History of Agriculture: Difference between revisions

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[https://isac.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/history-ancient-nubiaOLD by THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO]
[https://isac.uchicago.edu/museum-exhibits/history-ancient-nubiaOLD by THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO]
  Known for rich deposits of gold, Nubia was also the gateway through which luxury products like incense, ivory, and ebony traveled from their source in sub-Saharan Africa to the civilizations of Egypt and the Mediterranean.
  Known for rich deposits of gold, Nubia was also the gateway through which luxury products like incense, ivory, and ebony traveled from their source in sub-Saharan Africa to the civilizations of Egypt and the Mediterranean.
=====Early Agricultural Communities=====
[https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/early-agricultural-communities/ by NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC]
With the highly efficient, organized nature of modern farming, it can be difficult to envision a world where agriculture was an innovative new technology. Yet, 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, during the Neolithic Age, new agricultural communities in Mesopotamia (in southwest Asia), northern Africa, China, and South America began tending the roots of farming as we know it today.
=====Neolithic Revolution=====
[https://www.history.com/articles/neolithic-revolution by HISTORY 12/1/18]
The Neolithic Revolution, also called the Agricultural Revolution, marked the transition in human history from small, nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers to larger, agricultural settlements and early civilization. The Neolithic Revolution started around 10,000 B.C. in the Fertile Crescent, a boomerang-shaped region of the Middle East where humans first took up farming.
=====Re-analysis of archaeobotanical remains from pre- and early agricultural sites provides no evidence for a narrowing of the wild plant food spectrum during the origins of agriculture in southwest Asia=====
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00334-018-0702-y by Michael Wallace 17/11/18 SPRING NATURE Link]
Archaeobotanical evidence from southwest Asia is often interpreted as showing that the spectrum of wild plant foods narrowed during the origins of agriculture, but it has long been acknowledged that the recognition of wild plants as foods is problematic. Here, we systematically combine compositional and contextual evidence to recognise the wild plants for which there is strong evidence of their deliberate collection as food at pre-agricultural and early agricultural sites across southwest Asia.
=====Genomic windows into ancient agriculture of the Americas=====
[https://communities.springernature.com/posts/genomic-windows-into-ancient-agriculture-of-the-americas by Ornob Alam 16/7/21 Research Communities]
Nestled into the canopied highlands of southwestern Honduras, the El Gigante rock shelter appears in landscape photos as an inky crevice overlooking a slope. Its deep, dry interior, a refuge to many a group of humans passing through over the last 11,000 years, came to preserve their tools, fabrics, and foods in accumulating layers of dirt.
=====Early Agriculture Has Kept Earth Warm for Millennia=====
[https://eos.org/research-spotlights/early-agriculture-has-kept-earth-warm-for-millennia by Sarah  Stanley 19/1/16 Eos]
Modern human activity is known to drive climate change, but global temperatures were already affected by farmers millennia before the Industrial Revolution. For years, scientists have been debating about the size of preindustrial warming effects caused by human activities. Now, according to Ruddiman et al., new evidence confirms that early agricultural greenhouse gas emissions had a large warming effect that slowed a natural cooling trend.
=====Early Agriculture and the Rise of Civilization=====
[https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/early-agriculture-and-rise-civilization by ENCYCLOpedia.com]
People began farming at different times in different parts of the world. Around 8500 b.c. hunter-gatherers in the area of southwest Asia known as the Fertile Crescent began to cultivate wild grains and domesticate animals. One thousand years later, people in northern and southern China were growing rice and millet and raising pigs.
=====Kuk Early Agricultural Site=====
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/887/ by unesco]
Kuk Early Agricultural Site consists of 116 ha of swamps in the western highlands of New Guinea 1,500 metres above sea-level. Archaeological excavation has revealed the landscape to be one of wetland reclamation worked almost continuously for 7,000, and possibly for 10,000 years. It contains well-preserved archaeological remains demonstrating the technological leap which transformed plant exploitation to agriculture around 6,500 years ago. It is an excellent example of transformation of agricultural practices over time, from cultivation mounds to draining the wetlands through the digging of ditches with wooden tools.
=====Early farming in east Africa=====
[https://the-past.com/news/early-farming-in-east-africa/ by World Archaeology 14/9/24 THE PAST]
As a crossroads for various population movements throughout history, many of which included the transmission of crops, the region encompassing Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda has long been believed to have played an important role in the development of early farming. However, almost no ancient plant remains have been found here to date, severely limiting studies of the area’s early agriculture.
=====16 - Early agriculture in Southeast Asia and the Pacific=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history/early-agriculture-in-southeast-asia-and-the-pacific/7459760B5CFBEACB5D9007F9D8F0462C by Huw Barton 5/5/15 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS]
Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) and island Southeast Asia (ISEA) form a complex geographic and political region consisting of eleven countries spread from India to China and New Guinea. The best evidence currently of an early vegecultural agriculture lies in the intermontane valleys of New Guinea at the site of Kuk Swamp.
=====Ancient History of Agriculture=====
[https://www2.nau.edu/~gaud/bio301/content/aghst.htm]
Developed independently by geographically distant populations, systematic agriculture first appeared in Southwest Asia with the bulk of domesticated neolthic crops and livestock now being traced to Turkey via DNA studies. The first grains of domesticated Turkish emmer wheat are found at Abu Hurerya dated to 13,500 BP. The only exceptions to this are barley, domesticated in two sites; in Israel, and East of the Zagros mountains in Iran. The eight so-called founder crops of agriculture appear: first emmer and einkorn wheat, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax. Bitter vetch and lentils along with almonds and pistachios appear in Franchthi Cave Greece simultaneously, about 9,000 BC. Neither are native to Greece, and they appear 2,000 years prior to domesticated wheat in the same location. This suggests that the cultivation of legumes and nuts preceded that of grain.
=====Millets and their role in early agriculture=====
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234128682_Millets_and_their_role_in_early_agriculture by S.A. Weber 1/08 ResearchGate]
While the importance of such large grained cereal crops as wheat, corn and rice to the beginnings of agriculture are well understood, a small group of small-seeded grasses known as millets are often marginalized or ignored. When millets are incorporated into early farming models they are generally seen as a minor grain crop playing a secondary role in the agricultural strategy.
=====First evidence of farming in Mideast 23,000 years ago=====
[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/07/150722144709.htm by American Friends of Tel Aviv University 22/7/15 ScienceDaily]
The study focuses on the discovery of the first weed species at the site of a sedentary human camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. It was published in PLOS ONE and led by Prof. Ehud Weiss of Bar-Ilan University in collaboration with Prof. Marcelo Sternberg of the Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants at TAU's Faculty of Life Sciences and Prof. Ofer Bar-Yosef of Harvard University, among other colleagues.
=====The ancient agricultural revolution: How early farming changed Europe’s landscape=====
[https://wilderness-society.org/the-ancient-agricultural-revolution-how-early-farming-changed-europes-landscape/ by EUROPEAN WILDERNESS SOCIETY]
=====Garden agriculture’ and the nature of early farming in Europe and the Near East=====
[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438240500094572 by Amy Bogaard 18/2/07 Taylor & Francis]
This paper takes a comparative approach to early farming, arguing that bioarchaeological work on Neolithic Europe can inform understanding of earlier cultivation and herding in the Near East, where the ‘package’ of crops and livestock emerged in the PPNB period. Evidence for intensive cultivation (‘garden agriculture’) integrated with small-scale herding is outlined for south-east and central Europe before turning to crop and caprine husbandry practices during the PPNB.
=====History of Agriculture Equipment: Important Developments and Examples=====
[https://www.tstar.com/blog/history-of-agriculture-equipment-important-developments-and-examples by  Dave Biering 1794 TriStar]
The agriculture industry has a mission to keep the world fed. From hybridizing plants and animals to engineering new arable lands using irrigation (and even land reclaiming land from the sea), farmers have never stopped looking for new methods for increasing food production. More production means more nutrition and more food variety, all while keeping food prices as low as possible. For a concise overview of the agriculture industry, please see our blog here.
=====intro to archaeology unit 10 study guides=====
[https://fiveable.me/introduction-archaeology/unit-10 by fiveable]
The shift from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural and sedentary lifestyles marked a pivotal moment in human history. This transition, known as the Neolithic Revolution, occurred independently across the globe between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago, driven by climate change, population pressure, and technological innovations. Agriculture and sedentism led to surplus food production, enabling population growth and the rise of permanent settlements. This shift sparked profound social changes, including the emergence of specialized roles, social hierarchies, and complex political structures that laid the groundwork for early civilizations.
=====American Agriculture History Minute: Ethnicity in Early Agriculture=====
[https://agnetwest.com/american-agriculture-history-minute-ethnicity-early-agriculture/ by AgNET west RADIO NETWORK 1/11/24]
Ethnicity made a difference in early American agriculture. German immigrants brought different practices and traditions to the New World than English, Scottish, or Irish farmers, for example. Each simply carried forward practices from their homeland, but with a lot more land to work with and fertile soil.
=====Early Agriculture Nearly Tanked Ancient Europe’s Population=====
[https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/early-agriculture-nearly-tanked-ancient-europes-population-437796/ by Colin Schultz 2/10/13 Smithsonian magazine]
The rise of agriculture changed the world. And we don’t just mean the human world. At its onset, long before the Green Revolution paved the way for vastly improved yields, people were notoriously bad at using the land. To produce our food we used to cut down a staggering number of trees. Deforestation in the western world, driven by land clearing for farming, actually peaked hundreds or thousands of years ago. And, without things like fertilizer or irrigation, or the massive intertwined agricultural system we have today, local shocks—a fire, a drought, a flood—could cut vital food supplies for years.
=====The history of human-induced soil erosion: Geomorphic legacies, early descriptions and research, and the development of soil conservation—A global synopsis=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X1300370X by Markus Dotterweich 1/11/13 ScienceDirect]
This paper presents a global synopsis about the geomorphic evidence of soil erosion in humid and semihumid areas since the beginning of agriculture. Historical documents, starting from ancient records to data from the mid-twentieth century and numerous literature reviews form an extensive assortment of examples that show how soil erosion has been perceived previously by scholars, land surveyors, farmers, land owners, researchers, and policy makers.
=====History of Agriculture: A Timeline=====
[https://www.crestcapital.com/tax/history_of_agriculture by Resource Light]
Agriculture, also known as farming, is the production of food, fiber, animal feed and other goods by harvesting plants and animals. Agriculture is now practiced throughout the world and is an essential part of human civilization and its history dates back thousands of years. Here's a timeline of the history of agriculture:
=====Period 1: Domestication, Early Farming, and Widespread Impacts (10,000 BP - 4,000 BP)=====
[https://courses.ems.psu.edu/geog3/node/1139 by InTeGrate]
We will start our historical summary of environment-food systems by describing domestication and early farming (10,000 BP – 4,000 BP). Widespread environmental and social impacts occurred during this period. New agricultural ecosystems were created and spread along with the use of domesticated plants and animals. These agroecosystems contained distinctive species and populations of plants and animals including domesticates, as well as characteristic insects, mammals, soil biota, and uncultivated plants (such as weeds).
=====Early Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-antiquity/article/abs/early-agriculture-in-the-maya-lowlands/9D0A60F2A72D4AE6F4717269174458A0 by Mary D. Pohl 20/1/17 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS]
Wetland research in northern Belize provides the earliest evidence for development of agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Pollen data confirm the introduction of maize and manioc before 3000 B.C. Dramatic deforestation, beginning ca. 2500 B.C. and intensifying in wetland environments ca. 1500-1300 B.C., marks an expansion of agriculture, which occurred in the context of a mixed foraging economy.
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