HIV AIDS: Difference between revisions

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[https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/where-did-hiv-come by Keith Alcorn 2/23 aidsmap]

Human immunodeficiency virus is closely related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) found in chimpanzees in central Africa. This virus is called SIVcpz to distinguish it from forms of SIV less closely related to HIV, found in other primates. (Sharp) SIVcpz causes an AIDS-like illness in chimpanzees. (Keele)

=====HISTORY OF HIV AIDS=====

[https://canfar.com/awareness/about-hiv-aids/history-of-hiv-aids/ by CANADIAN FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH]

In the US, reporting of unusually high rates of the rare forms of pneumonia and cancer in young gay men begins. The disease is initially called Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID) because it is thought it only affects gay men. Cases are also reported in Injection Drug Users by the end of the year.

=====HIV pandemic's origins located=====

[https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-10-03-hiv-pandemics-origins-located by UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 3/10/14]

An international team, led by Oxford University and University of Leuven scientists, has reconstructed the genetic history of the HIV-1 group M pandemic, the event that saw HIV spread across the African continent and around the world, and concluded that it originated in Kinshasa. The team’s analysis suggests that the common ancestor of group M is highly likely to have emerged in Kinshasa around 1920 (with 95% of estimated dates between 1909 and 1930).

=====The Puzzling Origins of AIDS=====

[https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-puzzling-origins-of-aids by Jim Moore ,AMERICAN Scientists]

Soon, virologists identified the culprit: a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is found naturally in a West African monkey species, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), but is harmless to that host. This virus, denoted SIVsm, is genetically similar to a weakly contagious form of the AIDS virus that is largely restricted to parts of West Africa, HIV-2, and thus is considered its likely precursor. More recent work has shown that the closest relative of the primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is another simian immunodeficiency virus, one carried by chimpanzees (SIVcpz).

=====Origin of HIV and AIDS=====

[https://www.beintheknow.org/understanding-hiv-epidemic/context/origin-hiv-and-aids by BE IN THE KNOW]

The origin of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been a subject of scientific research and debate since the virus was identified in the 1980s. There is now a wealth of evidence on how, when and where HIV first began to cause illness in humans.

=====A Timeline of HIV and AIDS=====

[https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/history/hiv-and-aids-timeline by HIV.gov]

The HIV.gov Timeline reflects the history of the domestic HIV/AIDS epidemic from the first reported cases in 1981 to the present—where advances in HIV prevention, care, and treatment offer hope for a long, healthy life to people who are living with, or at risk for, HIV and AIDS.

=====40 years of HIV discovery: the first cases of a mysterious disease in the early 1980s=====

[https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/40-years-hiv-discovery-first-cases-mysterious-disease-early-1980s by INSTITUT easteur 5/5/23]

AIDS epidemic is unfortunately still topical with 1.5 million new infections worldwide in 2021. Research on this disease is part of a “tradition” that has now spanned 40 years at the Institut Pasteur, in Paris. This longtime expertise was marked in the first place by the identification of the retrovirus causing AIDS, published in May 1983 in Science.

=====The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS=====

[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2935100/ by NIH]

The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of HIV-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of AIDS. The closest relatives of HIV-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in west central Africa.

===== Origin and Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS=====

[https://www.atrainceu.com/content/1-origin-and-epidemiology-hivaids by A Train EDUCATION]

Your client, Mr. Glover, has been diagnosed with HIV. You don’t know much about HIV and are concerned whether you can “catch” HIV by working with him or even shaking hands. You recognize your need to be better educated so you can give appropriate care without bias or fear. You know that quality care can be given when you have a sound understanding of the disease, risk factors, diagnostics, clinical symptoms, and treatments. Becoming culturally sensitive to the unique needs of your patients requires you to better understand your patient’s values, definitions of health and illness, and preferences for care.

=====America’s HIV outbreak started in this city, 10 years before anyone noticed=====

[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/america-hiv-outbreak-origins-nyc-gaetan-dugas by Nsikan Akpan 26/10/16 PBS NEWS]

HIV arrived in New York City precisely 10 years before doctors first noticed the disease, a conclusion that’s based on new research published today in Nature. The finding solves a 35-year-old mystery surrounding the origins of America’s outbreak, the first in the world to be noticed by doctors.

=====HIV 'may have an ancient origin'=====

[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21189141 by Helen Briggs, BBC]

HIV, which causes Aids, emerged in humans in the 20th Century, but scientists have long known that similar viruses in monkeys and apes have existed for much longer.

=====The origin of HIV=====

[https://www.britannica.com/science/AIDS/The-origin-of-HIV by Keith Dorwick 18/11/25 Britannica]

Details of the origin of HIV remain unclear. However, a lentivirus that is genetically similar to HIV has been found in chimpanzees and gorillas in western equatorial Africa. That virus is known as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and it was once widely thought to be harmless in chimpanzees. However, in 2009 a team of researchers investigating chimpanzee populations in Africa found that SIV in fact causes AIDS-like illness in the animals.

=====The Discovery of HIV as the Cause of AIDS=====

[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp038194 by Robert C. Gallo, M.D., and Luc Montagnier, M.D. 11/12/2003 THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE]

Progress in scientific research rarely follows a straight path. Generally, it entails many unexpected meanderings, with a mix of good and bad ideas, good and bad luck. The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS did not avoid this pattern.

=====Aids: Origin of pandemic 'was 1920s Kinshasa'=====

[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29442642 by James Gallagher 3/10/14 BBC NEWS]

An international team of scientists say a "perfect storm" of population growth, sex and railways allowed HIV to spread.

=====HIV BEFORE THE AGE OF AIDS=====

[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/virus/origins.html by Mary Carmichael FRONTLINE]

As soon as HIV was identified in 1983, scientists started trying to understand where it had come from, when it had arisen, and why it had spread. Were they too late? To answer most of their questions, they would have had to witness the virus's evolution. Scientists can track new pathogens such as SARS and avian flu because they produce obvious symptoms almost immediately. But HIV is a stealth virus that takes as many as 10 years to present symptoms; by the time researchers knew enough to wonder about its origins, those origins were in the distant past.

=====History of AIDS=====

[https://www.history.com/articles/history-of-aids by HISTORY 13/7/17]

In the 1980s and early 1990s, the outbreak of HIV and AIDS swept across the United States and rest of the world, though the disease originated decades earlier. Today, more than 70 million people have been infected with HIV and about 35 million have died from AIDS since the start of the pandemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

=====Origin and progression of HIV-1=====

[https://www.brandeis.edu/quantitative-biology/docs/zorba1-wa.pdf by Adelajda Zorba]

AIDS does not develop in monkeys

where HIV originated from.

How come?

=====Progress Through Innovation and Activism=====

[https://www.gileadhiv.com/landscape/history-of-hiv/ by GILEAD]

The first published report of what would ultimately become known as HIV and AIDS appeared in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report in June 1981.1 When these initial cases emerged, very little was known about the disease; it did not have an agreed-upon name, researchers had not yet determined what caused it, there were no tests or recognized treatments, and by the time most patients presented with symptoms, they had only months to live.2

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@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 [https://www.aidsmap.com/about-hiv/where-did-hiv-come by Keith Alcorn 2/23 aidsmap]
   Human immunodeficiency virus is closely related to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) found in chimpanzees in central Africa. This virus is called SIVcpz to distinguish it from forms of SIV less closely related to HIV, found in other primates. (Sharp) SIVcpz causes an AIDS-like illness in chimpanzees. (Keele)
+=====HISTORY OF HIV AIDS=====
+[https://canfar.com/awareness/about-hiv-aids/history-of-hiv-aids/ by CANADIAN FOUNDATION FOR AIDS RESEARCH]
+ In the US, reporting of unusually high rates of the rare forms of pneumonia and cancer in young gay men begins. The disease is initially called Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID) because it is thought it only affects gay men. Cases are also reported in Injection Drug Users by the end of the year.
+=====HIV pandemic's origins located=====
+[https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2014-10-03-hiv-pandemics-origins-located by UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD 3/10/14]
+ An international team, led by Oxford University and University of Leuven scientists, has reconstructed the genetic history of the HIV-1 group M pandemic, the event that saw HIV spread across the African continent and around the world, and concluded that it originated in Kinshasa. The team’s analysis suggests that the common ancestor of group M is highly likely to have emerged in Kinshasa around 1920 (with 95% of estimated dates between 1909 and 1930).
+=====The Puzzling Origins of AIDS=====
+[https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-puzzling-origins-of-aids by Jim Moore ,AMERICAN Scientists]
+ Soon, virologists identified the culprit: a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) that is found naturally in a West African monkey species, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), but is harmless to that host. This virus, denoted SIVsm, is genetically similar to a weakly contagious form of the AIDS virus that is largely restricted to parts of West Africa, HIV-2, and thus is considered its likely precursor. More recent work has shown that the closest relative of the primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is another simian immunodeficiency virus, one carried by chimpanzees (SIVcpz).
+=====Origin of HIV and AIDS=====
+[https://www.beintheknow.org/understanding-hiv-epidemic/context/origin-hiv-and-aids by BE IN THE KNOW]
+ The origin of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been a subject of scientific research and debate since the virus was identified in the 1980s. There is now a wealth of evidence on how, when and where HIV first began to cause illness in humans.
+=====A Timeline of HIV and AIDS=====
+[https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/history/hiv-and-aids-timeline by HIV.gov]
+ The HIV.gov Timeline reflects the history of the domestic HIV/AIDS epidemic from the first reported cases in 1981 to the present—where advances in HIV prevention, care, and treatment offer hope for a long, healthy life to people who are living with, or at risk for, HIV and AIDS.
+=====40 years of HIV discovery: the first cases of a mysterious disease in the early 1980s=====
+[https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/40-years-hiv-discovery-first-cases-mysterious-disease-early-1980s by INSTITUT easteur 5/5/23]
+ AIDS epidemic is unfortunately still topical with 1.5 million new infections worldwide in 2021. Research on this disease is part of a “tradition” that has now spanned 40 years at the Institut Pasteur, in Paris. This longtime expertise was marked in the first place by the identification of the retrovirus causing AIDS, published in May 1983 in Science.
+=====The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS=====
+[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2935100/ by NIH]
+ The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of HIV-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of AIDS. The closest relatives of HIV-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in west central Africa.
+===== Origin and Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS=====
+[https://www.atrainceu.com/content/1-origin-and-epidemiology-hivaids by A Train EDUCATION]
+ Your client, Mr. Glover, has been diagnosed with HIV. You don’t know much about HIV and are concerned whether you can “catch” HIV by working with him or even shaking hands. You recognize your need to be better educated so you can give appropriate care without bias or fear. You know that quality care can be given when you have a sound understanding of the disease, risk factors, diagnostics, clinical symptoms, and treatments. Becoming culturally sensitive to the unique needs of your patients requires you to better understand your patient’s values, definitions of health and illness, and preferences for care.
+=====America’s HIV outbreak started in this city, 10 years before anyone noticed=====
+[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/america-hiv-outbreak-origins-nyc-gaetan-dugas by Nsikan Akpan 26/10/16 PBS NEWS]
+ HIV arrived in New York City precisely 10 years before doctors first noticed the disease, a conclusion that’s based on new research published today in Nature. The finding solves a 35-year-old mystery surrounding the origins of America’s outbreak, the first in the world to be noticed by doctors.
+=====HIV 'may have an ancient origin'=====
+[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21189141 by Helen Briggs, BBC]
+ HIV, which causes Aids, emerged in humans in the 20th Century, but scientists have long known that similar viruses in monkeys and apes have existed for much longer.
+=====The origin of HIV=====
+[https://www.britannica.com/science/AIDS/The-origin-of-HIV by Keith Dorwick 18/11/25 Britannica]
+ Details of the origin of HIV remain unclear. However, a lentivirus that is genetically similar to HIV has been found in chimpanzees and gorillas in western equatorial Africa. That virus is known as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and it was once widely thought to be harmless in chimpanzees. However, in 2009 a team of researchers investigating chimpanzee populations in Africa found that SIV in fact causes AIDS-like illness in the animals.
+=====The Discovery of HIV as the Cause of AIDS=====
+[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp038194 by Robert C. Gallo, M.D., and Luc Montagnier, M.D. 11/12/2003 THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE]
+ Progress in scientific research rarely follows a straight path. Generally, it entails many unexpected meanderings, with a mix of good and bad ideas, good and bad luck. The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS did not avoid this pattern.
+=====Aids: Origin of pandemic 'was 1920s Kinshasa'=====
+[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29442642 by James Gallagher 3/10/14 BBC NEWS]
+ An international team of scientists say a "perfect storm" of population growth, sex and railways allowed HIV to spread.
+=====HIV BEFORE THE AGE OF AIDS=====
+[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/virus/origins.html by Mary Carmichael FRONTLINE]
+ As soon as HIV was identified in 1983, scientists started trying to understand where it had come from, when it had arisen, and why it had spread. Were they too late? To answer most of their questions, they would have had to witness the virus's evolution. Scientists can track new pathogens such as SARS and avian flu because they produce obvious symptoms almost immediately. But HIV is a stealth virus that takes as many as 10 years to present symptoms; by the time researchers knew enough to wonder about its origins, those origins were in the distant past.
+=====History of AIDS=====
+[https://www.history.com/articles/history-of-aids by HISTORY 13/7/17]
+ In the 1980s and early 1990s, the outbreak of HIV and AIDS swept across the United States and rest of the world, though the disease originated decades earlier. Today, more than 70 million people have been infected with HIV and about 35 million have died from AIDS since the start of the pandemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
+=====Origin and progression of HIV-1=====
+[https://www.brandeis.edu/quantitative-biology/docs/zorba1-wa.pdf by Adelajda Zorba]
+ AIDS does not develop in monkeys
+where HIV originated from.
+How come?
+=====Progress Through Innovation and Activism=====
+[https://www.gileadhiv.com/landscape/history-of-hiv/ by GILEAD]
+ The first published report of what would ultimately become known as HIV and AIDS appeared in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report in June 1981.1 When these initial cases emerged, very little was known about the disease; it did not have an agreed-upon name, researchers had not yet determined what caused it, there were no tests or recognized treatments, and by the time most patients presented with symptoms, they had only months to live.2