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[[Category:Political Ideologies]]
[[Category:International Relations]]
[[Category:War and Peace]]
[[Category:Political Philosophy]]
[[Category:Conflict Studies]]

__NOTOC__

== How Ideologies Understand War and Peace ==

This collection examines how different political, religious, and philosophical traditions explain the causes of war, define peace, and propose methods for preventing or resolving conflict. Rather than presenting a single theory, it brings together competing perspectives that attribute conflict to power politics, economic systems, nationalism, ideology, religion, colonialism, inequality, state authority, or human nature. It also explores the many meanings of peace—from the simple absence of war to broader ideas of justice, reconciliation, human security, and social transformation.

=== General Theories of War and Peace ===

The collection begins with broad examinations of war and peace as political and philosophical concepts. It compares competing definitions of peace, including negative peace (the absence of violence) and positive peace (the presence of justice and stable social relationships). It also surveys regional conflict, international security, territorial disputes, and the relationship between domestic politics and international order.

=== Realism, Power Politics, and Security ===

Realist approaches argue that conflict is an enduring feature of international politics because states compete for power, security, and survival in an anarchic international system. Topics include the balance of power, security dilemmas, deterrence, national interest, great-power rivalry, and skepticism toward the ability of international institutions to permanently eliminate war.

=== Liberalism, Democracy, and International Institutions ===

Liberal perspectives emphasize democracy, international law, economic interdependence, diplomacy, and international organizations as mechanisms that reduce the likelihood of war. The collection includes democratic peace theory, contractual approaches to peace, liberal international relations theory, and debates over the strengths and limitations of international cooperation.

=== Pacifism and Nonviolent Traditions ===

These sources explore moral, religious, and strategic arguments against war. They examine pacifism, civil resistance, nonviolent political action, and traditions associated with Gene Sharp, Martin Luther King Jr., Erica Chenoweth, anarcho-pacifism, and religious nonviolence.

=== Marxism, Socialism, and Revolutionary War ===

Marxist and socialist perspectives interpret war primarily through capitalism, imperialism, class conflict, and economic competition. The collection includes revolutionary theory, critiques of militarism, analyses of the military-industrial complex, and debates over anti-imperialism, internationalism, and socialist approaches to armed struggle.

=== Anarchism and Anti-Militarism ===

Anarchist writings challenge the state itself as a primary source of organized violence. Themes include mutual aid, voluntary cooperation, anti-militarism, critiques of nationalism and patriotism, debates over revolutionary violence, and proposals for decentralized forms of peaceful social organization.

=== Feminist Understandings of War and Peace ===

Feminist scholarship examines how gender influences warfare, security policy, peacebuilding, and international politics. Topics include women's participation in peace processes, gender-based violence, feminist foreign policy, the Women, Peace, and Security agenda, and critiques of traditional military-centered definitions of security.

=== Nationalism, Fascism, and Militarism ===

These sources investigate how nationalism, fascism, authoritarianism, and militarism have shaped both interstate conflict and domestic repression. They examine national identity, fascist ideology, totalitarianism, political violence, expansionism, and the cultural glorification of war.

=== Religious Approaches to War and Peace ===

Religious traditions offer diverse perspectives on warfare and peace. The collection covers Christian pacifism, just war theory, Islamic ethics of war, Buddhist approaches to violence, Catholic teaching, Quaker peace testimony, and religious efforts toward reconciliation and peacemaking.

=== Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and Liberation ===

Postcolonial perspectives analyze how empire, colonial domination, racial hierarchy, and anti-colonial struggles have shaped both war and peace. The collection includes debates over decolonization, revolutionary violence, nonviolent resistance, humanitarian intervention, and the legacy of colonial institutions.

=== Peacebuilding, Human Security, and Global Justice ===

These articles focus on contemporary approaches to preventing conflict and rebuilding societies after war. Topics include peacebuilding, reconciliation, conflict transformation, human security, international development, global justice, and the responsibilities of international organizations.

=== Democratic Socialism and Anti-War Politics ===

Democratic socialist perspectives emphasize diplomacy, social welfare, international cooperation, and opposition to militarism and imperialism. The sources also examine debates within the political left regarding humanitarian intervention, national defense, and foreign policy.

=== Libertarianism, State Power, and War ===

Libertarian writings argue that war expands government power, weakens civil liberties, and increases coercion. Themes include anti-conscription, constitutional limits, free markets as alternatives to conflict, and critiques of centralized state authority.

=== National Liberation and Revolutionary Struggle ===

The collection explores revolutionary warfare, guerrilla strategy, anti-colonial liberation movements, and debates over armed resistance. It includes writings by Mao Zedong, Che Guevara, Amílcar Cabral, and studies of Algeria and other liberation struggles.

=== Indigenous Traditions, Land, and Peace ===

Indigenous perspectives emphasize land, community, restoration, and collective responsibility. The articles examine Indigenous governance, peace traditions, environmental stewardship, resistance to colonialism, and alternative understandings of sovereignty and reconciliation.

=== Religious Nationalism and Sacred Conflict ===

These sources analyze the interaction between religion and political identity, including religious nationalism, fundamentalism, interfaith dialogue, peacebuilding, and the ways religious beliefs can both intensify conflict and promote reconciliation.

=== International Law and Competing Rules of War ===

This section examines the legal regulation of armed conflict through the United Nations Charter, Geneva Conventions, International Criminal Court, humanitarian law, state responsibility, self-defense, aggression, and the evolving legal standards governing warfare.

=== Democratic Peace and Its Critics ===

The final section explores continuing debates over whether democratic governments are inherently more peaceful than authoritarian regimes. It reviews both supporting evidence and major criticisms, highlighting ongoing disagreements over democracy, institutions, power politics, and international conflict.

=== Conclusion ===

Taken together, these articles demonstrate that ideas about war and peace differ dramatically across ideological traditions. Some emphasize power and security, others justice and human rights, while still others focus on class, religion, gender, colonialism, or state authority. Collectively, they illustrate that theories of war and peace are inseparable from broader beliefs about human nature, political legitimacy, economic organization, and the proper structure of society.

__TOC__

=== General Theories of War and Peace ===
=== The Ideological Security Dilemma in International Relations ===
=== Making Peace Within Hierarchy ===
=== Peace: A Conceptual Survey ===
=== War ===
=== Regions of War and Peace in Foreign Policy ===
=== Approaches to Explaining Regional Conflict and Peace ===
=== The Territorial Peace: A Research Program ===
=== International Relations and Comparative Politics ===
=== Violence, Wars, Peace, Security ===
=== Global Conflict Tracker ===
=== Realism, Power Politics, and Security ===
=== Realism, Ideology, and Exile ===
=== Political Realism in International Relations ===
=== The Balance of Power ===
=== The Tragedy of Great Power Politics ===
=== The False Promise of International Institutions ===
=== The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict ===
=== Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma ===
=== The Anarchical Society ===
=== Politics Among Nations ===
=== The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1919–1939 ===
=== Liberalism, Democracy, and International Institutions ===
=== Progress in the Democratic Peace Research Agenda ===
=== How the Contractualist Peace Overtook the Democratic Peace ===
=== Is Democracy a Cause of Peace? ===
=== Liberal International Relations Theory and War ===
=== Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics ===
=== The Kantian Peace ===
=== International Institutions: Can Interdependence Work? ===
=== Democracy and Disputes: The Search for a Liberal Peace ===
=== The Emerging Structure of International Politics ===
=== Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch ===
=== Pacifism and Nonviolent Traditions ===
=== The Challenges of Pacifism and Nonviolence in the Twenty-First Century ===
=== An Anarcho-Pacifist Reading of International Relations ===
=== Pacifism ===
=== The Success of Nonviolent Civil Resistance ===
=== Pacifism, Nonviolence, and the Reinvention of Anarchist Tactics ===
=== Why Civil Resistance Works ===
=== From Dictatorship to Democracy ===
=== Nonviolence as a Political Strategy ===
=== The Power of Nonviolence ===
=== War Is a Racket ===
=== Marxism, Socialism, and Revolutionary War ===
=== Marxism and War ===
=== Socialism and War ===
=== War and the International ===
=== The Permanent War Economy ===
=== Marxism and International Relations ===
=== The Political Economy of War ===
=== The Military-Industrial Complex ===
=== The Accumulation of Capital ===
=== Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism ===
=== The Civil War in France ===
=== Anarchism and Anti-Militarism ===
=== Pacifism, Anarchism and the Critique of State Violence ===
=== Anarchism and International Relations ===
=== Anarchism and Violence ===
=== Anarchism and War ===
=== The Anarchist Response to War and Militarism ===
=== Anarchism and Other Essays ===
=== Patriotism: A Menace to Liberty ===
=== The State: Its Historic Role ===
=== Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution ===
=== The Kingdom of God Is Within You ===
=== Feminist Understandings of War and Peace ===
=== Women’s Participation in Peace Processes ===
=== Gender, Peace and Security ===
=== Reclaiming the Women, Peace and Security Agenda ===
=== Feminist Perspectives on Peace and War ===
=== Gender and Conflict ===
=== Women, Peace and Security ===
=== The Gendered Continuum of Violence ===
=== What Is Feminist Foreign Policy? ===
=== Gender and International Security ===
=== Gender Makes the World Go Round ===
=== Nationalism, Fascism, and Militarism ===
=== Fascism ===
=== Militarism ===
=== Nationalism ===
=== The Anatomy of Fascism ===
=== The Origins of Totalitarianism ===
=== The Mass Psychology of Fascism ===
=== The Doctrine of Fascism ===
=== The Futurist Manifesto ===
=== What Is a Nation? ===
=== The Nation as an Imagined Community ===
=== Religious Approaches to War and Peace ===
=== Religion, War, and Peace ===
=== Christian Pacifism ===
=== Just War Theory ===
=== Islamic Ethics of War and Peace ===
=== Buddhism and Violence ===
=== The Churches and Nuclear Deterrence ===
=== Catholic Teaching on War and Peace ===
=== A Buddhist Approach to Peace ===
=== Peace and Nonviolence in the Qur’an ===
=== The Peace Testimony ===
=== Colonialism, Postcolonialism, and Liberation ===
=== Decolonizing Peace and Conflict Studies ===
=== The Coloniality of Peace ===
=== Postcolonial Security Studies ===
=== Can the Subaltern Speak? ===
=== The Wretched of the Earth ===
=== Concerning Violence ===
=== The Pitfalls of National Consciousness ===
=== Nonviolent Resistance and Colonial Rule ===
=== Discourse on Colonialism ===
=== Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule ===
=== Peacebuilding, Human Security, and Global Justice ===
=== The New Agenda for Peace ===
=== Human Security ===
=== Positive and Negative Peace ===
=== An Agenda for Peace ===
=== The Responsibility to Protect ===
=== Global Justice ===
=== Peacebuilding and Statebuilding ===
=== The Liberal Peace and Its Critics ===
=== Conflict Transformation ===
=== Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies ===
=== Democratic Socialism and Anti-War Politics ===
=== War and the Left ===
=== A Foreign Policy for the Left ===
=== Socialism and Internationalism ===
=== The Socialist Case Against War ===
=== Democratic Socialism and Foreign Policy ===
=== The Problem of Socialist Militarism ===
=== Peace, Bread, and Land ===
=== The Junius Pamphlet ===
=== The War and the International ===
=== The Zimmerwald Manifesto ===
=== Libertarianism, State Power, and War ===
=== War, Peace, and the State ===
=== Anatomy of the State ===
=== The Costs of War ===
=== The Warfare State ===
=== Crisis and Leviathan ===
=== The State ===
=== Peace and the Free Market ===
=== The Antiwar Liberal Tradition ===
=== Conscription ===
=== No Treason: The Constitution of No Authority ===
=== National Liberation and Revolutionary Struggle ===
=== On Guerrilla Warfare ===
=== Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War ===
=== On Protracted War ===
=== Guerrilla Warfare ===
=== Message to the Tricontinental ===
=== The Strategy for Revolution ===
=== National Liberation and Culture ===
=== The Weapon of Theory ===
=== The Battle of Algiers ===
=== The Algerian Revolution ===
=== Indigenous Traditions, Land, and Peace ===
=== Indigenous Peoples and the United Nations Peace and Security Agenda ===
=== Indigenous Approaches to Peacebuilding ===
=== The Great Law of Peace ===
=== The Indigenous World ===
=== Braiding Sweetgrass ===
=== An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States ===
=== Our History Is the Future ===
=== Red Skin, White Masks ===
=== Peace, Power, Righteousness ===
=== Dancing on Our Turtle’s Back ===
=== Religious Nationalism and Sacred Conflict ===
=== Religious Nationalism and the Problem of Collective Violence ===
=== The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State ===
=== Terror in the Mind of God ===
=== When Religion Becomes Evil ===
=== Strong Religion: The Rise of Fundamentalisms Around the World ===
=== Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective ===
=== The Ambivalence of the Sacred ===
=== Religion and Peacebuilding ===
=== What Works? Evaluating Interfaith Dialogue Programs ===
=== The Clash of Fundamentalisms ===
=== International Law and Competing Rules of War ===
=== The United Nations Charter ===
=== The Geneva Conventions of 1949 ===
=== Customary International Humanitarian Law ===
=== The Kellogg–Briand Pact ===
=== The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court ===
=== The Crime of Aggression ===
=== The Martens Clause ===
=== The Caroline Test ===
=== The Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons ===
=== The Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts ===
=== Democratic Peace and Its Critics ===
=== Grasping the Democratic Peace ===
=== Never at War ===
=== Electing to Fight ===
=== Dangerous Democratization ===
=== Democracy and War Participation ===
=== Triangulating Peace ===
=== Democracies at War ===
=== The Myth of Democratic Pacifism ===
=== Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs ===
=== The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory ===
=== Militarism, Masculinity, and Social Power ===
=== Pieces of the Same Puzzle: Men, Masculinities, and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda ===
=== A Voice at the Table ===
=== Power Over Presence ===
=== Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better ===
=== Towards an Abolitionist Feminist Peace ===
=== Does More Equality for Women Mean Less War? ===
=== Gender, War, and Militarism ===
=== Bananas, Beaches and Bases ===
=== Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives ===
=== Women and War ===
=== Technology, Cyber Conflict, and Artificial Intelligence ===
=== Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence ===
=== Autonomous Weapons Systems ===
=== Stopping Killer Robots ===
=== Cyber Operations and International Humanitarian Law ===
=== The Tallinn Manual 2.0 ===
=== Technology and International Relations ===
=== The Diffusion of Military Power ===
=== The Cybersecurity Dilemma ===
=== Army of None ===
=== The Logic of Violence in the Age of Technology ===
=== Peace Movements, Conscientious Objection, and Disarmament ===
=== International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons ===
=== War Resisters’ International ===
=== Conscientious Objection to Military Service ===
=== A Force More Powerful ===
=== The Politics of Nonviolent Action ===
=== Nonviolent Action: What Christian Ethics Demands but Most Christians Have Never Really Tried ===
=== The Politics of Jesus ===
=== Peace Pilgrim: Her Life and Work in Her Own Words ===
=== The Greenham Common Women’s Peace Camp ===
=== The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom ===

How Ideologies Understand War and Peace - Revision history