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[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618221005681 by Eiko Endo ,  Christian Leipe 20/6/22 ScienceDirect]
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618221005681 by Eiko Endo ,  Christian Leipe 20/6/22 ScienceDirect]
  This paper summarises the results of 225 studies of seed impressions in pottery assemblages from 182 archaeological sites across Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu islands covering the Late/Final Jomon–Middle Yayoi period (ca. 2000–1 BCE). Focussing on rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet impressions, this archaeobotanical dataset was used to reconstruct when and where these crops arrived from the Eurasian mainland on these islands, how they dispersed and whether there were changes in crop preferences over time.
  This paper summarises the results of 225 studies of seed impressions in pottery assemblages from 182 archaeological sites across Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu islands covering the Late/Final Jomon–Middle Yayoi period (ca. 2000–1 BCE). Focussing on rice, foxtail millet and broomcorn millet impressions, this archaeobotanical dataset was used to reconstruct when and where these crops arrived from the Eurasian mainland on these islands, how they dispersed and whether there were changes in crop preferences over time.
=====Early agriculture and palaeoenvironmental history in the North of the Iberian Peninsula: a multi-proxy analysis of the Monte Areo mire (Asturias, Spain)
Author links open overlay panel=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440310001032 by Lourdes López-Merino 8/10 ScienceDirect]
A multi-proxy study (pollen and NPPs, geochemical composition and radiocarbon dating), combined with principal components analysis, was applied to a core sampled in the Monte Areo mire (Asturias, N Spain), which covers the last 11,600 years cal BP. Both signals of Holocene climate change and transformations by human activities were recorded.
=====Climate-driven early agricultural origins and development in the Nile Delta, Egypt
Author links open overlay panel=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440321001680 by Xiaoshuang Zhao 12/21 ScienceDirect]
Long-standing arguments regarding the early cultural transition, the domestication of plants and the impacts of climate change on past Egyptian societies remain contentious. In this paper, we demonstrate that grazing started at our study site, Kom El-Khilgan in the NE Nile Delta, ca. 7000 years ago, which was several hundred years prior to crop farming.
=====Where Did Agriculture Begin? Oh Boy, It's Complicated=====
[https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/07/15/485722228/where-did-agriculture-begin-oh-boy-its-complicated by Rhitu Chatterjee 15/7/16 npr]
First, they grew wild varieties of crops like peas, lentils and barley and herded wild animals like goats and wild oxen. Centuries later, they switched to farming full time, breeding both animals and plants, creating new varieties and breeds. Eventually, they migrated outward, spreading farming to parts of Europe and Asia.
=====20 - Early agriculture in the Americas=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history/early-agriculture-in-the-americas/805F8932E0809046D9721932A893804A by Deborah M. Pearsall 5/5/15 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS]
Seasonal environments, especially forests and forest fringes, were key habitats for domestication in the Americas. Based on available data, plant domestication in the Americas was characterized by multiple, independent domestications of species in useful genera in North, Central, and South America. This chapter considers this pattern for pseudocereals, legumes, chiles, squashes, tobacco, cotton and a number of fruit trees. Plants needed for nutritionally balanced meals were domesticated multiple times in diverse settings.
=====Feeding the pyramid builders: Early agriculture at Giza in Egypt=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379123002202 by Hader Sheisha 15/7/23 ScienceDirect]
While the exact technical processes employed in the construction of the pyramids are still a subject of ongoing debate, it is widely recognized that the Giza Plateau served as a hub where various trades converged with the common objective of building the necropolis.
=====Early Agriculture=====
[https://www.iowapbs.org/iowapathways/mypath/2737/early-agriculture by LOWA PBS]
After the United States government allowed settlers into Iowa in 1833, stories about the new land spread rapidly. Thousands of farmers streamed westward.
=====10 - Early agriculture in South Asia=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history/early-agriculture-in-south-asia/4614A6BF7F642A488592CA802902F671 by Eleanor Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor Kingwell-Banham and Dorian Q. Fuller 5/5/15 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS]
This chapter summarizes the archaeological evidence for the Neolithic and early food production across South Asia, with a focus on four major macro-regions with distinct chronological sequences, crop ecologies and cultural traditions. The four macro-regions are given by the northwest, including the greater Indus valley, the Gangetic plains, eastern India and savanna India.
=====Domesticated animals and biodiversity: Early agriculture at the gates of Europe and long-term ecological consequences=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213305413000313 by Sarah B. McClure 12/13 ScienceDirect]
The human effects that dominate current ecological and climatic regimes have deep roots. The origins and spread of farming during the Holocene are increasingly viewed as a turning point for human–environmental interaction, health, nutrition, disease, and increasing social complexity.
=====Wild and domesticated forms of rice (Oryza sp.) in early agriculture at Qingpu, lower Yangtze, China: evidence from phytoliths=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440307000374 by Freea Itzstein-Davey 12/07 ScienceDirect]
Rice cultivation in parts of the Yangtze valley, eastern China, is thought to date to at least the early Holocene. Using phytolith analysis, sediments from an exposed profile at Qingpu in the lower Yangtze were examined in detail in order to contribute to the growing body of information relating to the history of rice agriculture in the Yangtze delta area.
=====Tracing the Origin and Spread of Agriculture in Europe=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030410 by Ron Pinhasi  29/11/05 PLOS Biology]
The origins of early farming and its spread to Europe have been the subject of major interest for some time. The main controversy today is over the nature of the Neolithic transition in Europe: the extent to which the spread was, for the most part, indigenous and animated by imitation (cultural diffusion) or else was driven by an influx of dispersing populations (demic diffusion). We analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of the transition using radiocarbon dates from 735 early Neolithic sites in Europe, the Near East, and Anatolia.
=====Tracing the Origin and Spread of Agriculture in Europe=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1287502/ by Ron Pinhasi 1,✉, Joaquim Fort 2, Albert J Ammerman 3 2005 NIH]
The origins of early farming and its spread to Europe have been the subject of major interest for some time. The main controversy today is over the nature of the Neolithic transition in Europe: the extent to which the spread was, for the most part, indigenous and animated by imitation (cultural diffusion) or else was driven by an influx of dispersing populations (demic diffusion).
=====The Origin and Early Spread of Agriculture in the Old World=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780444427038500063 by D. ZOHARI 1986 ScienceDirect]
Definite signs of plant cultivation first appear in the Near East ‘arc’ at the second half of the 8th millennium B.C. and the 7th millennium B.C. The principal ‘founder crops’ discovered in the early Neolithic Near Eastern farming villages are: emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, lentil, pea, bitter vetch, chickpea and flax.
=====From foraging to farming: the 10,000-year revolution=====
[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/from-foraging-to-farming-the-10000-year-revolution by Kharaneh shells 22/3/12 UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE]
The moment when the hunter-gatherers laid down their spears and began farming around 11,000 years ago is often interpreted as one of the most rapid and significant transitions in human history – the ‘Neolithic Revolution’.
=====Megadrought and Collapse: From Early Agriculture to Angkor=====
[https://academic.oup.com/book/11105 by Harvey Weiss 19/10/17 OXFORD ACADEMIC]
This is the first book to treat the major examples of megadrought and societal collapse, from the late Pleistocene end of hunter–gatherer culture and origins of cultivation to the 15th century ad fall of the Khmer Empire capital at Angkor, and ranging from the Near East to South America.
=====Ancient agriculture in Southeast Arabia: A three thousand year record of runoff farming from central Oman (Rustaq)=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816221002654 by L. Purdue  9/21 ScienceDirect]
Runoff farming is a key hydro-agricultural strategy that has proven efficient in arid areas. Research in Arabia on the function, development, maintenance, durability and abandonment of this technology is scarce. A multiproxy investigation (cartography, sedimentology, pedology, geochemistry, paleo-ecology and chronology) was conducted on a recently abandoned terraced area in Rustaq, Northern Oman.
=====Investigating early agriculture, plant use and culinary practices at Neolithic Jarmo (Iraqi Kurdistan)=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352409X2300439X by Lara González Carretero  12/23 ScienceDirect]
For many archaeologists, the site of Jarmo in Iraqi Kurdistan is synonymous with the study of early agriculture and with multidisciplinary archaeology. This is due to previous excavations directed by Robert Braidwood (University Chicago) in 1948, 1950–51 and 1954–55 (Braidwood (1960); L. Braidwood et al 1983). Within the Braidwoods’ hypothesis, Jarmo became representative of the earliest agricultural villages associated with the “hilly flanks of the [Fertile] Crescent”, a phrase first used by Robert Braidwood (1948).
=====Early agriculture’s toll on human health=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1908960116 by George R. Milner 26/6/19 PNAS]
It is difficult to envision a world without agriculture. However, as recently as 10 millennia ago, only in the Near East had people turned from hunting and gathering to agriculture as a means of supporting themselves. One such place was Çatalhöyük in modern-day Turkey, the subject of Larsen et al.’s (1) work reported in PNAS (Fig. 1). Several more millennia would pass before a reliance on domesticated plants and animals became commonplace in both the Old and New Worlds.
=====Early agricultural pathways: moving outside the ‘core area’ hypothesis in Southwest Asia Free=====
[https://academic.oup.com/jxb/article/63/2/617/501600 by Dorian Q. Fuller, George Willcox, Robin G. Allaby 4/11/11 OXFORD ACADEMIC]
The origins of agriculture in the Near East has been associated with a ‘core area’, located in south-eastern Turkey, in which all major crops were brought into domestication within the same local domestication system operated by a single cultural group. Such an origin leads to a scenario of rapid invention of agriculture by a select cultural group and typically monophyletic origins for most crops.
=====Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica=====
[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.292.5520.1370 by Kevin O. Pope, Mary E. D. Pohl, John G. Jones, David L. Lentz, Christopher von Nagy, Francisco J. Vega, and Irvy R. Quitmyer 18/5/01 Science]
Archaeological research in the Gulf Coast of Tabasco reveals the earliest record of maize cultivation in Mexico. The first farmers settled along beach ridges and lagoons of the Grijalva River delta. Pollen from cultivated Zea appears with evidence of forest clearing about 5100 calendar years B.C. (yr B.C.) [620014C years before the present (yr B.P.)]. LargeZea sp. pollen, typical of domesticated maize (Zea mays), appears about 5000 calendar yr B.C. (6000 yr B.P.). AManihot sp. pollen grain dated to 4600 calendar yr B.C. (5800 yr B.P.) may be from domesticated manioc. About 2500 calendar yr B.C. (4000 yr B.P.), domesticated sunflower seeds and cotton pollen appear as farming expanded.
=====Maritime networks as a vector for early farming/language dispersals: A comparative review=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950236525000106 by Mark Hudson 6/25 ScienceDirect]
Maritime networks have been proposed as a mechanism for early agricultural and, by extension, language dispersals in several coastal and island regions. In Island Southeast Asia, such networks have sometimes been discussed as an alternative to the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. However, the relationships between Neolithic maritime networks and maritime economies are poorly known.
=====The History of Ancient Nubia=====
[https://isac.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/history-ancient-nubiaOLD by THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO]
Known for rich deposits of gold, Nubia was also the gateway through which luxury products like incense, ivory, and ebony traveled from their source in sub-Saharan Africa to the civilizations of Egypt and the Mediterranean.
=====Early Agricultural Communities=====
[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/early-agricultural-communities/ by NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC]
With the highly efficient, organized nature of modern farming, it can be difficult to envision a world where agriculture was an innovative new technology. Yet, 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, during the Neolithic Age, new agricultural communities in Mesopotamia (in southwest Asia), northern Africa, China, and South America began tending the roots of farming as we know it today.
=====Neolithic Revolution=====
[https://www.history.com/articles/neolithic-revolution by HISTORY 12/1/18]
The Neolithic Revolution, also called the Agricultural Revolution, marked the transition in human history from small, nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements and early civilization. The Neolithic Revolution started around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East where humans first took up farming.
=====Re-analysis of archaeobotanical remains from pre- and early agricultural sites provides no evidence for a narrowing of the wild plant food spectrum during the origins of agriculture in southwest Asia=====
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-018-0702-y by Michael Wallace 17/11/18 SPRING NATURE Link]
Archaeobotanical evidence from southwest Asia is often interpreted as showing that the spectrum of wild plant foods narrowed during the origins of agriculture, but it has long been acknowledged that the recognition of wild plants as foods is problematic. Here, we systematically combine compositional and contextual evidence to recognise the wild plants for which there is strong evidence of their deliberate collection as food at pre-agricultural and early agricultural sites across southwest Asia.
=====Genomic windows into ancient agriculture of the Americas=====
[https://communities.springernature.com/posts/genomic-windows-into-ancient-agriculture-of-the-americas by Ornob Alam 16/7/21 Research Communities]
Nestled into the canopied highlands of southwestern Honduras, the El Gigante rock shelter appears in landscape photos as an inky crevice overlooking a slope. Its deep, dry interior, a refuge to many a group of humans passing through over the last 11,000 years, came to preserve their tools, fabrics, and foods in accumulating layers of dirt.
=====Early Agriculture Has Kept Earth Warm for Millennia=====
[https://eos.org/research-spotlights/early-agriculture-has-kept-earth-warm-for-millennia by Sarah  Stanley 19/1/16 Eos]
Modern human activity is known to drive climate change, but global temperatures were already affected by farmers millennia before the Industrial Revolution. For years, scientists have been debating about the size of preindustrial warming effects caused by human activities. Now, according to Ruddiman et al., new evidence confirms that early agricultural greenhouse gas emissions had a large warming effect that slowed a natural cooling trend.
=====Early Agriculture and the Rise of Civilization=====
[https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/early-agriculture-and-rise-civilization by ENCYCLOpedia.com]
People began farming at different times in different parts of the world. Around 8500 b.c. hunter-gatherers in the area of southwest Asia known as the Fertile Crescent began to cultivate wild grains and domesticate animals. One thousand years later, people in northern and southern China were growing rice and millet and raising pigs.
=====Kuk Early Agricultural Site=====
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/887/ by unesco]
Kuk Early Agricultural Site consists of 116 ha of swamps in the western highlands of New Guinea 1,500 metres above sea-level. Archaeological excavation has revealed the landscape to be one of wetland reclamation worked almost continuously for 7,000, and possibly for 10,000 years. It contains well-preserved archaeological remains demonstrating the technological leap which transformed plant exploitation to agriculture around 6,500 years ago. It is an excellent example of transformation of agricultural practices over time, from cultivation mounds to draining the wetlands through the digging of ditches with wooden tools.
=====Early farming in east Africa=====
[https://the-past.com/news/early-farming-in-east-africa/ by World Archaeology 14/9/24 THE PAST]
As a crossroads for various population movements throughout history, many of which included the transmission of crops, the region encompassing Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda has long been believed to have played an important role in the development of early farming. However, almost no ancient plant remains have been found here to date, severely limiting studies of the area’s early agriculture.
=====16 - Early agriculture in Southeast Asia and the Pacific=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history/early-agriculture-in-southeast-asia-and-the-pacific/7459760B5CFBEACB5D9007F9D8F0462C by Huw Barton 5/5/15 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS]
Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and island Southeast Asia (ISEA) form a complex geographic and political region consisting of eleven countries spread from India to China and New Guinea. The best evidence currently of an early vegecultural agriculture lies in the intermontane valleys of New Guinea at the site of Kuk Swamp.
=====Ancient History of Agriculture=====
[https://www2.nau.edu/~gaud/bio301/content/aghst.htm]
Developed independently by geographically distant populations, systematic agriculture first appeared in Southwest Asia with the bulk of domesticated neolthic crops and livestock now being traced to Turkey via DNA studies. The first grains of domesticated Turkish emmer wheat are found at Abu Hurerya dated to 13,500 BP. The only exceptions to this are barley, domesticated in two sites; in Israel, and East of the Zagros mountains in Iran. The eight so-called founder crops of agriculture appear: first emmer and einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax. Bitter vetch and lentils along with almonds and pistachios appear in Franchthi Cave Greece simultaneously, about 9,000 BC. Neither are native to Greece, and they appear 2,000 years prior to domesticated wheat in the same location. This suggests that the cultivation of legumes and nuts preceded that of grain.
=====Millets and their role in early agriculture=====
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234128682_Millets_and_their_role_in_early_agriculture by S.A. Weber 1/08 ResearchGate]
While the importance of such large grained cereal crops as wheat, corn and rice to the beginnings of agriculture are well understood, a small group of small-seeded grasses known as millets are often marginalized or ignored. When millets are incorporated into early farming models they are generally seen as a minor grain crop playing a secondary role in the agricultural strategy.
=====First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago=====
[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm by American Friends of Tel Aviv University 22/7/15 ScienceDaily]
The study focuses on the discovery of the first weed species at the site of a sedentary human camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. It was published in PLOS ONE and led by Prof. Ehud Weiss of Bar-Ilan University in collaboration with Prof. Marcelo Sternberg of the Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants at TAU's Faculty of Life Sciences and Prof. Ofer Bar-Yosef of Harvard University, among other colleagues.
=====The ancient agricultural revolution: How early farming changed Europe’s landscape=====
[https://wilderness-society.org/the-ancient-agricultural-revolution-how-early-farming-changed-europes-landscape/ by EUROPEAN WILDERNESS SOCIETY]
=====Garden agriculture’ and the nature of early farming in Europe and the Near East=====
[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240500094572 by Amy Bogaard 18/2/07 Taylor & Francis]
This paper takes a comparative approach to early farming, arguing that bioarchaeological work on Neolithic Europe can inform understanding of earlier cultivation and herding in the Near East, where the ‘package’ of crops and livestock emerged in the PPNB period. Evidence for intensive cultivation (‘garden agriculture’) integrated with small-scale herding is outlined for south-east and central Europe before turning to crop and caprine husbandry practices during the PPNB.
=====History of Agriculture Equipment: Important Developments and Examples=====
[https://www.tstar.com/blog/history-of-agriculture-equipment-important-developments-and-examples by  Dave Biering 1794 TriStar]
The agriculture industry has a mission to keep the world fed. From hybridizing plants and animals to engineering new arable lands using irrigation (and even land reclaiming land from the sea), farmers have never stopped looking for new methods for increasing food production. More production means more nutrition and more food variety, all while keeping food prices as low as possible. For a concise overview of the agriculture industry, please see our blog here.
=====intro to archaeology unit 10 study guides=====
[https://fiveable.me/introduction-archaeology/unit-10 by fiveable]
The shift from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural and sedentary lifestyles marked a pivotal moment in human history. This transition, known as the Neolithic Revolution, occurred independently across the globe between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago, driven by climate change, population pressure, and technological innovations. Agriculture and sedentism led to surplus food production, enabling population growth and the rise of permanent settlements. This shift sparked profound social changes, including the emergence of specialized roles, social hierarchies, and complex political structures that laid the groundwork for early civilizations.
=====American Agriculture History Minute: Ethnicity in Early Agriculture=====
[https://agnetwest.com/american-agriculture-history-minute-ethnicity-early-agriculture/ by AgNET west RADIO NETWORK 1/11/24]
Ethnicity made a difference in early American agriculture. German immigrants brought different practices and traditions to the New World than English, Scottish, or Irish farmers, for example. Each simply carried forward practices from their homeland, but with a lot more land to work with and fertile soil.
=====Early Agriculture Nearly Tanked Ancient Europe’s Population=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/early-agriculture-nearly-tanked-ancient-europes-population-437796/ by Colin Schultz 2/10/13 Smithsonian magazine]
The rise of agriculture changed the world. And we don’t just mean the human world. At its onset, long before the Green Revolution paved the way for vastly improved yields, people were notoriously bad at using the land. To produce our food we used to cut down a staggering number of trees. Deforestation in the western world, driven by land clearing for farming, actually peaked hundreds or thousands of years ago. And, without things like fertilizer or irrigation, or the massive intertwined agricultural system we have today, local shocks—a fire, a drought, a flood—could cut vital food supplies for years.
=====The history of human-induced soil erosion: Geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation—A global synopsis=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X1300370X by Markus Dotterweich 1/11/13 ScienceDirect]
This paper presents a global synopsis about the geomorphic evidence of soil erosion in humid and semihumid areas since the beginning of agriculture. Historical documents, starting from ancient records to data from the mid-twentieth century and numerous literature reviews form an extensive assortment of examples that show how soil erosion has been perceived previously by scholars, land surveyors, farmers, land owners, researchers, and policy makers.
=====History of Agriculture: A Timeline=====
[https://www.crestcapital.com/tax/history_of_agriculture by Resource Light]
Agriculture, also known as farming, is the production of food, fiber, animal feed and other goods by harvesting plants and animals. Agriculture is now practiced throughout the world and is an essential part of human civilization and its history dates back thousands of years. Here's a timeline of the history of agriculture:
=====Period 1: Domestication, Early Farming, and Widespread Impacts (10,000 BP - 4,000 BP)=====
[https://courses.ems.psu.edu/geog3/node/1139 by InTeGrate]
We will start our historical summary of environment-food systems by describing domestication and early farming (10,000 BP – 4,000 BP). Widespread environmental and social impacts occurred during this period. New agricultural ecosystems were created and spread along with the use of domesticated plants and animals. These agroecosystems contained distinctive species and populations of plants and animals including domesticates, as well as characteristic insects, mammals, soil biota, and uncultivated plants (such as weeds).
=====Early Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/abs/early-agriculture-in-the-maya-lowlands/9D0A60F2A72D4AE6F4717269174458A0 by Mary D. Pohl 20/1/17 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS]
Wetland research in northern Belize provides the earliest evidence for development of agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Pollen data confirm the introduction of maize and manioc before 3000 B.C. Dramatic deforestation, beginning ca. 2500 B.C. and intensifying in wetland environments ca. 1500-1300 B.C., marks an expansion of agriculture, which occurred in the context of a mixed foraging economy.
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