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[[Segregation in the US]]
 
===== The Black Panthers shook America awake before the party was eviscerated by the US government. Their children paid a steep price, but also emerged with unassailable pride and burning lessons for today =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2025/mar/25/what-happens-when-the-us-declares-war-on-your-parents-the-black-panther-cubs-know by Ed Pilkington 25/3/25 The Guardian]
Fred Hampton Jr was days away from taking his first breath when his father was assassinated. Still in his mother’s womb, he would have sensed the shots fired by police into his parents’ bedroom at the back of 2337 Monroe Street, Chicago.


===== What 100 Years of History Tells Us About Racism in Policing =====
===== What 100 Years of History Tells Us About Racism in Policing =====
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[https://www.splcenter.org/resources/stories/stone-mountain-monuments-racist-history-must-be-acknowledged-community-heal/ by Kimberly Probolus 19/4/21 SPLC]
[https://www.splcenter.org/resources/stories/stone-mountain-monuments-racist-history-must-be-acknowledged-community-heal/ by Kimberly Probolus 19/4/21 SPLC]
  The Stone Mountain Memorial Association, which is authorized by the state of Georgia to manage Stone Mountain Park, has denied the Sons of Confederate Veterans a permit to celebrate Confederate Memorial Day later this month in their facilities. In so doing, the Stone Mountain Memorial Association tacitly acknowledged the problematic relationship between the park and the legacy of the Confederacy.
  The Stone Mountain Memorial Association, which is authorized by the state of Georgia to manage Stone Mountain Park, has denied the Sons of Confederate Veterans a permit to celebrate Confederate Memorial Day later this month in their facilities. In so doing, the Stone Mountain Memorial Association tacitly acknowledged the problematic relationship between the park and the legacy of the Confederacy.
 
=====“Who We Are”: New Film Chronicles History of Racism in America Amid Growing Attack on Voting Rights=====
 
[https://www.democracynow.org/2022/1/14/who_we_are_film_jeffery_robinson by DEMOCRACY NOW 14/1/22]
 
As the United States heads into the Martin Luther King Day holiday weekend, attempts by Democrats to pass major new voting rights legislation appear to have stalled. We examine the new award-winning documentary “Who We Are: A Chronicle of Racism in America,” which follows civil rights attorney Jeffery Robinson as he confronts the enduring legacy of anti-Black racism in the United States, weaving together examples from the U.S. Constitution, education system and policing.
 
=====May 31, 1921: Tulsa Massacre=====
 
[https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/tulsa-race-riot/ by ZINN EDUCATION PROJECT 1920]
 
From May 31 through June 1, deputized whites killed more than 300 African Americans. They looted and burned to the ground 40 square blocks of 1,265 African American homes, including hospitals, schools, and churches, and destroyed 150 businesses. White deputies and members of the National Guard arrested and detained 6,000 Black Tulsans who were released only upon being vouched for by a white employer or other white citizen. Nine thousand African Americans were left homeless and lived in tents well into the winter of 1921 . . .
 
=====Racial Discrimination in the United States=====
 
[https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/08/08/racial-discrimination-united-states/human-rights-watch/aclu-joint-submission by HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH 8/8/22]
 
The United States signed the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“ICERD” or “Convention”) in 1966. President Lyndon Johnson’s administration noted at the time that the United States “has not always measured up to its constitutional heritage of equality for all” but that it was “on the march” toward compliance.
 
=====Milwaukee County Declares Racism a Public Health Crisis=====
 
[https://eji.org/news/milwaukee-county-declares-racism-public-health-crisis/ by Equal Justice Initiative 6/5/19]
 
Milwaukee County Executive Chris Abele signed a resolution declaring racism a public health crisis that affects society as a whole. “It is Milwaukee County’s responsibility to address racism, including seeking solutions to reshape the discourse, actively engaging all citizens in racial justice work,” Mr. Abele said in a statement. “Local government needs to take a leadership role and we intend to do so.”
 
=====Missouri Newspaper Confronts and Apologizes for its History of Racially Biased Reporting=====
 
[https://eji.org/news/missouri-newspaper-confronts-and-apologizes-for-its-history-of-racially-biased-reporting/ by Equal Justice Initiative 22/12/20]
 
The Kansas City Star, a newspaper based in Kansas City, Missouri, published an extensive analysis of its past reporting this week, acknowledging and apologizing for its history of reinforcing and perpetuating racial bias, discrimination, and violence.
 
=====Feb. 7, 1926: Carter G. Woodson Launched Negro History Week=====
 
[https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/carter-woodson-black-history-month/ by Carter G. Woodson 7/2/1926 ZINN EDUCATION PROJECT]
 
On Feb. 7, 1926, Carter G. Woodson, initiated the first celebration of Negro History Week which led to Black History Month, to extend and deepen the study and scholarship on African American history, all year long. Further below is an essay on the history and purpose of the commemoration, including why Woodson chose February.
=====ACLU History: Black America: Casualties of the 'War on Drugs'=====
[https://www.aclu.org/documents/aclu-history-black-america-casualties-war-drugs by ACLU 1/9/2010]
In the modern era, a subtler but equally pernicious form of institutional racism came to be known as 'driving while black or brown.' The practice of racial profiling by police on our nation's highways has resulted in black travelers disproportionately being stopped, searched and arrested. Significant blame for this rampant abuse of power can be laid at the feet of the government's 'war on drugs,' in which blacks are targeted and thus arrested for drug possession at a far higher rate than whites, resulting in skewed statistics that 'prove' that blacks are more likely to be involved with drugs.
=====Ron DeSantis banned lessons on racism in Florida public schools. ‘Freedom schools’ fill the gaps=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/aug/24/desantis-florida-schools-racism by Melissa Hellmann 24/8/24 The Guardian]
“When I say, ‘because’, you say: ‘Black people invented it,’” Renee Scott Best told a class of predominantly Black students one Monday last month. The call and response from the kids grew louder as they read a fictional story about a dystopian world without African Americans and their inventions. A folding bed, tricycle, clock, toilet, heating furnace, thermostat and air conditioner were among the innovations that no longer existed because, “Black people invented it,” the students shouted.
=====California Governor Signs Bills to Address Systemic Racism and Treatment of Children=====
[https://eji.org/news/california-governor-signs-bills-to-address-systemic-racism-and-treatment-of-children/ by Equal Justice Initiative 1/10/20]
The governor signed two sweeping bills aimed at confronting racial bias in the state’s criminal justice system. AB 3070 tackles illegal racial discrimination in jury selection, and AB 2542, the “California Racial Justice Act,” prohibits prosecutors from seeking, obtaining, or imposing a criminal conviction or sentence on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin.
=====The Racist Roots of Denying Incarcerated People Their Right to Vote=====
[https://www.aclu.org/news/voting-rights/racist-roots-denying-incarcerated-people-their-right-vote by Jeffery Robinson 3/5/19 ACLU]
The historical context for this comes from old English common law which justified the concept of “civil death” as punishment for conviction of treason or a felony because a person committing a crime had “corrupt blood,” making the person “dead in the law.” America did not immediately adopt this position because the Constitution was silent on voting rights — it neither granted nor denied anyone the right to vote.
=====Elon Musk Was Raised Under Racist Apartheid Laws in South Africa. What Does He Believe Now?=====
[https://www.democracynow.org/2025/2/11/elon_musk_was_raised_under_racist by Chris McGreal 11/2/25 DEMOCRACY NOW]
Watch Part 2 of our interview with reporter Chris McGreal, who was Johannesburg correspondent for The Guardian during the last years of apartheid through 2002. His new pieces for The Guardian are headlined “What does Elon Musk believe?” and “How the roots of the 'PayPal mafia' extend to apartheid South Africa.”
=====What the Fight Against Class=====
[https://www.aclu.org/news/free-speech/what-the-fight-against-classroom-censorship-is-really-about by Leah Watson 7/9/23 ACLU]
The ACLU is leading the fight to end classroom censorship and protect our right to learn. We filed the first case in the country to challenge a law that censored instruction about systemic sexism and racism in Oklahoma, survived a motion to dismiss in New Hampshire, and obtained an injunction to block the State of Florida from enforcing the higher education provisions of the Stop W.O.K.E. Act.
=====The Wilmington Massacre of 1898=====
[https://eji.org/news/wilmington-massacre-of-1898/ by Equal Justice Initiative 10/11/24]
In the late 1890s, Wilmington, North Carolina, a port city between the Atlantic’s barrier islands and the banks of the Cape Fear River, became an island of hope for a new America.
=====‘Truth-telling has to happen’: the museum of America’s racist history=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/sep/19/the-legacy-museum-america-racist-history by Ed Pilkington 19/9/21 The Guardian]
The Legacy Museum, opening in October, lands at a time when racial violence is again on the rise and critical race theory is being used to prevent America’s racist past being taught in schools
=====Author Viet Thanh Nguyen on the ‘deep well’ of anti-Asian racism in the U.S.=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/author-viet-thanh-nguyen-on-the-deep-well-of-anti-asian-racism-in-the-u-s by Joshua Barajas 18/3/21 PBS NEWS]
The Atlanta-area shootings this week that killed eight people, six of whom were Asian women, has deepened fears amid an uptick of hate targeted at Asian American and Pacific Islander communities throughout the coronavirus pandemic.
=====Clint Smith on Teaching About Structural Racism=====
[https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/clint-smith-teach-structural-racism/ by Clint Smith 12/6/19 ZINNEDUCATION PROJECT]
Poet and educator Clint Smith wrote reflections on teaching after visiting young people in a juvenile detention center. His description of what has been missing from the young people’s formal education serves to explain the purpose of many of the Zinn Education Project lessons. Below is Smith’s tweet thread. We are honored at the shout out for the Zinn Education Project in the closing tweet.
=====History Lesson Sheds Light on Racism Today=====
[https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/the-color-line/ by ZINN EDUCATION PROJECT 19/4/16]
“The Color Line” lesson by Rethinking Schools editor Bill Bigelow is featured in a Washington Post article today called “How American oligarchs created the concept of race to divide and conquer the poor” by Courtland Milloy Jr.
=====The Color Line=====
[https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/color-line-colonial-laws by ZINN EDUCATION PROJECT]
Colonial laws prohibiting Black and white people from marrying one another suggest that some Black and white people did marry.
=====The Movement to Erase Black History and Culture=====
[https://www.aclu.org/podcast/the-movement-to-erase-black-history-culture-and-joy by ACLU]
February marks Black History Month, a time to recognize the significant achievements and culture of Black Americans–from bell hooks to Beyonce–and also to honor an accurate history about them, a history that we know is rife with discrimination and abuse -- think: slavery, Jim Crow, and the structural racism we’re still infected with today.
=====The Trump Administration is Banning Talk about Race and Gender=====
[https://www.aclu.org/news/civil-liberties/the-trump-administration-is-banning-talk-about-race-and-gender by Sarah Hinger 9/10/20 ACLU]
In the latest attempt to silence conversations about race and gender equity deemed “anti-American,” President Trump issued an executive order last week banning federal entities and contractors from providing employees with training on “divisive concepts” and “harmful ideologies” related to race and gender.
=====The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953617303398 by Sara F. Jacoby PhD, 2/18 ScienceDirect]
Public health approaches to crime and injury prevention are increasingly focused on the physical places and environments where violence is concentrated. In this study, our aim is to explore the association between historic place-based racial discrimination captured in the 1937 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) map of Philadelphia and present-day violent crime and firearm injuries.
=====A socioecological psychology of racism: making structures and history more visible=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352250X19300739 by Sophie Trawalter 4/20 ScienceDirect]
Psychology has been accused of ‘psychologizing’ racism. Here, we summarize the argument that Psychology routinely neglects structural racism and historical legacies of racism. We then discuss two cases—healthcare and police use of force—in which studying individual bias could benefit from incorporating a focus on structures and history. We close by echoing others who have advocated that Psychology move forward with a better integrated view of racism; in particular, we suggest a socioecological view that contextualizes individual bias within the relevant realities of historical and structural racism.
=====Reflections on the history and legacy of scientific racism in South African paleoanthropology and beyond=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248418303555 by Rebecca Rogers Ackermann 1/19 ScienceDirect]
The history of scientific discovery is overwhelmingly told as a narrative of the lives and discoveries of a series of remarkable white men. Christa Kuljian's real triumph in this book is that she reframes the narrative of paleoanthropological discovery in South Africa as a tale of flawed men who succeed—through some combination of luck, skill, personality and perseverance—literally and figuratively on the backs of black bodies.
=====Marijuana’s racist history shows the need for comprehensive drug reform=====
[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/marijuanas-racist-history-shows-the-need-for-comprehensive-drug-reform/ by John Hudak 23/6/20 BROOKINGS]
As the conversation around the country centers on policing, criminal and racial justice, and social equity, the topic of the War on Drugs must play a central part. For decades, the War on Drugs has been a tool to target Black and Brown Americans and change life trajectories in those communities for millions of people.
=====THE ORIGINS OF RACISM: A CRITIQUE OF THE HISTORY OF IDEAS=====
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/hith.12163 by VANITA SETH 2/9/20 WILEY.Online Library]
This essay has two objectives. First, it seeks to engage critically with contemporary scholarship on the origins of racism through the lens of an older debate centered around the history of ideas. Specifically, it argues that Quentin Skinner's influential critique of the history of ideas can help identify the pitfalls of our current fascination with the origins of racism—most particularly when such origins are traced back to antiquity and the European pre- and early modern periods.
=====Accumulating inequalities: a qualitative life history examination of how processes of racism and racialisation impact on maternal health among British Somali women in the UK=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140673624019780 by Sarah Milton 11/24 ScienceDirect]
In the UK, women from Black ethnic groups are four times and Asian and Mixed ethnicity women are two times more likely to die in the perinatal period than women from white groups. Black, Asian and Mixed ethnicity women are also more likely to experience baby loss, become seriously ill and have worse experiences of care in pregnancy and childbirth than white women, with further inequalities found within these broad ethnic groups. These findings have remained the same for decades. Within this context this study aimed to demonstrate empirically the processes by which structural, institutional and interpersonal racism directly impact on mental and physical health.
=====How should we address the US’s history of slavery and racism? Here’s what Americans think.=====
[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/how-should-we-address-the-uss-history-of-slavery-and-racism-heres-what-americans-think/ by William A. Galston 17/8/21 BROOKINGS]
Discussion of racial issues has intensified in recent years, with vigorous debates emerging at the national and local level over once obscure academic arguments such as critical race theory. At the core of much of the discussion is how we should confront America’s history of slavery and racism.
=====Measuring the effect of historical structural racism on community firearm violence in US cities=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953624008098 by Ariana N. Gobaud 11/24 ScienceDirect]
Community firearm violence in the United States (US), defined as fatal and nonfatal interpersonal shootings in public spaces, (Community Violence) disproportionately affects neighborhoods where people racialized as Black predominately live.
=====We carry history within us: Anti-Black racism and the legacy of lynchings on life expectancy in the U.S. South=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353829221001143 by Laura Kihlström 7/21 ScienceDirect]
The United States lags in life expectancy compared to most of the world's similarly wealthy nations, driven by pronounced regional disparities particularly between the South and the rest of the country. The U.S. South has a violent history of lynchings of Black Americans by White mobs after the ending of slavery and up to the Civil Rights Era.
=====Social vulnerabilities for substance use: Stressors, socially toxic environments, and discrimination and racism=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390821000721 by Hortensia Amaro 1/5/21 ScienceDirect]
Applying a social determinants of health framework, this review brings attention to evidence from social sciences and neuroscience on the role of selected social factors in individual and population-level vulnerability to substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs). The understanding that social vulnerability to substance use and SUDs is multifaceted and occurs across different levels of influence (individual, interpersonal, community, and societal) is underscored.
=====Exploring the relation between early childhood education and historical and contemporary racism and bias for Black children=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088520062300128X by Heidi A. Vuletich 2024 ScienceDirect]
Racial disparities in educational outcomes start early in childhood and persist through adulthood. High quality Early Care and Education (ECE) programs tend to show benefits for Black children, but less is known about how larger contextual inequalities, both historical and contemporary, relate to young children's outcomes in these high-quality settings.
=====Confederate monuments and the history of lynching in the American South: An empirical examination=====
[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2103519118 by Kyshia Henderson 11/10/21 PNAS]
The fight over Confederate monuments has fueled lawsuits, protests, counterprotests, arrests, even terrorism, as we painfully saw in August 2017 in Charlottesville, VA. The fight rests on a debate over whether these monuments represent racism (“hate”) or something ostensibly devoid of racism (“heritage,” “Southern pride”).
=====We carry history within us: Anti-Black racism and the legacy of lynchings on life expectancy in the U.S. South=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1353829221001143 by Laura Kihlström 7/21 ScienceDirect]
The United States lags in life expectancy compared to most of the world's similarly wealthy nations, driven by pronounced regional disparities particularly between the South and the rest of the country. The U.S. South has a violent history of lynchings of Black Americans by White mobs after the ending of slavery and up to the Civil Rights Era. Building on critical race scholarship, the objective of this study was to determine whether there exists an association between historical lynchings and overall life expectancies in the U.S.
=====The case for leveraging multiple resource pedagogies: Teaching about racism in a secondary history classroom=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0742051X21002924 by Eliana Castro 1/22 ScienceDirect]
This qualitative case study analyzes how one secondary history teacher enacted three resource pedagogies to teach about systemic racism and encourage his students to explore the topic. Drawing on observations, meetings, and interviews, the paper illustrates the affordances of culturally responsive, culturally relevant, and culturally sustaining practice, especially when leveraged together.
=====The Racist History of Race Science=====
[https://www.ucs.org/resources/racist-history-race-science by Union of Concerned Scientists 6/10/20]
Author Angela Saini discusses biological myths and racist biases in the sciences from past to present.
=====Structural Racism, Health Inequities, and the Two-Edged Sword of Data: Structural Problems Require Structural Solutions=====
[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2021.655447/full by Nancy Krieger 14/4/21 frontiers]
Analyzing the myriad ways in which structural racism systemically generates health inequities requires engaging with the profound challenges of conceptualizing, operationalizing, and analyzing the very data deployed—i. e., racialized categories—to document racialized health inequities.
=====Bloomberg’s comments on redlining distort a history of racism=====
[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/bloombergs-comments-on-redlining-distort-a-history-of-racism/ by Andre M. Perry and Vanessa Williamson 20/2/20 BROOKING]
Last week, comments surfaced from a 2008 lecture by former New York City mayor and current Democratic presidential candidate Michael Bloomberg, in which he asserted that the period’s housing crisis was due to the end of “redlining,” the mid-20th century discriminatory practice that made home loans unavailable in Black neighborhoods.
=====The impact of education about historical and current injustices, individual racism and systemic racism on anti-Indigenous racism=====
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ejsp.2987 by Iloradanon H. Efimoff 18/9/23 WILEY Online Store]
Anti-Indigenous racism is a pressing issue in Canada. Education on historical and contemporary Indigenous topics is a common strategy to challenge such racism. Despite the existence of education-based programmes intended to address anti-Indigenous racism, there is limited evidence that they are effective.
=====Science must overcome its racist legacy: Nature’s guest editors speak=====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01527-z by  Melissa Nobles, Chad Womack, Ambroise Wonkam & Elizabeth Wathuti 8/6/22 nature]
Science is a human endeavour that is fuelled by curiosity and a drive to better understand and shape our natural and material world. Science is also a shared experience, subject both to the best of what creativity and imagination have to offer and to humankind’s worst excesses.
=====Make Black history core to degrees, tie tenure to anti-racism efforts=====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02235-2 by  Cheryl Gore-Felton, Christina Tara Khan & Jacqueline Njenga 28/7/20 nature]
Elite institutions are well positioned to set the standard on how to dismantle systemic racism and discrimination. As African American and Black women working at a leading US medical school, we are tired of rhetoric and euphemisms that are not yet matched with policy and action. We are ready to engage in a productive partnership with our institutional leaders to create a culture of diversity and inclusion that acts on principles of social justice and human rights.


===== Harvard hired a researcher to uncover its ties to slavery. He says the results cost him his job: ‘We found too many slaves’ =====
===== Harvard hired a researcher to uncover its ties to slavery. He says the results cost him his job: ‘We found too many slaves’ =====
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