces, and Pentecostalism in Ghana — Examines how Pentecostal concepts of divine and demonic power shape interpretations of political authority and national morality.

87. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/catch-the-cockerel-before-dawn-pentecostalism-and-politics-in-postcolonial-zimbabwe/2147B3E57EF30154FD90FBB6F0384318 | David Maxwell | Africa | 2011]
 Catch the Cockerel Before Dawn: Pentecostalism and Politics in Post-Colonial Zimbabwe — Historical analysis of ZAOGA, nationalism, state relations, and shifting Pentecostal political engagement.


=== African Pentecostal Power, Leadership, and the State ===

88. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/performing-power-in-nigeria/performing-power-in-nigeria/8908AF73A4953BA02E8CBF715786CC11 | Abimbola A. Adelakun | Cambridge University Press | 2023]
 Performing Power in Nigeria — Investigates Pentecostal performances of power, religious authority, political identity, transnational Christianity, and public culture.

89. [https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1017-04992020000300010&script=sci_arttext | Research article | Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae | 2020]
 Nigerian Pentecostalism, Alternative State, and the Question of Accountability — Explores Pentecostal churches as “alternative states,” Pentecostal nationalism, political theology, and accountability.

90. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_9 | Damaris Seleina Parsitau | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Soft Tongue, Powerful Voice, Huge Influence — Studies gender, religious soft power, and political influence through Faith Evangelistic Ministries in Kenya.

91. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_12 | Adeshina Afolayan | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Pentecostalism, Political Philosophy, and the Political in Africa — Considers Pentecostalism as a political philosophy and explores how spiritual concepts can shape political identity and authority.

92. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_13 | Femi James Kolapo | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Political Ramifications of Some Shifts in Nigeria's Pentecostal Movement — Examines changes within Nigerian Pentecostalism and their consequences for public and political engagement.

93. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_14 | Samuel Zalanga | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Pentecostalism as an Alternative Social Order in Africa — Analyzes churches as communities capable of producing institutional structures and moral orders parallel to those of the state.

94. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_15 | Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso and Rachael O. Iyanda | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Pentecostals, Conflict, and Peace in Africa — Examines Pentecostal roles in social conflict, reconciliation, public morality, and peacebuilding.

95. [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2_16 | Afolarin Olutunde Ojewole and Efe Monday Ehioghae | Palgrave Macmillan | 2018]
 Leadership and Power in the Pentecostal Movement — Case studies of charismatic leadership, personal authority, political influence, and institutional power.

96. [https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/pentecostal-republic-9781786992376/ | Ebenezer Obadare | Zed Books/Bloomsbury | 2018]
 Pentecostal Republic: Religion and the Struggle for State Power in Nigeria — Major study of Pentecostalization, state power, democracy, political elites, and religious authority in Nigeria.


=== Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and East Africa ===

97. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17531055.2026.2682036 | Jörg Haustein et al. | Journal of Eastern African Studies | 2026]
 Introduction: Religion and Politics in Post-EPRDF Ethiopia — Places Pentecostal political influence under Abiy Ahmed within Ethiopia's broader Orthodox, Muslim, Protestant, ethnic, and political landscape.

98. [https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/389343/ | Jörg Haustein et al. | University of Glasgow | 2026]
 Religion and Politics in Post-EPRDF Ethiopia — Open research version examining Pentecostalization, secularism, national identity, and political mobilization.

99. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/resurrecting-the-african-independent-pentecostal-church-land-education-and-the-politics-of-reconciliation-during-kenyas-decolonisation-195269/5180E5AC17068A07F5DE90943B67AC47 | Niels Boender | Journal of African History | 2025]
 Resurrecting the African Independent Pentecostal Church — Historical study of Pentecostal institutions, land, education, reconciliation, nationalism, and state-building in Kenya.

100. [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-modern-african-studies/article/religion-of-ethiopias-prime-minister-abiy-ahmed-pentecostalism-prosperity-gospel-and-the-power-of-positive-thinking/1322E53A9166F38935EC16069C50F2EB | Terje Østebø | Journal of Modern African Studies | 2025]
 The Religion of Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed — Detailed study of Abiy Ahmed's Pentecostal background, prosperity ideas, religious rhetoric, secular government, and national politics.

101. [https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S2305-08532024000100009&script=sci_arttext | Titus M. Ingaboh | In die Skriflig | 2024]
 Pentecostal Church and Politics: Interdependent Instruments of God's Mission in Africa — Uses Kenya and other African cases to analyze Pentecostal involvement in electoral politics and public authority.

102. [https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/politics-of-spiritual-warfare-the-making-of-a-pentecostal-big-man/ | Päivi Hasu | Journal Research | 2022]
 Politics of Spiritual Warfare: The Making of a Pentecostal Big Man in Tanzania — Examines a Pentecostal pastor's movement into electoral politics and his use of spiritual warfare and conspiratorial narratives.

103. [https://tuhat.helsinki.fi/ws/portalfiles/portal/235278954/Pa_ivi_Hasu_hyva_ksytty_ka_sikirjoitus.pdf | Päivi Hasu | Peer-reviewed manuscript | 2022]
 Politics of Spiritual Warfare — Full research manuscript exploring religious mediation, clientelism, Christian electoral constituencies, and spiritualized political authority in Tanzania.

104. [https://religioninpublic.leeds.ac.uk/2018/04/03/contemporary-pentecostalism-in-kenya-of-prophets-holiness-and-politics/ | Kwame Ahaligah | University of Leeds | 2018]
 Contemporary Pentecostalism in Kenya: Of Prophets, Holiness and Politics — Discusses electoral politics, prophetic declarations, spiritual warfare, and emerging Pentecostal political theology in Kenya.

105. [https://journal.equinoxpub.com/PENT/article/view/14127 | Jörg Haustein | PentecoStudies | 2013]
 The New Prime Minister's Faith: A Look at Oneness Pentecostalism in Ethiopia — Examines Hailemariam Desalegn, Ethiopia's first Pentecostal prime minister, and the political significance of Pentecostal religious diversification.


=== Southern Africa and Zimbabwe ===

106. [https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/17/1/112 | Abraham Modisa Mkhondo Mzondi | Religions | 2026]
 An Ubuntu Pentecostal Perspective of Pan-Africanism and African Identity — Explores Pentecostal political engagement, governance, African identity, and alternatives to exclusionary nationalism.

107. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2024.2395935 | Kuziwakwashe Zigomo | Ethnic and Racial Studies | 2024]
 The Influence of Transnational Pentecostal Religious Beliefs on Women's Political Participation in Zimbabwe — Examines how Pentecostal beliefs influence women's participation in party politics.

108. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-49159-7 | Mookgo Solomon Kgatle | Palgrave Macmillan | 2023]
 Prophecy and Politics in South African Pentecostalism — Book-length study of prophecy, political authority, politicians in Pentecostal churches, and Pentecostal political theology.

109. [https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0259-94222021000400020&script=sci_arttext | Phillip Musoni | HTS Theological Studies | 2021]
 Spiritualised Political Theology in a Polarised Political Environment — Studies ZAOGA's relationship with Zimbabwean party politics and the limits of Pentecostal opposition to government.

110. [https://pure.royalholloway.ac.uk/en/publications/pentecostalism-politics-and-leadership-in-zimbabwe/ | Kuziwakwashe Zigomo | Royal Holloway University of London | 2021]
 Pentecostalism, Politics, and Leadership in Zimbabwe — Doctoral research comparing charismatic church leadership, political leadership, patronage, and “Big Man” authority.

111. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15570274.2020.1753992 | Jakub Urbaniak and Tshinyalani Khorommbi | Review of Faith & International Affairs | 2020]
 South Africa's Jacob Zuma and the Deployment of Christianity in the Public Sphere — Examines “Pentecostalized” political culture and religious-populist politics under Jacob Zuma.

112. [https://staging.core.mdpi.com/2077-1444/9/10/298 | Maria Frahm-Arp | Religions | 2018]
 Pentecostalism, Politics, and Prosperity in South Africa — Links different forms of prosperity theology to differing levels and kinds of political engagement.

113. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2006/10/05/historical-overview-of-pentecostalism-in-south-africa/ | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | 2006]
 Historical Overview of Pentecostalism in South Africa — Useful historical timeline covering apartheid, Pentecostal political involvement, racial divisions, and democratization.


=== Brazil and Latin American Pentecostal Politics ===

114. [https://periodicos.ufjf.br/index.php/numen/article/view/51506 | Bezaliel Alves Oliveira Junior and Wheriston Silva Neris | Numen | 2026]
 Do Believers Not Get Involved in Politics? — Historical analysis of Brazilian Pentecostal transition from political distance to organized participation and the Evangelical Caucus.

115. [https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0760/15/7/455 | Research article | Social Sciences | 2026]
 From Opportunity to Alignment: Bolsonaro, Evangelicals, and Brazil's Changing Political Landscape — Examines the development and persistence of Bolsonaro's evangelical political coalition.

116. [https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/rever/article/view/65301 | Joanildo Burity | REVER | 2024]
 Minoritização, Religião Pública e Populismo Religioso no Brasil — Traces evangelical-Pentecostal political emergence from the 1980s through the 2022 election and changing concepts of national identity.

117. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0094582X221147593 | Andre Pagliarini | Latin American Perspectives | 2023]
 Tongues of Fire: Silas Malafaia and the Historical Roots of Neo-Pentecostal Power in Bolsonaro's Brazil — Historical study of neo-Pentecostal political power and the rise of Bolsonaro.

118. [https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/revph/article/view/60518 | Paulo Gracino Junior and Mayra Goulart Silva | Projeto História | 2023]
 A Invenção do Mito — Studies evangelical support for Bolsonaro through populist theory, theological discourse, and political organization.

119. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/blar.13167 | David Simbsler | Bulletin of Latin American Research | 2022]
 Trusting the Lord, Conquering the Land — Ethnographic study of Pentecostal families in Brazil's Landless Workers Movement from the Rousseff period through Bolsonaro's election.

120. [https://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/RbhrAnpuh/article/view/51811 | Samuel Valerio | Revista Brasileira de História das Religiões | 2020]
 Pentecostalismo, Catolicismo e Bolsonarismo: Convergências — Examines shared political agendas among Pentecostal, evangelical, Catholic, and Bolsonaro-aligned political actors during Brazil's political realignment.

121. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X16639238 | Joanildo A. Burity | Latin American Perspectives | 2016]
 Minoritization and Pluralization: What Is the People That Pentecostal Politicization Is Building? — Explores Pentecostal political identity, minorities, national belonging, pluralism, and Brazilian public life.

122. [https://academic.oup.com/book/5480/chapter-abstract/148380103 | Paul Freston | Spirit and Power | 2013]
 Pentecostals and Politics in Latin America: Compromise or Prophetic Witness? — Comparative analysis of Pentecostal political engagement, democracy, corruption, reform, and civil society.

123. [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/csr/article/view/8669619 | Paul Freston | Ciencias Sociales y Religión | 2010]
 As Duas Transições Futuras: Católicos, Protestantes e Sociedade na América Latina — Examines Protestant growth, religious pluralism, political institutions, Catholicism, and Pentecostal transformation of Latin American public life.

124. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13617670903371530 | Calvin L. Smith | Journal of Beliefs & Values | 2009]
 Pentecostal Presence, Power and Politics in Latin America — Argues that Latin American Pentecostal political behavior varies significantly by country, social setting, denomination, and historical context.

125. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2006/10/05/historical-overview-of-pentecostalism-in-brazil/ | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | 2006]
 Historical Overview of Pentecostalism in Brazil — Chronology of Pentecostal growth from early political withdrawal through organized electoral mobilization and representation.

126. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2006/10/05/overview-pentecostalism-in-latin-america/ | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | 2006]
 Overview: Pentecostalism in Latin America — Reviews Pentecostal political parties, electoral representation, church-state relations, democratization, and diverse political orientations across the region.


=== Latin America: Guatemala, Colombia, Mexico, Costa Rica, Chile, and Argentina ===

127. [https://revistas.ucr.ac.cr/index.php/rfilosofia/article/view/1775 | Luis Diego Cascante | Revista de Filosofía de la Universidad de Costa Rica | 2026]
 Pentecostalism: The Relationship Between Interiority and Dominion — Analyzes Pentecostalism, political bodies, dominion, sexuality, and Costa Rican national politics.

128. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0094582X261465014 | Miguel Ángel Mansilla and Johanna Corrine Slootweg | Latin American Perspectives | 2026]
 Between Socialist Hope and Pentecostal Utopia — Historical study of Pentecostal pastor Genaro Ríos's attempt to enter Chilean presidential politics.

129. [https://teologiaumg.com/percepcion-de-las-iglesias-pentecostales-de-mision-y-nacionales-respecto-a-la-participacion-politica-partidista/ | José Vicente Chopén Juárez | Universidad Mariano Gálvez | 2025]
 Percepción de las Iglesias Pentecostales Respecto a la Participación Política Partidista — Research on Guatemalan Pentecostal attitudes toward party politics.

130. [https://revistas.ucsc.cl/index.php/analesdeteologia/article/view/2062 | Jhohan Centeno Collazos | Anales de Teología | 2023]
 The Crossroads of Political Participation in Colombian Pentecostalism — Examines dominion theology, charismatic political leadership, party politics, and the concept of the political “anointed one.”

131. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26956079 | Karina Bárcenas Barajas | Estudios Sociológicos | 2020]
 Elecciones Presidenciales 2018 en México: La Ciudadanía Religiosa Contra la “Ideología de Género” — Examines predominantly Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal political mobilization around gender and family issues.

132. [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34378/chapter-abstract/291557329 | Andrew Chesnut / Oxford contributors | Oxford Handbook of Latin American Christianity | 2020]
 Pentecostalism and Neo-Pentecostalism in Latin America: Two Case Studies — Compares Guatemala and Brazil and analyzes Pentecostal transformation amid war, democratization, prosperity theology, and political change.

133. [https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S0188-70172019000100035&script=sci_arttext | Carlos Garma | Alteridades | 2019]
 Religión y Política en las Elecciones del 2018 — Studies Mexican evangelical and Pentecostal attitudes toward politics and the evangelical-oriented Social Encounter Party.

134. [https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?pid=S2215-24662019000100175&script=sci_arttext | Miguel Ángel Mansilla and researchers | Revista de Estudios Sociales | 2019]
 La Participación Política de los Evangélicos en Chile (1999–2017) — Discusses Pentecostal repoliticization and the political use of the “Chile for Christ” idea.

135. [https://www.christianitytoday.com/2018/04/fabricio-alvarado-loses-costa-rica-president-evangelicals/ | Christianity Today | Christianity Today | 2018]
 Conservative Christian Singer Loses Costa Rica Presidential Race — Reports on Pentecostal candidate Fabricio Alvarado and support from NAR-connected minister Rony Chaves.

136. [https://vlex.com.co/vid/pentecostalismo-politica-electoral-colombia-728958685 | William Mauricio Beltrán and Jesús David Quiroga | Colombia Internacional | 2017]
 Pentecostalismo y Política Electoral en Colombia (1991–2014) — Reviews Pentecostal political parties, electoral movements, leaders, and political strategies after Colombia's 1991 Constitution.

137. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278023850_God%27s_Politicians_Pentecostals_Media_and_Politics_in_Guatemala_and_Brazil | Dennis Smith and Leonildo Silveira Campos | Global and Local Televangelism | 2012/2015]
 God's Politicians: Pentecostals, Media and Politics in Guatemala and Brazil — Compares televangelism, religious media, politicians, Pentecostal political representation, and electoral power.

138. [https://revistas.udistrital.edu.co/index.php/cpaz/article/view/7349 | William Mauricio Beltrán Cely | Ciudad Paz-ando | 2010/2014]
 Sociogénesis de la Participación Pentecostal en el Campo Político Electoral Colombiano — Historical analysis of Colombian Pentecostal entry into electoral politics.

139. [https://academic.oup.com/book/10961/chapter-abstract/159252258 | Daniel H. Levine | Oxford University Press | 2008]
 Evangelicals and Democracy—the Experience of Latin America in Context — Assesses evangelical political parties, civil society, political participation, and democratic development.

140. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2006/10/05/historical-overview-of-pentecostalism-in-guatemala/ | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | 2006]
 Historical Overview of Pentecostalism in Guatemala — Reviews Pentecostal growth, Efraín Ríos Montt, Jorge Serrano Elías, military rule, elections, and evangelical political participation.

141. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2006/04/24/moved-by-the-spirit-pentecostal-power-and-politics-after-100-years2/ | Anthea Butler, Paul Freston, Donald Miller et al. | Pew Research Center | 2006]
 Moved by the Spirit: Pentecostal Power & Politics After 100 Years — Wide-ranging discussion of Pentecostal political engagement, democracy, Christian-nation ideas, charismatic leadership, and global politics.

142. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2006/10/05/spirit-and-power/ | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | 2006]
 Spirit and Power: A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals — Major survey of Pentecostal and charismatic attitudes toward religion in politics, church-state separation, Christian nations, political leaders, and social issues.

143. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1351034042000234512 | Paul Freston | Democratization | 2004]
 Evangelical Protestantism and Democratization in Contemporary Latin America and Asia — Compares largely Pentecostalized evangelical movements across Brazil, Guatemala, Peru, Nicaragua, Asia, and differing democratic settings.

144. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40420556 | Jean-Pierre Bastian | Estudios Sociológicos | 1999]
 Los Nuevos Partidos Políticos Confesionales Evangélicos y su Relación con el Estado en América Latina — Studies Pentecostal and evangelical political parties, corporatism, religious voting blocs, and church-state competition.

145. [https://scholarship.miami.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/The-sword-of-the-spirit-Pentecostals/991031447819502976 | Thomas Joseph Metallo | University of Miami | 1998]
 The Sword of the Spirit: Pentecostals and Political Power in Guatemala — Historical study of the movement from political marginality toward significant participation in Guatemalan government.


=== Global and Comparative Perspectives ===

146. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nana.12731 | Priscila Santos da Costa | Nations and Nationalism | 2021]
 Postcolonial Nationalism and Neo-Pentecostalism: A Case From Papua New Guinea — Analyzes a nationalist ideology shaped by neo-Pentecostal biblical interpretation, demonology, iconoclasm, and nation-building.

147. [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2024/03/15/christianitys-place-in-politics-and-christian-nationalism/ | Chip Rotolo, Gregory A. Smith and Jonathan Evans | Pew Research Center | 2024]
 Christianity's Place in Politics and Christian Nationalism — National U.S. survey providing broader context on church-state separation, biblical influence on law, Christian identity, and government promotion of Christianity.

148. [https://academic.oup.com/book/711/chapter-abstract/135382412 | William K. Kay | Oxford University Press | 2011]
 Race, Ecumenism, and Politics — Overview of political involvement, race, broadcasting, and social engagement within the history of Pentecostalism.