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'Housing''', or more generally '''living spaces''',<ref>Ranasinghe ,WC and Hemakumara, GPTS(2018), Spatial modelling of the householders' perception and assessment of the potentiality to improve the urban green coverage in residential areas: A case study from Issadeen Town Matara, Sri Lanka, Ruhuna Journal of Science,Vol 9(1); http://rjs.ruh.ac.lk/index.php/rjs/article/view/174</ref> refers to the [[construction]] and [[housing authority|assigned usage]] of [[house]]s or [[building]]s collectively, for the purpose of [[Shelter (building)|shelter]]ing people —the planning or provision delivered by an [[authority]], with related meanings.<ref>{{Cite OED|housing|id=88956}}</ref> The [[social issue]] is of ensuring that members of society have a [[home]] in which to live, whether this is a [[house]], or some other kind of [[dwelling]], [[lodging]], or [[shelter (building)|shelter]].<ref>Gwendolyn Wright, ''Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America'' (MIT press, 1983)</ref> Many governments have one or more [[housing authority|housing authorities]], sometimes also called a housing ministry, or housing department.

== Macroeconomy and housing ==
Previous research shows that housing price is affected by the [[macroeconomy]]. Financial crises, for example, usually reduce the price of housing.{{fact|date=November 2017}}

== {{anchor|Informal housing}}Informal housing ==
[[File:Soweto township.jpg|thumb|left|Informal housing settlement in [[Soweto]], [[South Africa]]]]

The term informal housing can include any form of shelter or settlement (or lack thereof) which is illegal, falls outside of government control or regulation, or is not afforded protection by the state.<ref name=":0" /> As such, the informal housing industry is part of the [[informal sector]].<ref name="rru.worldbank.org">{{cite web|title=The Informal Economy: Fact Finding Study|url=http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/Sida.pdf|publisher=Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation|accessdate=20 November 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027063706/http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/Sida.pdf|archivedate=27 October 2011|df=}}</ref> To have informal housing status is to exist in ‘a state of deregulation, one where the ownership, use, and purpose of land cannot be fixed and mapped according to any prescribed set of regulations or the law.’<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last=Roy|first=Ananya|title=Why India Cannot Plan Its Cities|journal=Planning Theory|year=2009|volume=8|issue=1|pages=80}}</ref> While there is no global unified law of property ownership<ref>{{cite book |last=Fernandes|first=Edesio|title=Illegal Cities: Law and Urban Change in Developing Countries|year=1998|publisher=Zed Books|location=London|pages=4|author2=Varley, Ann}}</ref> typically, the informal occupant or community will lack security of tenure and, with this, ready or reliable access to civic amenities (potable water, electricity and gas supply, sanitation and waste collection). Due to the informal nature of occupancy, the state will typically be unable to extract rent or land taxes.

The term informal housing is useful in capturing informal populations other than those living slum settlements or shanty towns, which are defined more narrowly by the [[UN Habitat]] as "contiguous settlement where the inhabitants are characterizes as having inadequate housing and basic services...often not recognised or addressed by the public authorities an integral or equal part of the city."<ref>{{cite book |title=Expert Group Meeting on Urban Indicators, Secure Tenure, Slums and Global Sample of Cities, Monday 28 to Wednesday 30 October 2002|year=2002|publisher=United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)|location=Nairobi, Kenya|url=http://www.unchs.org/programmes/housingrights/expert_group_meeting.asp|author=Cities Alliance: Cities without Slums}}</ref>

Common categories or terms for informal housing include [[slums]], slum settlements, [[shanty towns]], [[Squatting|squats]], [[homelessness]] and [[pavement dwellers]].

=== Informal housing in developing countries ===
Homelessness and insecurity of tenure are issues faced by populations around the world. However, there are particularly pernicious circumstances in developing countries that lead to a large proportion of the population resorting to informal housing. According to [[Saskia Sassen]], in the race to become a ‘[[global city]]’ with the requisite state-of-the-art economic and regulatory platforms for handling the operations of international firms and markets,’ radical physical interventions in the fabric of the city are often called for, displacing ‘modest, low-profit firms and households’.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sassen|first=Saskia|title="The Global City – Strategic Site/New Frontier" in Dharavi: Documenting Informalities|year=2009|publisher=Academic Foundation|location=Delhi|pages=20}}</ref>

If these households lack the economic resilience to repurchase in the same area or relocate to a place that offers similar economic opportunity, they are prime candidates for informal housing. For example, in [[Mumbai]], [[India]], this fast-paced economic growth, coupled with inadequate infrastructure, endemic corruption and the legacy of the restrictive tenancy laws<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-tenant laws in India often inhibit rental market |url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Asia/India/Landlord-and-Tenant |accessdate=15 March 2012|newspaper=Global Property Law Guide|date=20 June 2006}}</ref> have left the city unable to house the estimated 54% who now live informally.<ref>{{cite book |last=National Building Organisation|title=Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium |year=2011|publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (Government of India)}}</ref>

Many cities in the developing world are experiencing a rapid increase in informal housing, driven by mass migration to cities in search of employment or fleeing from war or environmental disaster. According to [[Robert Neuwirth]], there are over 1 billion (one in seven) squatters worldwide. If current trends continue, this will increase to 2 billion by 2030 (one in four), and 3 billion by 2050 (one in three).<ref>{{cite web |last=Neuwirth|first=Robert|title=Our Shadow Cities |url=http://www.ted.com/talks/robert_neuwirth_on_our_shadow_cities.html|publisher=TEDTalks|accessdate=30 November 2012}}</ref> Informal housing, and the often informal livelihoods that accompany them, are set to be defining features of the cities of the future.<ref>Laquian, Aprodicio A. ''Basic housing: policies for urban sites, services, and shelter in developing countries'' (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 1983).</ref>

Government-Housing Foundational - Revision history

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