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```wiki
{{#seo:


|title=Christian Nationalism and White Supremacy in the United States
|description=An overview of the historical and contemporary relationship between Christian nationalism, White Christian identity, racial hierarchy, white supremacy, national belonging, and American politics.
|keywords=Christian nationalism, White Christian nationalism, white supremacy, white nationalism, race and religion, racial hierarchy, American Christianity, Christian Identity, religious nationalism, American politics, national identity, January 6
|image=File:Placeholder.png
|image_width=300
|image_height=200
|type=article}}
[[Category:Christian Nationalism]]
[[Category:White Christian Nationalism]]
[[Category:White Supremacy]]
[[Category:Race and Religion]]
[[Category:Religion and Politics]]
[[Category:Religious Nationalism]]
[[Category:American Political History]]
[[Category:American Christianity]]
[[Category:Race in the United States]]
__NOTOC__
== Christian Nationalism and White Supremacy ==
Christian nationalism is a broad term describing beliefs that Christianity should have a privileged relationship with a nation's identity, institutions, laws, or public culture. In the United States, a substantial body of historical, sociological, political-science, religious-studies, and journalistic research has examined the relationship between Christian nationalism and ideas about race. A major theme in this literature is the development of what researchers often call ''White Christian nationalism'': a form of national identity in which Christianity, American identity, and assumptions about White cultural or political dominance become intertwined.
The relationship between Christian nationalism and white supremacy is complex. Christian nationalism is not necessarily identical to organized white supremacy, and researchers disagree about when the term ''White Christian nationalism'' should be used. Some studies find strong associations between Christian nationalist beliefs, White racial solidarity, racial resentment, opposition to immigration, perceptions of White victimhood, and support for social hierarchies. Other research finds that Christian nationalist ideas are also held by some Black, Latino, Asian American, and other non-White Americans, and that the political implications of those beliefs can vary considerably by racial group and by issue.
The historical record nevertheless shows repeated instances in which Christian language, racial hierarchy, and claims about America's national destiny have overlapped. These relationships have appeared in debates over slavery, Indigenous dispossession, segregation, immigration, citizenship, voting, education, policing, demographic change, and definitions of who qualifies as a "true American."
=== Defining Christian Nationalism, White Christian Nationalism, and White Supremacy ===
Christian nationalism generally refers to a political or cultural ideology that connects national identity with Christianity and seeks to give Christianity a preferred place in public institutions or national life. Definitions differ among scholars, religious leaders, political activists, journalists, and people who identify with the term.
''White Christian nationalism'' is used more specifically to describe situations in which Christian national identity becomes connected with White racial identity, White cultural dominance, or a historical understanding of the United States as fundamentally a White Christian nation.
''White supremacy'' is a broader racial ideology asserting or maintaining the superiority, dominance, or privileged social position of White people. Organized white supremacist traditions in the United States have included movements such as the Ku Klux Klan, Christian Identity organizations, neo-Nazi groups, and other explicitly racial movements.
These categories overlap in some historical movements but should not automatically be treated as synonyms. A Christian nationalist may not consciously advocate white supremacy, while explicitly white supremacist movements may or may not emphasize Christianity. Researchers therefore examine beliefs, institutions, historical networks, political behavior, and racial attitudes rather than assuming that one label necessarily implies another.
=== Historical Roots ===
Connections among Christianity, race, and American nationalism long predate the modern term ''Christian nationalism''. European colonization of North America frequently relied on religious ideas about providence, chosenness, civilization, and territorial possession. Colonial expansion brought Christian missionary activity into direct contact with Indigenous societies and sometimes supplied religious justification for conquest, forced assimilation, and displacement.
Ideas that European settlers were establishing a divinely favored society became part of later American national mythology. These narratives could coexist with slavery and racial hierarchy. Biblical interpretation was used both to defend slavery and to attack it, demonstrating that Christianity itself did not produce a single political position.
After the Civil War, religious arguments were similarly employed on competing sides of struggles over Reconstruction, segregation, voting rights, and racial equality. White Protestant institutions in many regions accommodated or defended segregation, while Black churches and interracial Christian movements played major roles in abolition, civil rights activism, and campaigns for racial justice.
The result was not a single continuous Christian nationalist organization but a recurring pattern in which religious concepts could be joined to competing definitions of American identity and social order.
=== Christian Identity and Organized White Supremacy ===
One of the clearest historical intersections between Christianity and organized white supremacy is the Christian Identity movement.
Christian Identity emerged partly from British-Israelism, a movement teaching that Anglo-Saxon peoples descended from the biblical Israelites. American variants increasingly developed explicitly racist interpretations during the twentieth century. Some Christian Identity adherents taught that White Europeans were God's true chosen people and constructed theological explanations for racial separation and antisemitism.
Christian Identity became influential within portions of the organized American white supremacist movement and was associated with extremist organizations and individuals. Its history demonstrates that explicitly Christian forms of white supremacist ideology have existed in the United States.
Christian Identity, however, represents a much more explicit racial theology than the beliefs measured in most contemporary Christian-nationalism surveys. Scholars generally distinguish such organized racial doctrines from broader public attitudes about whether the United States should be considered a Christian nation.
=== White Identity and Racial Solidarity ===
Contemporary sociological research has increasingly examined whether Christian nationalist beliefs function differently among White Americans than among other racial groups.
Several studies find that Christian nationalism among White respondents is associated with stronger White racial identification or solidarity. Researchers have proposed that references to a Christian America can sometimes operate as indirectly racialized language because American Christianity has historically been imagined by many people through a predominantly White Protestant cultural framework.
Research has also connected Christian nationalism among some White respondents with beliefs about discrimination against White people, concerns about declining White or Christian cultural influence, and perceptions that traditional social hierarchies are under threat.
These findings do not establish that every person expressing Christian nationalist views consciously holds white supremacist beliefs. Instead, the research suggests that religious, racial, and national identities can become mutually reinforcing for portions of the population.
=== Race and Different Forms of Christian Nationalism ===
Christian nationalism is not limited to White Americans.
Survey research finds Christian nationalist beliefs among Black, Hispanic, Latino, Asian American, and other populations. Studies comparing racial groups have consequently challenged the assumption that all Christian nationalism should automatically be described as White Christian nationalism.
The effects of Christian nationalist beliefs can also differ across groups. Some research finds relatively similar relationships across racial groups on issues that are not strongly racialized, while substantial differences emerge on questions involving policing, immigration, racial discrimination, gun policy, or racial group interests.
This has led some scholars to describe Christian nationalism as a form of religious-national in-group protection rather than an exclusively White phenomenon. Others argue that the American historical meaning of "Christian nation" remains deeply shaped by White Protestant dominance even when people from different racial backgrounds adopt the language.
These perspectives represent an important continuing debate within the scholarship.
=== Slavery, Segregation, and the Religious Right ===
Studies of White Christian nationalism frequently examine its relationship to the history of slavery and segregation.
Pro-slavery Christians developed extensive biblical defenses of slavery before the Civil War. After emancipation, Christian institutions were often racially segregated, and religious arguments were sometimes used to defend Jim Crow laws and opposition to racial integration.
The twentieth-century emergence of the modern Christian Right also intersects with disputes about race. Historians have examined conflicts surrounding desegregation, private Christian schools, Bob Jones University, federal tax policy, abortion, feminism, sexuality, and changing cultural authority.
Scholars disagree over the relative importance of these issues in producing the religious conservative political movement. Some emphasize resistance to desegregation as an important catalyst. Others point to abortion, secularization, changing sexual norms, Supreme Court decisions, and broader conflicts over religious freedom and government authority.
The history therefore contains both racial and nonracial sources of conservative Christian political mobilization.
=== Immigration, Demographic Change, and National Belonging ===
Immigration is another major area in which Christian nationalism and racial identity intersect.
Studies have associated stronger Christian nationalist beliefs with more restrictive attitudes toward immigration, particularly when immigrants are perceived as culturally, racially, or religiously different from a traditional image of American society.
Mexican and Latino immigration has received particular attention in this research. Scholars have examined how religious identity, national identity, ethnicity, and assumptions about assimilation combine in attitudes toward undocumented immigrants and immigration enforcement.
More recent research also considers fears of demographic replacement. Some Christian nationalist narratives describe declining White or Christian population shares as evidence that a traditional America is being displaced. Researchers connect these beliefs with broader replacement theories that portray demographic change as an intentional or threatening transformation of the country.
Such arguments exist on a continuum. Concern about immigration or cultural change does not itself establish commitment to white supremacy, but explicitly racial replacement theories have also been central to modern white nationalist movements.
=== Confederate Symbols and Historical Memory ===
Confederate monuments and symbols provide another intersection among race, religion, nationalism, and historical memory.
Research has examined similarities between public displays of Confederate imagery and Christian monuments, particularly when both are presented as representations of traditional American identity.
Survey studies find relationships between Christian nationalism and attitudes toward Confederate memorials. Supporters may understand such monuments as heritage, regional identity, religious tradition, or resistance to changing interpretations of American history. Critics view many of the monuments as celebrations of slavery, segregation, and White political power.
These controversies demonstrate how disputes over Christian nationalism often involve competing interpretations of American history rather than only disagreements about contemporary religion.
=== Education and Historical Narratives ===
Education has become an important arena for debates over White Christian nationalism.
Researchers have studied Christian nationalist participation in school-board elections, curriculum disputes, library-book challenges, religious education, homeschooling, and debates about teaching race, sexuality, colonialism, and American history.
Some scholarship argues that campaigns opposing discussions of structural racism or minority histories can reproduce White Christian nationalist understandings of the country. Research has also examined the use of biblical language, persecution narratives, parental-rights arguments, and claims that Christianity is being excluded from public education.
Critics of the White Christian nationalism framework respond that opposition to particular curricula does not necessarily indicate racial nationalism and caution against applying the term so broadly that ordinary religious conservatism becomes indistinguishable from extremist ideology.
Education therefore illustrates the larger dispute over both the political influence of Christian nationalism and the proper boundaries of the concept.
=== Policing, Voting, and Racial Inequality ===
Research has identified relationships between Christian nationalist attitudes and opinions about policing, voting laws, government spending, racial inequality, and discrimination.
Some studies report that White respondents with stronger Christian nationalist beliefs are more likely to minimize claims of systemic anti-Black discrimination, perceive greater discrimination against White Americans, or support policies that critics argue disproportionately disadvantage racial minorities.
Research on policing has similarly found racial differences in how Christian nationalism relates to support for law enforcement and interpretations of racial disparities in police encounters.
Voting policy is another area of study. Some researchers find associations between Christian nationalism and support for restrictions on voting access, particularly among White respondents.
These findings describe statistical relationships within surveyed populations. They do not mean that every supporter of the relevant policies is motivated by Christian nationalism or racial prejudice.
=== January 6 and Political Extremism ===
The January 6, 2021 attack on the United States Capitol generated extensive research and public discussion about Christian nationalism.
Christian symbols, prayers, crosses, flags, and biblical language appeared among participants. White supremacist, militia, conspiracy-oriented, and far-right symbols were also present. Scholars have studied how these different ideological currents interacted before and during the attack.
Researchers examining January 6 generally distinguish Christian nationalism from Christianity as a religion. Millions of American Christians rejected both the attack and efforts to use Christianity to justify political violence.
The event nevertheless demonstrated how Christian nationalist symbolism could coexist with conspiracy theories, election denial, militia politics, white nationalism, and anti-government extremism within parts of a broader political mobilization.
Debate continues over the extent to which Christian nationalism should be considered a primary cause of January 6 rather than one ideological component among several.
=== Churches and Christian Opposition to White Christian Nationalism ===
Christian communities are deeply divided over Christian nationalism.
Numerous Protestant, Catholic, evangelical, mainline Protestant, Black church, and ecumenical leaders have criticized Christian nationalism. Some explicitly use the term ''White Christian nationalism'' and argue that racial hierarchy has historically distorted American Christianity.
Organizations such as Christians Against Christian Nationalism and religious-liberty groups have developed campaigns opposing the fusion of Christianity with government power. Christian writers have also connected opposition to Christian nationalism with religious freedom, pluralism, racial equality, and democratic government.
Other Christians argue that the concept is defined too broadly. They contend that advocacy for Christian moral influence in public life, recognition of America's Christian history, or conservative political participation should not automatically be characterized as nationalism or white supremacy.
Some conservative Christian writers therefore accept the existence of explicitly racist Christian nationalism while disputing claims that the phenomenon accurately describes much of ordinary conservative Christianity.
=== The Debate Over Terminology and Measurement ===
A recurring theme in the research is disagreement about terminology.
Many surveys measure Christian nationalism through questions about whether the federal government should declare the United States a Christian nation, whether American success is part of God's plan, whether Christian values should influence government, or whether Christianity should receive a privileged role in public life.
Critics argue that responses to these questions can capture several different ideas, including religious traditionalism, patriotism, biblical belief, cultural Christianity, political conservatism, or support for religious establishment.
Researchers have therefore developed increasingly detailed measures designed to separate Christian nationalism from ordinary religious practice and from other political ideologies.
The addition of racial analysis has created a second measurement question: when should ''Christian nationalism'' be called ''White Christian nationalism''?
Some scholars argue that the racial history and contemporary associations are strong enough that White Christian nationalism is an analytically useful concept. Others caution that Christian nationalism appears in multiple racial communities and should not automatically be treated as a synonym for White identity politics.
Both approaches have produced empirical evidence, making the distinction an active subject of research rather than a fully settled question.
=== Distinguishing Association from Identity ===
The literature is especially important for understanding the difference between statistical association and individual identity.
When studies find that Christian nationalism correlates with racial resentment, White racial solidarity, authoritarianism, immigration restriction, or particular political policies, the finding applies to patterns within populations. It does not establish that every individual holding one belief necessarily holds all of the others.
Similarly, historical connections between Christianity and white supremacy do not mean Christianity itself is inherently white supremacist. Christianity has also supplied theological and institutional foundations for abolitionism, the Black freedom struggle, civil rights activism, immigrant advocacy, anti-racist movements, and opposition to Christian nationalism.
Understanding the subject therefore requires distinguishing among religious faith, political ideology, racial identity, nationalism, historical institutions, and explicitly supremacist movements.
=== Conclusion ===
The relationship between Christian nationalism and white supremacy in the United States is neither entirely separate nor completely synonymous.
Historical evidence documents explicitly Christian forms of white supremacy, including Christian Identity, as well as longer traditions in which Christian narratives were used to defend slavery, segregation, colonial expansion, and racial hierarchy. Modern social-science research also finds important relationships among Christian nationalism, White racial solidarity, attitudes toward immigration, perceptions of racial discrimination, demographic anxiety, historical memory, policing, and political power.
At the same time, Christian nationalism exists among Americans from multiple racial backgrounds, and research shows that its meaning and political effects can differ significantly across racial groups and issues. Scholars therefore continue to debate how broadly the term ''White Christian nationalism'' should be applied.
The most useful distinction is between Christianity as a religion, Christian political participation, Christian nationalism as an ideology linking Christianity and national identity, White Christian nationalism as a racialized form of that ideology, and explicitly white supremacist movements. These categories sometimes overlap historically and politically, but they are not interchangeable.
Examining where they intersect—and where they do not—provides a clearer understanding of the continuing relationship among religion, race, national identity, and political power in the United States.
__TOC__
```
=== Public Opinion, Surveys, and Measurement ===
*[https://prri.org/spotlight/progressive-christian-mobilization-and-the-discourse-white-christian-nationalism/ | Lauren Horn Griffin, Charles McCrary, and Jelani Ince | Public Religion Research Institute | August 3, 2026]
Studies how progressive Christians understand and organize around the term white Christian nationalism, including concerns about racial purity and replacement rhetoric.
*[https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2026/05/14/how-americans-feel-about-religions-influence-in-government-and-public-life/ | Pew Research Center Staff | Pew Research Center | May 14, 2026]
Updates national data on religion in government and public life, including familiarity with and attitudes toward Christian nationalism across racial and religious groups.
*[https://prri.org/spotlight/how-christian-nationalism-affects-views-on-immigration/ | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | March 30, 2026]
Compares White, Black, and Hispanic Christian nationalists on immigration, ICE, enforcement practices, and perceptions of immigrants.
*[https://prri.org/research/mapping-christian-nationalism-across-the-50-states-insights-from-prris-2025-american-values-atlas/ | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 17, 2026]
Maps Christian nationalist attitudes across all 50 states and compares patterns by race, religion, immigration views, authoritarianism, and replacement-theory beliefs.
*[https://prri.org/spotlight/how-christian-nationalist-rhetoric-can-influence-elections-across-race/ | Allyson Shortle and Michael R. Fisher Jr. | Public Religion Research Institute | August 12, 2025]
Examines how Christian nationalist rhetoric can operate differently across racial groups in electoral politics.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2025/02/05/despite-gop-devolving-white-christian-nationalist-party-majority-us-does-not-support | Robert P. Jones | Religion Dispatches | February 5, 2025]
Uses PRRI survey data to discuss the reach of White Christian nationalism and differences between its political influence and its level of support among the public.
*[https://prri.org/research/christian-nationalism-across-all-50-states-insights-from-prris-2024-american-values-atlas/ | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 4, 2025]
Provides state-level data on Christian nationalism and compares White, Black, Hispanic, and other religious populations.
*[https://prri.org/press-release/survey-revisits-american-attitudes-on-confederate-monuments-finds-divides-persist-by-party-race-religion/ | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | June 18, 2024]
Reports survey findings linking Christian nationalism with attitudes toward Confederate monuments, racism, historical memory, and repair for past discrimination.
*[https://prri.org/research/creating-more-inclusive-public-spaces-two-years-later/ | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | June 2024]
Finds a strong relationship among Christian nationalism, structural-racism measures, and attitudes toward Confederate memorials and public historical memory.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2024/03/27/prophecy-and-prosperity-are-keys-republican-christian-nationalism-according-new-poll | Daniel Schultz | Religion Dispatches | March 27, 2024]
Discusses polling on Republican Christian nationalism, religious identity, prophecy, prosperity theology, and White evangelical political alignment.
*[https://prri.org/spotlight/understanding-differences-between-black-and-white-of-christian-nationalism-adherents-and-sympathizers/ | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | 2024]
Compares Black and White Christian nationalism supporters on immigration, replacement theory, White supremacy, and racial discrimination.
*[https://www.brookings.edu/events/understanding-the-threat-of-white-christian-nationalism-to-american-democracy-today/ | Brookings Institution and PRRI | Brookings Institution | February 8, 2023]
Presents survey research on white Christian nationalism, White identity, anti-Black sentiment, antisemitism, anti-Muslim views, immigration, authoritarianism, and political violence.
*[https://prri.org/research/a-christian-nation-understanding-the-threat-of-christian-nationalism-to-american-democracy-and-culture/ | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 8, 2023]
National survey report measuring Christian nationalism and its relationships with anti-Black racism, immigration attitudes, antisemitism, anti-Muslim views, gender roles, authoritarianism, and political violence.
*[https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/10/27/views-of-the-u-s-as-a-christian-nation-and-opinions-about-christian-nationalism/ | Pew Research Center Staff | Pew Research Center | October 27, 2022]
Surveys Americans' views of the United States as a Christian nation and documents how respondents themselves connect Christian nationalism with racism, White supremacy, authoritarianism, and other concepts.
*[https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/10/27/in-their-own-words-how-americans-describe-christian-nationalism/ | Pew Research Center Staff | Pew Research Center | October 27, 2022]
Presents Americans' own descriptions of Christian nationalism, including both favorable interpretations and associations with racism, White supremacy, and exclusion.
=== Race, Whiteness, and National Belonging ===
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rsr.70414 | Philip S. Gorski | Religious Studies Review | September 5, 2026]
Reassesses the trajectory of White Christian nationalism and its changing place within American religion, politics, race, and national identity.
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jssr.70015 | Jesse Smith | Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | December 26, 2025]
Tracks partisan and racial sorting of Christian nationalism from 1996 to 2022 and examines backlash on the White secular left and religious right.
*[https://academic.oup.com/socrel/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/socrel/sraf006/8313335 | David Sikkink | Sociology of Religion | November 3, 2025]
Examines divisions among evangelicals over racial inequality and how education and Christian nationalism shape explanations of Black disadvantage.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/religion-is-sometimes-raced-christian-nationalism-as-ingroup-protection/F02458B4C14162ED36DF4B77012AE973 | Brooklyn Walker, Paul A. Djupe, Brian R. Calfano, Andrew R. Lewis, and Anand E. Sokhey | Perspectives on Politics | October 14, 2025]
Tests how Christian nationalism operates across White, Black, and Latino Christians and finds especially strong racial differences on explicitly racialized issues.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23326492251352804 | Samuel L. Perry | Socius | July 14, 2025]
Examines how Christian nationalism may promote white supremacy by elevating White Americans as the prototypical national group and shaping racial stereotypes across groups.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00346373251340076 | Brenita Mitchell | Review & Expositor | May 26, 2025]
Examines how white Christian nationalist ideology can combine racial hierarchy, patriarchy, and religious authority in ways that affect women's rights and social status.
*[https://academic.oup.com/sf/article/104/2/453/8030582 | Samuel L. Perry and coauthors | Social Forces | February 23, 2025]
Argues that Christian nationalism functions as a religion of White identity politics and finds strong links between Christian nationalism and White racial solidarity.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0034673X241286152 | Fanhao Nie | Review of Religious Research | 2025]
Studies Christian nationalism among Asian and Asian American adults in relation to perceptions of anti-Asian hate and White privilege.
*[https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/89/1/98/8129806 | Authors | Public Opinion Quarterly | 2025]
Examines how race moderates the relationship between Christian nationalism and progressive social identities.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10714413.2024.2348833 | Funie Hsu/Chhî | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | July 1, 2024]
Analyzes challenges to mindfulness in public schools and argues they can reinforce Christian hegemony and a racial-religious vision of a White Christian nation.
*[https://www.salon.com/2024/05/26/cracking-the-christian-nationalist-code-a-glossary-for-the-confused/ | Kathryn Joyce | Salon | May 26, 2024]
Provides a glossary of Christian nationalist terms and discusses blood purity, dominionism, Christian Zionism, race, and religious-national identity.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976241236162 | Rosemary L. Al-Kire, Chad A. Miller, Michael H. Pasek, Samuel L. Perry, and Clara L. Wilkins | Psychological Science | March 20, 2024]
Uses four experiments to test whether claims of anti-Christian bias can function as racial signals of anti-White bias among White Christians.
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277539523001711 | Author | Women's Studies International Forum | November–December 2023]
Uses ethnographic research on White conservative evangelicals to examine defensive racism, denial of anti-Black racism, and Christian righteousness.
*[https://religionnews.com/2023/08/18/why-christian-nationalism-makes-american-christians-less-christ-like/ | Andrew L. Whitehead | Religion News Service | August 18, 2023]
Describes white Christian nationalism as a cultural framework involving power, control, hierarchy, and ideas about White Christian dominance.
*[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/03/how-christian-is-christian-nationalism | Kelefa Sanneh | The New Yorker | March 2023]
Explores competing definitions of Christian nationalism, its relationship with White identity politics, and controversies involving explicitly white nationalist ideas.
*[https://religionnews.com/2023/01/19/white-christian-nationalism-isnt-pro-life-its-pro-order/ | Andrew Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry | Religion News Service | January 19, 2023]
Argues that white Christian nationalism is centrally concerned with preserving traditional racial, gender, and political hierarchy.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00380253.2023.2229385 | Samuel L. Perry and coauthors | The Sociological Quarterly | 2023]
Explores Christian nationalism, race, assimilation, exclusion, and differing understandings of who counts as a legitimate American.
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/socf.12854 | Samuel L. Perry | Sociological Forum | September 7, 2022]
Finds Christian nationalism associated with nationalist pronatalism, perceived threats to Whites and Christians, and desires for ethno-cultural dominance.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/09/01/marjorie-taylor-greene-christian-nationalist/ | Allyson F. Shortle | The Washington Post | September 1, 2022]
Analyzes the increasing visibility of the Christian nationalist label and an ethnocultural conception of American identity centered on Christianity and whiteness.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/04/27/gop-no-longer-a-party-movement-impose-christian-nationalism/ | Jennifer Rubin | The Washington Post | April 27, 2022]
Opinion analysis connecting Christian nationalist politics with racial grievance, White evangelical identity, and debates over systemic racism.
*[https://www.thenation.com/article/society/christian-nationalism-trump/ | William J. Barber II and Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove | The Nation | 2022]
Describes white Christian nationalism as a political force combining white supremacy, patriarchy, militarism, exclusion, and religious domination.
*[https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/12/2/95 | Ruth Braunstein | Religions | January 30, 2021]
Distinguishes nostalgic narratives of a White Christian nation from colorblind Judeo-Christian nationalism and analyzes how race and religion mark American belonging.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2020/09/02/fundraising-kyle-rittenhouse-reveals-american-christianitys-white-supremacy-problem | Andrew L. Seidel | Religion Dispatches | September 2, 2020]
Discusses Christian fundraising for Kyle Rittenhouse and broader research on White religious imagery, racial hierarchy, and Christian nationalist symbolism.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2332649218790983 | Samuel L. Perry, Andrew L. Whitehead, and Joshua T. Davis | Sociology of Race and Ethnicity | August 2, 2018]
Analyzes how Christian nationalism shapes views of police treatment of Black Americans and explanations for racial disparities in police shootings.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2015.1015584 | Samuel L. Perry and Andrew L. Whitehead | Ethnic and Racial Studies | March 6, 2015]
Examines Christian nationalism and White racial boundaries through opposition to interracial marriage.
=== White Supremacy, Extremism, and January 6 ===
*[https://www.splcenter.org/resources/hatewatch/hard-right-influencers/ | Hatewatch Staff | Southern Poverty Law Center | May 27, 2026]
Examines hard-right influencers who frame empathy as a vice and connect biblical rhetoric with white nationalism and male supremacy.
*[https://www.adl.org/resources/article/fuentes-delivers-antisemitic-christian-nationalist-rant-fellow-white-supremacists | Anti-Defamation League Staff | Anti-Defamation League | Updated April 4, 2025]
Documents white supremacist Nick Fuentes's use of Christian nationalist rhetoric and his movement's vision of a White Christian America.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2025/03/24/what-mahmoud-khalils-detention-says-about-white-christian-nationalism-and-politics | Author | Religion Dispatches | March 24, 2025]
Interprets immigration enforcement and repression through a framework connecting American belonging with White Christian identity and exclusion of non-Christians.
*[https://academic.oup.com/illinois-scholarship-online/book/61164/chapter-abstract/532390410 | Richard T. Hughes and Christina Littlefield | University of Illinois Press / Oxford Academic | February 25, 2025]
Examines Christian nationalism after January 6, including White supremacy, replacement theory, anti-immigrant politics, and changing nationalist movements.
*[https://academic.oup.com/illinois-scholarship-online/book/61164 | Richard T. Hughes and Christina Littlefield | University of Illinois Press / Oxford Academic | February 25, 2025]
Provides a history of White Christian nationalism from Puritan ideas of chosenness through slavery, the Christian Right, Trump, and January 6.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21567689.2025.2478557 | Authors | Politics, Religion & Ideology | 2025]
Traces links between Christian nationalism and organized white supremacy through British-Israelism and Christian Identity in the twentieth-century United States.
*[https://www.splcenter.org/resources/stories/communities-fight-back-against-hate-groups-and-far-right-extremism/ | Dwayne Fatherree | Southern Poverty Law Center | June 9, 2023]
Covers community responses to hate groups, far-right extremism, and organizations working against white Christian nationalism.
*[https://jemartisby.substack.com/p/now-we-call-it-white-christian-nationalism | Jemar Tisby | Footnotes | April 21, 2023]
Compares contemporary White Christian nationalism with earlier White supremacist movements, including the Ku Klux Klan, while discussing continuity and differences.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/02/24/idaho-christian-nationalism-marjorie-taylor-greene/ | Religion News Service | The Washington Post | February 24, 2023]
Uses North Idaho to examine Christian nationalism, separatist politics, migration, and the region's history of white supremacist organizing.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/01/06/christian-nationalism-groups/ | Bob Smietana | The Washington Post | January 6, 2023]
Maps several strands of Christian nationalism after January 6, including networks containing figures associated with openly white supremacist and antisemitic rhetoric.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2phpsfh | Bradley Onishi | Broadleaf Books / JSTOR | 2023]
Traces the development of White Christian nationalism through segregationist theology, evangelical political mobilization, conspiracy culture, and January 6.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/12/29/jan-6-report-christian-nationalism/ | Religion News Service | The Washington Post | December 29, 2022]
Examines concerns that the January 6 committee report did not fully explore Christian nationalism and its connections with white supremacist actors.
*[https://religionnews.com/2022/07/20/what-history-of-judeo-christian-teaches-about-defeating-white-christian-nationalism/ | Robert P. Jones | Religion News Service | July 20, 2022]
Uses the history of the “Judeo-Christian” idea to examine earlier resistance to the KKK, anti-Black racism, anti-Catholicism, and white Christian nationalism.
*[https://progressive.org/op-eds/white-christian-nationalism-jan-6-tisby-220606/ | Jemar Tisby | The Progressive | June 6, 2022]
Argues that White Christian nationalism was an important ideological current in the buildup to and events of January 6.
*[https://www.salon.com/2022/04/29/from-the-pilgrims-to-qanon-christian-nationalism-is-the-asteroid-coming-for-democracy/ | Kathryn Joyce | Salon | April 29, 2022]
Interviews Samuel Perry about the long history of White Christian nationalism, including Puritan warfare, slavery, race, voting restrictions, and January 6.
*[https://religionnews.com/2022/03/18/scholars-activists-brief-lawmakers-on-role-of-christian-nationalism-at-insurrection/ | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | March 18, 2022]
Covers a congressional briefing on Christian nationalism, white Christian nationalism, race, and the January 6 insurrection.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2022/02/15/new-report-white-christian-nationalism-and-j6-insurrection-shows-just-how-dire-threat | Religion Dispatches Staff | Religion Dispatches | February 15, 2022]
Summarizes a multi-author report on Christian nationalism and January 6, including its treatment of race, White Christian identity, religious symbols, and political mobilization.
*[https://religionnews.com/2022/02/09/new-report-details-the-influence-of-christian-nationalism-on-the-insurrection/ | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | February 9, 2022]
Reports on research into Christian nationalism's role in January 6, including historical links to slavery and white supremacy.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/01/26/christian-nationalism-jan-6-extreme-right/ | Religion News Service | The Washington Post | January 26, 2022]
Reports on how Christian nationalism became a unifying language among parts of the post-January 6 extreme right, including white nationalists.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/24/evangelical-leaders-christian-nationalism-capitol-riot | The Guardian Staff | The Guardian | February 24, 2021]
Reports on evangelical leaders condemning Christian nationalism, white Christian nationalism, conspiracy theories, racial prejudice, and political violence after January 6.
*[https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/responses/white-christian-nationalism-the-deep-story-behind-the-capitol-insurrection | Philip Gorski | Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs | January 22, 2021]
Explains the historical and ideological strands of white Christian nationalism visible during the January 6 Capitol attack.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2021/01/20/christian-nationalists-didnt-seek-desecrate-capitol-purify-it | Adam Willems | Religion Dispatches | January 20, 2021]
Uses Christian heritage tourism and sacred-national geography to interpret why some January 6 participants viewed the Capitol as a site to reclaim rather than desecrate.
*[https://www.abc.net.au/religion/philip-gorski-white-christian-nationalism/13055050 | Philip Gorski | ABC Religion & Ethics | January 13, 2021]
Interprets the religious, nationalist, Confederate, and white-supremacist symbolism displayed on January 6 through the framework of White Christian nationalism.
*[https://religionnews.com/2021/01/07/taking-the-white-christian-nationalist-symbols-at-the-capitol-riot-seriously/ | Robert P. Jones | Religion News Service | January 7, 2021]
Analyzes the juxtaposition of Christian and white supremacist symbols during the January 6 Capitol attack.
*[https://www.newyorker.com/news/on-religion/a-pennsylvania-lawmaker-and-the-resurgence-of-christian-nationalism | Eliza Griswold | The New Yorker | 2021]
Examines the resurgence of Christian nationalism and its overlap with white nationalist, militia, and far-right movements.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/after-synagogue-attack-some-evangelicals-finally-owning-their-part-in-white-christian-nationalism/ | Murali Balaji | Religion Dispatches | May 3, 2019]
Discusses antisemitic violence and debates among evangelicals about acknowledging religious dimensions of White nationalist ideology.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2019/03/29/special-series-can-we-call-new-zealand-terrorist-christian-white-nationalist | Evan Derkacz | Religion Dispatches | March 29, 2019]
Collects competing perspectives on whether violent White nationalism drawing on Christian civilizational identity should be described as Christian nationalism.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/white-christian-nationalism-may-not-be-religious-but-it-is-christian/ | Murali Balaji | Religion Dispatches | March 21, 2019]
Argues that modern White Christian nationalism often functions as cultural Christian identity even when individual adherents are not especially religious.
*[https://www.adl.org/resources/report/hate-their-hearts-state-white-supremacy-united-states | Anti-Defamation League Staff | Anti-Defamation League | 2017]
Provides background on Christian Identity and its historical role in organized white supremacy and violent right-wing extremism.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9781469611112_barkun | Michael Barkun | University of North Carolina Press / JSTOR | 1997]
Traces the origins of Christian Identity from British-Israelism and explains its development into a major religious current within organized White supremacy.
=== History and Development of White Christian Nationalism ===
*[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/jun/10/america-250-maga-christian-nationalism | Judith Levine | The Guardian | June 10, 2026]
Critiques historical narratives surrounding the U.S. 250th anniversary and their relationship to Christian nationalism, slavery, Indigenous history, and national mythmaking.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-handbook-for-the-anthropology-of-race-and-ethnicity/feeling-at-home-in-christian-nationalism/92A49193565D24CDB754CCC5134CC449 | Sophie Bjork-James | Cambridge University Press | April 22, 2026]
Connects whiteness, family norms, sexuality, and Christian nationalism within the broader history of privileged racialization.
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781394300365.ch31 | Philip Gorski and Samuel L. Perry | Contemporary Social Movements | December 8, 2025]
Surveys the historical development, core narrative, and organizational structure of White Christian nationalism as a social movement.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2025/08/07/liberty-universitys-baby-business-forced-birth-coerced-adoption-white-christian | Emma Cieslik | Religion Dispatches | August 7, 2025]
Investigates a Liberty University maternity-home history through the lenses of race, class, adoption, reproductive control, and White Christian nationalism.
*[https://religionnews.com/2025/06/10/the-social-gospel-movement-pushed-to-improve-workers-lives-and-to-promote-its-vision-of-christian-america/ | Christina Littlefield | Religion News Service | June 10, 2025]
Examines the Social Gospel era and the simultaneous presence of progressive reform, White Protestant dominance, anti-immigrant prejudice, and Christian nationalism.
*[https://academic.oup.com/illinois-scholarship-online/book/61164/chapter-abstract/532382817 | Richard T. Hughes and Christina Littlefield | University of Illinois Press / Oxford Academic | February 25, 2025]
Traces the rise of the Christian Right, including the role of desegregation conflicts, Bob Jones University, civil-rights backlash, and Christian nationalist political networks.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/27394938 | Robert P. Jones | CrossCurrents | December 2024]
Places white Christian nationalism within a longer history of colonialism, Indigenous dispossession, religiously grounded racism, and disputes over American historical memory.
*[https://time.com/7026778/christian-nationalism-jim-crow/ | William Horne | TIME | October 17, 2024]
Looks at Christian nationalism in the Jim Crow era and connects Christian-nation narratives with racial exclusion and segregation.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10714413.2024.2388913 | Kate R. Johnson, Heidi Lyn Hadley, Allison Schoonbeck, and Sarah E. Benson | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | August 16, 2024]
Analyzes White Christian nationalist rhetoric in education through concepts including dominionism, colonialism, grievability, and precarity.
*[https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-07-14/christian-nationalism-democracy-republican-robin-abcarian | Robin Abcarian | Los Angeles Times | July 14, 2024]
Opinion column connecting contemporary Christian nationalism with segregation-era politics, white supremacy, and debates over democracy.
*[https://apnews.com/article/a5415aeba90e21a86a50f8489fc54b7a | Peter Smith | Associated Press | May 2024]
Explains how the historical “Appeal to Heaven” flag became associated with contemporary far-right and Christian nationalist movements.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2024/apr/27/bad-faith-documentary-christian-nationalism | David Smith | The Guardian | April 27, 2024]
Reviews the documentary Bad Faith and its argument about segregation, race, the religious right, voter suppression, and Christian nationalism.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10714413.2024.2336835 | Sachi Edwards | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | April 5, 2024]
Examines the history and contemporary manifestations of White Christian nationalism and their implications for religious minorities.
*[https://ca.rollingstone.com/politics/theyre-frightened-of-diversity-rob-reiner-on-the-threat-of-christian-nationalism/ | Rolling Stone Staff | Rolling Stone | 2024]
Interview connected to the documentary God & Country discussing white Christian nationalism, segregation, diversity, and the religious right.
*[https://bjconline.org/podcast/s6-ep-03-on-the-road-with-how-to-end-christian-nationalism/ | BJC Staff and guests | Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty | 2024]
Places Christian nationalism in historical context, including Puritan chosenness, slavery, racial hierarchy, and modern anti-immigrant politics.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/how-the-fbi-aided-and-abetted-the-rise-of-white-christian-nationalism-an-interview/ | Bradley Onishi and Lerone A. Martin | Religion Dispatches | July 19, 2023]
Interview on J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI, White evangelical leaders, anti-communism, race, and the construction of White Christian nationalism.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2023/07/13/christian-temperance-dare-war-drugs-has-its-roots-white-christian-nationalism | Andrew Monteith | Religion Dispatches | July 13, 2023]
Traces the early drug war through Protestant temperance, racialized fears of Black and Asian communities, and narratives of a White Protestant nation.
*[https://humsci.stanford.edu/feature/gospel-j-edgar-hoover-how-fbi-aided-and-abetted-rise-white-christian-nationalism-lerone | Stanford Humanities and Sciences | Stanford University | March 28, 2023]
Summarizes Lerone Martin's research on the FBI, White evangelicalism, race, religion, and the development of white Christian nationalism.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/21/the-gospel-of-j-edgar-hoover-lerone-martin | David Smith | The Guardian | March 21, 2023]
Discusses Lerone Martin's research on J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI, White evangelicalism, race, and white Christian nationalism.
*[https://therevealer.org/suing-the-fbi-and-uncovering-a-history-of-white-christian-nationalism/ | Lerone A. Martin | The Revealer | February 7, 2023]
Presents an excerpt from The Gospel of J. Edgar Hoover describing archival research into the FBI's relationship with White evangelicalism and Christian nationalism.
*[https://www.si.edu/object/gospel-j-edgar-hoover-how-fbi-aided-and-abetted-rise-white-christian-nationalism-lerone-martin%3Asiris_sil_1165925 | Smithsonian Libraries and Archives | Smithsonian Institution | 2023]
Catalogs Lerone Martin's research on how J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI, and White evangelical and Catholic leaders promoted a White Christian national identity.
*[https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/faculty_publications/2195/ | Jessie Hill | Iowa Law Review | 2023]
Examines the overlapping history of Confederate symbols and Christian religious displays as expressions of racial and religious hierarchy.
*[https://bcsr.berkeley.edu/news/gospel-j-edgar-hoover-how-fbi-aided-and-abetted-rise-white-christian-nationalism | Berkeley Center for the Study of Religion | University of California, Berkeley | 2023]
Highlights research on how J. Edgar Hoover, the FBI, and White religious leaders helped shape modern white Christian nationalism.
*[https://politicaltheology.com/white-christian-nationalism-what-it-is-and-where-its-going/ | Philip Gorski | Political Theology Network | October 13, 2022]
Describes White Christian nationalism as a changing political ideology and traces its movement from historical narrative toward a more explicit political program.
*[https://isps.yale.edu/news/2022-10-04-understanding-white-christian-nationalism | Rick Harrison | Yale Institution for Social and Policy Studies | October 4, 2022]
Explains research on White Christian nationalism, including beliefs about Protestant founding myths and perceived threats from non-White, non-Christian, and immigrant Americans.
*[https://canopyforum.org/2022/04/29/the-flag-and-the-cross-white-christian-nationalism-and-the-threat-to-american-democracy/ | Canopy Forum Staff | Canopy Forum | April 29, 2022]
Introduces scholarship on White Christian nationalism and the historical relationship among Christian, Confederate, nationalist, and racial symbols.
*[https://academic.oup.com/book/41502/chapter-abstract/352915695 | Philip S. Gorski, Samuel L. Perry, and Jemar Tisby | Oxford University Press | April 21, 2022]
Uses survey evidence to compare White and non-White Christian nationalism and explores racial discrimination, religious history, and ethno-national identity.
*[https://academic.oup.com/book/41502/chapter-abstract/352915642 | Philip S. Gorski, Samuel L. Perry, and Jemar Tisby | Oxford University Press | April 21, 2022]
Defines White Christian nationalism as a national story and political vision involving White Protestant founding myths, hierarchy, freedom, order, and violence.
*[https://news.yale.edu/2022/03/15/yale-sociologist-phil-gorski-threat-white-christian-nationalism | Mike Cummings | Yale News | March 15, 2022]
Interviews Philip Gorski about the origins, racial structure, political influence, and democratic implications of white Christian nationalism.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/the-missing-element-in-the-conversation-on-christian-nationalism-and-christian-freedom-whiteness/ | Peter Laarman | Religion Dispatches | February 10, 2022]
Argues that discussions of Christian nationalism and freedom require closer attention to whiteness, racial privilege, and historically unequal definitions of liberty.
*[https://religiousstudies.stanford.edu/events/lerone-martin-gospel-j-edgar-hoover-how-fbi-aided-and-abetted-rise-white-christian | Stanford Religious Studies | Stanford University | 2022]
Describes Lerone Martin's research into the FBI's role in reinforcing a White Christian vision of American identity and political order.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2021/10/13/americas-jesus-problem-making-progressive-christians-complicit-christian-supremacy | A. E. Brooks-Key | Religion Dispatches | October 13, 2021]
Considers how Christian supremacy can persist across political camps and places White Christian nationalism within a wider history of Christian cultural dominance.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2021/04/27/rick-santorum-breezes-past-genocidal-foundation-white-christian-nationalism | Sophie Bjork-James | Religion Dispatches | April 27, 2021]
Examines Indigenous dispossession, colonial violence, evangelical historical memory, and their relationship to narratives of White Christian nationhood.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2021/03/25/republican-senator-cindy-hyde-smith-spouts-christian-nationalism-defending-racist-voter | Andrew L. Seidel | Religion Dispatches | March 25, 2021]
Connects Christian nationalist rhetoric with voting restrictions, racial history, and the use of government religious symbolism.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2020/05/21/southern-baptist-leader-al-mohler-addresses-past-racist-comments-past-isnt-problem | Miguel A. De La Torre | Religion Dispatches | May 21, 2020]
Critiques Southern Baptist racial history and contemporary evangelical politics through the lenses of White supremacy and Christian nationalism.
*[https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/american-christianitys-white-supremacy-problem | Michael Luo | The New Yorker | 2020]
Reviews scholarship and history on White Christianity, Christian nationalism, racism, xenophobia, and the maintenance of racialized social order.
*[https://faith.yale.edu/media/christian-racist-complicity-american-history-monuments-and-the-arc-of-justice | Yale Center for Faith & Culture | Yale University | 2020]
Discussion with Jemar Tisby on Christian complicity in racism, Confederate monuments, racial hierarchy, and the history of Christian white supremacy.
*[https://bjconline.org/podcast/ep-07-christian-nationalism-race-and-white-supremacy/ | Amanda Tyler and Jemar Tisby | Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty | September 11, 2019]
Historical discussion of racism, Christian nationalism, white supremacy, and the long overlap between American Christianity and racial hierarchy.
*[https://www.christiancentury.org/practicing-liberation/white-christian-nationalism-distortion-christianity-nbsp | Daniel José Camacho | The Christian Century | July 24, 2018]
Considers whether white Christian nationalism should be understood as a distortion of Christianity or as one recurring form of Christianity historically entangled with oppression.
=== Politics, Democracy, Law, and Governance ===
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-9125.70066 | Christopher H. Seto | Criminology | August 6, 2026]
Uses survey experiments to study how Christian nationalism and race shape contingent support for law enforcement.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/weakness-of-antichristian-nationalism-when-religiously-inclusive-orientations-cant-increase-tolerance/ABD3180209B76C360FC85AA2FECD0372 | Paul A. Djupe and Brooklyn Walker | Politics and Religion | March 26, 2026]
Tests whether religiously inclusive orientations can reduce intolerance associated with Christian nationalism, including racial and political exclusion.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.32498149 | Stephen M. Feldman | NYU Press / JSTOR | 2026]
Examines the Roberts Court through a White Christian nationalism framework, emphasizing how race, religion, sexuality, and constitutional belonging intersect.
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2026.1858785/full | Authors | Frontiers in Political Science | 2026]
Analyzes ascriptive ideas of “true Americans,” Christian nationalism, racial hierarchy, and the populist right in the 2024 election context.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/apr/16/christian-nationalists-trump-administration | Adam Gabbatt | The Guardian | April 16, 2025]
Reports on Christian nationalist figures in the federal government and expert concerns about privileging a particular form of Christianity in public institutions.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2025/01/16/not-single-senator-probed-most-dangerous-part-pete-hegseths-background-his-ties-white | Robert P. Jones | Religion Dispatches | January 16, 2025]
Examines Pete Hegseth's associations with Christian nationalist ideas and organizations, including debates about race, hierarchy, and political power.
*[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11109-025-10074-y | Authors | Political Behavior | 2025]
Examines how elite cues can increase identification with Christian nationalism and discusses links with racialized policing, voting restrictions, authoritarianism, and political violence.
*[https://religionnews.com/2024/09/06/black-church-brought-religion-to-politics-in-the-60s-but-different-to-white-christian-nationalism-today/ | Tobin Miller Shearer | Religion News Service | September 6, 2024]
Compares Black church political activism in the 1960s with contemporary white Christian nationalism, emphasizing different approaches to democracy and racial power.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2024.2372042 | Christopher H. Seto and Samuel L. Perry | Ethnic and Racial Studies | July 5, 2024]
Examines how race moderates the relationship between Christian nationalism and opposition to requiring gun permits.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/abs/colorblind-christian-country-how-racial-attitudes-affect-support-for-christian-nationalism-and-civil-religion/460C1EF1DEA1C7FABC5B74040EFF504D | Brooklyn Walker and Donald P. Haider-Markel | Politics and Religion | June 5, 2024]
Provides experimental evidence about connections between racial attitudes and White support for Christian nationalism and civil religion.
*[https://www.salon.com/2023/12/21/mike-johnson-owes-the-secretive-networks-that-form-the-backbone-of-the-american-right-big-time/ | Kathryn Joyce | Salon | December 21, 2023]
Examines Speaker Mike Johnson's Christian-right networks and situates nostalgia for the pre-civil-rights social order within White Christian nationalist politics.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/16/james-carville-mike-johnson-christian-nationalism | David Smith | The Guardian | December 16, 2023]
Reports James Carville's criticism of white Christian nationalism and discusses the political and religious views of House Speaker Mike Johnson.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/05/19/christian-nationalism-religion-politics/ | Religion News Service | The Washington Post | May 19, 2023]
Explores competing definitions of Christian nationalism and Christian supremacy, including arguments about Christian privilege and coercive political power.
*[https://matrix.berkeley.edu/research-article/the-flag-and-the-cross-white-christian-nationalism-and-the-threat-to-democracy/ | UC Berkeley Social Science Matrix | University of California, Berkeley | April 17, 2023]
Presents Philip Gorski's analysis of white Christian nationalism as a fusion of religious identity, racial hierarchy, national mythology, and political power.
*[https://www.thenation.com/article/society/christian-nationalism-resistance/ | Wen Stephenson | The Nation | 2023]
Profiles religious-left resistance to white Christian nationalism, racism, patriarchy, and authoritarian politics.
*[https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/trends-and-threats/ | Southern Poverty Law Center Staff | Southern Poverty Law Center | 2023]
Reviews white Christian nationalism as an ideology linking white supremacy, Christianity, American nationalism, exclusion, and anti-democratic politics.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2022/12/27/broken-courts-big-lies-and-genocide-rehearsal-review-2022-and-what-we-can-expect-2023 | Annika Brockschmidt | Religion Dispatches | December 27, 2022]
Reviews developments involving White Christian nationalism, minority rule, election denial, courts, and authoritarian politics during 2022.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2022/11/07/quiet-part-very-much-out-loud-conservative-publication-calls-embrace-totalitarianism | Annika Brockschmidt | Religion Dispatches | November 7, 2022]
Examines explicitly anti-democratic arguments on the right and research connecting White Christian nationalism with authoritarian attitudes.
*[https://jemartisby.substack.com/p/white-christian-nationalists-are | Jemar Tisby | Footnotes | October 24, 2022]
Examines how supporters and critics of Christian nationalism debate the label and how race, religion, and political power figure in attempts to define the movement.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2022/10/18/midterms-approach-white-christian-nationalism-mainstream-gop-and-its-only-getting-worse | Annika Brockschmidt | Religion Dispatches | October 18, 2022]
Reports on a Yale conference examining White Christian nationalism, far-right politics, racial identity, authoritarianism, and the 2022 midterm environment.
*[https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srac032 | David T. Buckley | Sociology of Religion | October 8, 2022]
Reviews The Flag and the Cross and evaluates its account of White Christian nationalism, racial hierarchy, religion, and democratic institutions.
*[https://macmillan.yale.edu/europe/stories/yale-news-understanding-white-christian-nationalism | Yale News Staff | Yale University | October 7, 2022]
Summarizes a Yale conference examining white Christian nationalism, race, authoritarianism, religion, extremism, and political mobilization.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/everyday-crusade/conclusion/7A9F4F959C32C59E05B148BEF731A2FB | Eric L. McDaniel, Irfan Nooruddin, and Allyson F. Shortle | Cambridge University Press | April 28, 2022]
Places American religious exceptionalism and Christian nationalism within broader comparative questions about nationalism, polarization, and democratic state-building.
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/socf.12776 | Samuel L. Perry, Andrew L. Whitehead, and Joshua B. Grubbs | Sociological Forum | January 3, 2022]
Links Christian nationalism with support for restricting voter access and finds especially strong associations involving voter suppression among White respondents.
*[https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma/vol39/iss1/5/ | Tommy Nanto | Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies | 2022]
Finds racial resentment to be a strong predictor of Christian nationalist beliefs and examines differences between nationalist belief and political behavior.
*[https://religionnews.com/2020/06/02/with-bibles-and-flash-grenades-trump-walks-the-christian-nationalist-walk/ | Andrew L. Whitehead | Religion News Service | June 2, 2020]
Uses the Lafayette Square Bible photo opportunity to explain scholarship linking Christian nationalism with authoritarianism, militarism, nativism, and white supremacy.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2018.1527939 | Joshua T. Davis | Ethnic and Racial Studies | October 4, 2018]
Studies Christian nationalism and White attitudes toward racially coded government spending, linking religious-national identity with defense of racial advantage.
=== Education, Schools, and Curriculum ===
*[https://ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/rrq.70041 | Katie Ward, Olivia Twa, and Mary M. Juzwik | Reading Research Quarterly | August 13, 2025]
Studies school-board campaigns in West Michigan and White Christian nationalist efforts to exert control over literacy curriculum and book access.
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ace.20568 | Steven Frye | New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education | June 19, 2025]
Examines White Christian nationalism from the perspective of religious education and considers how educators can address its racial and political dimensions.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10714413.2025.2452023 | Heidi Lyn Hadley and Kevin J. Burke | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | January 19, 2025]
Introduces a special issue on White Christian nationalism and education, including disputes over race, sexuality, curriculum, school governance, and religious privilege.
*[https://orb.binghamton.edu/research_days_posters_2025/68/ | Katherine Hochberg | Binghamton University Research Days | 2025]
Reviews the relationship between White Christian nationalism, authoritarian thought, and K-12 public education, including curriculum disputes involving race and minority histories.
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ace.20564 | Ralf St. Clair | New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education | 2025]
Discusses White Christian nationalism, structural racism, dominionism, and threats to democratic pluralism through the lens of adult education.
*[https://ila.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/rrq.571 | Mary Juzwik, Rebecca Witte, Kevin Burke, and Esther Prins | Reading Research Quarterly | 2025]
Examines biblical proof-texting, White Christian nationalism, and disputes over literacy curriculum, library challenges, and religious interpretation.
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385371119_White_Christian_nationalism_in_Black_education_Breaking_bread_at_the_kitchen_table | Amber M. Neal-Stanley and Matt Bridges | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | October 2024]
Examines White Christian nationalism in relation to Black education and considers how racialized religious power enters educational spaces.
*[https://doi.org/10.1080/10714413.2024.2391601 | Esther Prins, Mary Juzwik, and Gonca Acaray | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | August 22, 2024]
Studies a Pennsylvania school-board campaign and how candidates used persecution and voicelessness narratives associated with White Christian nationalism.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10714413.2024.2356493 | Authors | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | 2024]
Traces Southern White evangelical discourse on race and connects contemporary history-curriculum battles with White Christian nationalist narratives.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.3102/0013189X231163147 | Kevin J. Burke, Mary Juzwik, and Esther Prins | Educational Researcher | March 20, 2023]
Defines White Christian nationalism as a contemporary religiopolitical movement and examines its implications for public education, educational equity, curriculum, and research.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2022/12/23/how-christian-nationalism-seeped-into-home-schooling/ | Religion News Service | The Washington Post | December 23, 2022]
Explores Christian nationalist themes in some homeschooling materials, including narratives minimizing slavery and promoting a triumphalist Christian America.
*[https://religionnews.com/2022/12/23/how-the-battle-over-christian-nationalism-often-starts-at-home/ | Religion News Service Staff | Religion News Service | December 23, 2022]
Explores Christian homeschooling, slavery narratives, white supremacy, and competing versions of Christian national identity.
=== Immigration, Demography, and Citizenship ===
*[https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/columnist/chris-tomlinson/article/indian-bigotry-sugar-land-politics-22247848.php | Chris Tomlinson | Houston Chronicle | September 18, 2026]
Examines hostility toward Indian Americans in Texas in the context of anti-immigrant politics, religious nationalism, demographic change, and recurring racial exclusion.
*[https://www.vox.com/politics/501931/christian-nationalism-nationalist-white-authoritarian-backslide-robert-jones-prri-christianity | Vox Staff / Robert P. Jones | Vox | September 2026]
Interview discussing Christian nationalism, White evangelical support, immigration, authoritarianism, and Christian responses to political nationalism.
*[https://academic.oup.com/socrel/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/socrel/srag002/8691731 | Christopher H. Seto | Sociology of Religion | May 24, 2026]
Analyzes Christian nationalism, political and ethno-racial identity, and distrust of immigrants, including differences across racial groups.
*[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jssr.70034 | Samuel L. Perry | Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | March 14, 2026]
Distinguishes general pronatalism from selective pronatalism and links the latter to Christian nationalism, replacement theory, and demographic dominance.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2025/feb/27/oklahoma-project-2025-education | The Guardian Staff | The Guardian | February 27, 2025]
Examines Oklahoma church-state conflicts and scholarship connecting Christian nationalism with fears of demographic, cultural, and racial change.
*[https://www.salon.com/2024/04/17/reagans-great-america-shining-on-a-hill-twisted-into-dark-vision-of-christian-nationalism_partner/ | Author | Salon / The Conversation | April 17, 2024]
Compares Reagan-era religious nationalism with later White Christian nationalist politics and considers the role of race, immigration, and demographic anxiety.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2024/03/18/speech-white-evangelical-broadcasters-trump-lays-out-his-white-christian-nationalist | Robert P. Jones | Religion Dispatches | March 18, 2024]
Analyzes a campaign speech to religious broadcasters through the lens of White Christian nationalism, internal enemies, immigration, and religious-national identity.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/05/17/latino-faith-leaders-gather-summit-christian-nationalism/ | Religion News Service | The Washington Post | May 17, 2023]
Reports on Latino faith leaders responding to Christian nationalism, white supremacy, replacement theory, and far-right organizing.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/05/20/white-christian-nationalism-buffalo-abortion/ | Samuel L. Perry and Philip S. Gorski | The Washington Post | May 20, 2022]
Discusses white Christian nationalism, racial hierarchy, replacement theory, anti-democratic politics, and the ideological environment surrounding racist violence.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/everyday-crusade/everyday-crusade/7E30305465895FDAA5D81BF075049B54 | Eric L. McDaniel, Irfan Nooruddin, and Allyson F. Shortle | Cambridge University Press | April 28, 2022]
Presents a framework of American religious exceptionalism connecting religious nationalism with anti-immigrant sentiment, exclusion, and alternative attitudes toward democratic governance.
*[https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soab134 | Samuel L. Perry, Ryon J. Cobb, Andrew L. Whitehead, and Joshua B. Grubbs | Social Forces | November 11, 2021]
Studies how White Christian nationalism relates to perceptions of racial injustice, anti-Black discrimination, White victimhood, and policing.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2378023120985116 | Samuel Stroope, Heather M. Rackin, and Paul Froese | Socius | February 16, 2021]
Finds Christian nationalism associated with more negative views of undocumented Mexican immigrants while distinguishing nationalist ideology from ordinary religious practice.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1368430220978291 | Rosemary Al-Kire, Michael Pasek, Jo-Ann Tsang, Joseph Leman, and Wade Rowatt | Group Processes & Intergroup Relations | January 18, 2021]
Examines Christian nationalism, perceived threat, and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration restrictions.
*[https://www.christianitytoday.com/podcasts/quick-to-listen/christian-nationalism-capitol-riots-trump-podcast/ | Christianity Today Staff and Paul D. Miller | Christianity Today | 2021]
Discusses distinctions and overlaps between Christian nationalism and white nationalism, including immigration, systemic racism, and racial hierarchy.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01419870.2020.1767799 | Breanne Leigh Grace and Katie Heins | Ethnic and Racial Studies | June 2, 2020]
Studies anti-refugee politics and shows how racialized, religious, and national categories can reinforce white Christian nationalism.
*[https://academic.oup.com/book/33661/chapter-abstract/288202938 | Andrew L. Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry | Oxford University Press | March 19, 2020]
Examines how Christian nationalism creates symbolic boundaries involving race, ethnicity, citizenship, immigration, policing, and religious diversity.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2018/03/05/pro-born-former-evangelical-single-issue-politics-white-christians | Bradley Onishi | Religion Dispatches | March 5, 2018]
Reflects on White evangelical political priorities and how racial, immigrant, gender, and religious differences can be marginalized within single-issue politics.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1532673X10371300 | Eric Leon McDaniel, Irfan Nooruddin, and Allyson Faith Shortle | American Politics Research | September 9, 2010]
Develops an early Christian-nationalism framework for understanding anti-immigrant attitudes and symbolic prejudice in American national identity.
=== Christian Theology, Churches, and Religious Responses ===
*[https://www.christianitytoday.com/2026/07/denomination-presbyterian-christian-nationalism-study/ | Megan Fowler | Christianity Today | July 30, 2026]
Reports how several Protestant denominations are studying Christian nationalism, including concerns over antisemitism, race realism, kinism, and ethnic superiority.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23780231261444056 | Tryce Prince | Socius | May 14, 2026]
Uses ethnographic research to examine how racialized narratives in a White church can legitimize White Christian dominance and victimhood.
*[https://www.christianpost.com/news/rededicate-250-cissie-graham-lynch-others-express-hope-for-us.html | The Christian Post Staff | The Christian Post | May 2026]
Covers debate over a national religious celebration criticized by opponents as White Christian nationalist and defended by organizers as Judeo-Christian civic renewal.
*[https://www.christianpost.com/news/lawmakers-walk-out-of-invocation-denouncing-christian-nationalism.html | Jon Brown | The Christian Post | March 27, 2026]
Reports on a Tennessee legislative invocation condemning White Christian nationalism and the political controversy that followed.
*[https://www.christianpost.com/news/liberal-christian-leaders-condemn-cruel-and-oppressive-us-govt.html | Jon Brown | The Christian Post | February 26, 2026]
Reports on Christian leaders warning about White Christian nationalism, racial and ethnic exclusion, immigration policy, and authoritarian government.
*[https://www.christianpost.com/news/democrats-dismiss-house-hearing-on-sharia-threat-in-us.html | Jon Brown | The Christian Post | February 12, 2026]
Reports competing congressional claims about White Christian nationalism, religious freedom, Islam, and threats to constitutional governance.
*[https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/podcast/counterweight-against-white-christian-nationalism | Commonweal Editors and Bryan Massingale | Commonweal | August 5, 2025]
Catholic discussion of White Christian nationalism, racial hierarchy, immigration, DEI policy, and Catholic social teaching.
*[https://www.christianpost.com/news/pcusa-releases-resource-to-combat-white-christian-nationalism.html | Michael Gryboski | The Christian Post | July 9, 2025]
Reports on a Presbyterian Church (USA) resource defining and opposing White Christian nationalism while also presenting criticism of the term from conservative Christians.
*[https://www.sojo.net/interactive/how-christians-can-counter-christian-nationalism | William J. Barber II and other contributors | Sojourners | September/October 2024]
Collects Christian responses to weaponized Christian nationalism, emphasizing white supremacy, civil rights, democracy, religious freedom, and pluralism.
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00209643241263098 | Love Lazarus Sechrest | Interpretation | October 14, 2024]
Uses the biblical story of Jonah to address race relations and the rise of White Christian nationalism from a womanist theological perspective.
*[https://www.christianpost.com/voice/new-christian-nationalism-is-in-fact-a-woke-right.html | Janet Mefferd | The Christian Post | May 11, 2024]
Offers a conservative Christian critique disputing common claims about Christian nationalism and arguing that the label can be used too broadly.
*[https://berkeleydivinity.yale.edu/posts/2024-04-29-21-christianity-in-american-politics-with-jonathan-wilson-hartgrove | Hannah Black | Berkeley Divinity School at Yale | April 29, 2024]
Conversation on the making of white Christian nationalism and the political development of the New Right.
*[https://www.christianitytoday.com/2024/03/how-not-to-talk-about-christian-nationalism-another-gospel/ | Christianity Today Contributor | Christianity Today | March 2024]
Offers a critical perspective on how the term Christian nationalism is sometimes used while acknowledging the separate problem of explicitly white Christian nationalism and racism.
*[https://www.christianpost.com/books/voddie-baucham-talks-lgbt-takeover-of-civil-rights.html | The Christian Post Staff | The Christian Post | 2024]
Presents Voddie Baucham's skeptical view that “white Christian nationalism” is often defined too vaguely, providing a counterpoint to critical scholarship.
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/politics-and-religion/article/division-on-the-christian-right-republican-pastors-and-the-use-of-force/B10EBFD62B90BE3C12556D97D6D370F5 | Authors | Politics and Religion | 2024]
Examines Christian nationalism among Republican pastors and the conditions under which political force or coercion becomes more acceptable.
*[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/may/01/far-right-pastors-embracing-trump-white-christian-nationalism | Peter Stone | The Guardian | May 1, 2023]
Reports on pro-Trump pastors and criticism from other Christian leaders that their organizing represents an overt embrace of white Christian nationalism.
*[https://bjconline.org/podcast/s4-ep-13-white-supremacy-and-christian-nationalism-a-conversation-with-the-rev-dr-jay-augustine/ | Amanda Tyler, Holly Hollman, and Jay Augustine | Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty | 2023]
Explores white supremacy, ethnic exclusion, and the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant power narrative within Christian nationalism.
*[https://publicorthodoxy.org/2022/02/04/what-happens-when-scholars-of-orthodoxy-write-about-white-christian-nationalism/ | Aram Sarkisian | Public Orthodoxy | February 4, 2022]
Describes far-right and White nationalist currents in parts of American Orthodoxy and the backlash scholars can face when researching them.
*[https://bjconline.org/the-many-manifestations-of-white-christian-nationalism/ | Cherilyn Crowe Guy | Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty | October 5, 2021]
Reports on a discussion with Jemar Tisby and Robert P. Jones about how racism can undergird white Christian nationalism.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2021/08/02/weve-finally-begun-confront-white-christian-nationalism-what-about-its-source-text | Dianne M. Stewart | Religion Dispatches | August 2, 2021]
Connects White Christian nationalism to biblical narratives of chosenness, conquest, land, and violence and urges closer examination of scriptural interpretation.
*[https://www.christianitytoday.com/2021/02/what-is-christian-nationalism/ | Paul D. Miller | Christianity Today | February 2021]
Defines Christian nationalism, distinguishes it from Christianity and patriotism, and discusses racial exclusion and its concentration among White Americans.
*[https://www.christiansagainstchristiannationalism.org/access-racism-white-christian-nationalism-discussion-guide | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | 2021]
Discussion guide accompanying a webinar on how racism and white supremacy intersect with Christian nationalism.
*[https://www.christiansagainstchristiannationalism.org/learn-more | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | n.d.]
Defines Christian nationalism and explains why the organization sometimes uses the term white Christian nationalism to emphasize overlap with white supremacy.
*[https://www.christiansagainstchristiannationalism.org/faqs | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | n.d.]
Addresses questions about nationalism, patriotism, racism, and the stated overlap between Christian nationalism and white supremacy.
=== General Analysis, Books, and Commentary ===
*[https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1465810/full | Sean F. Everton | Frontiers in Social Psychology | November 6, 2024]
Tests predictors of Christian nationalism and cautions against treating Christian nationalism and White Christian nationalism as interchangeable categories.
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10714413.2024.2346883 | Jeremy Alexander | Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies | April 26, 2024]
Examines how the institutional culture of a conservative Christian school can make White Christian nationalist policies and political engagement more plausible.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2024/04/05/white-christians-anti-christian-bias-reflects-anti-white-bias-according-new-research | Daniel Schultz | Religion Dispatches | April 5, 2024]
Reports experimental research finding that messages about anti-Christian bias can increase perceptions of anti-White bias among White Christians.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2023/11/08/nashville-suburbs-christian-nationalism/ | Religion News Service | The Washington Post | November 8, 2023]
Examines Christian nationalist politics in affluent Nashville suburbs alongside local concern about white supremacist activity.
*[https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/05/16/white-christian-nationalism-definition/ | Kenneth L. Woodward | The Washington Post | May 16, 2023]
Presents a skeptical perspective on expansive definitions of white Christian nationalism and questions how survey measures classify supporters.
*[https://religionnews.com/2023/01/24/how-southern-california-helped-birth-white-christian-nationalism/ | Yonat Shimron | Religion News Service | January 24, 2023]
Interviews Bradley Onishi about Southern California's role in the rise of the religious right and white Christian nationalism.
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.21995875.3 | Atalia Omer and Joshua Lupo | University of Notre Dame Press / JSTOR | 2023]
Introduces an interdisciplinary volume on the cultural logic of White Christian nationalisms, racism, populism, xenophobia, and modernity.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2022/11/16/christian-nationalist-bestseller-rooted-volk-homeland-and-patriarchy-blood-relation | Bradley Onishi | Religion Dispatches | November 16, 2022]
Critiques The Case for Christian Nationalism and examines its ideas about ethnicity, homeland, patriarchy, hierarchy, and political authority.
*[https://religionnews.com/2022/01/28/the-deadly-dogmatism-of-christian-nationalism/ | Samuel L. Perry | Religion News Service | January 28, 2022]
Discusses Christian nationalism, dogmatism, misinformation, victimhood, and confidence in beliefs about Christian cultural supremacy.
*[https://religiondispatches.org/2021/01/26/after-orthodox-priest-suspended-stop-steal-activity-renewed-spotlight-orthodox-far-right | Sarah Riccardi-Swartz | Religion Dispatches | January 26, 2021]
Examines Orthodox Christian participation in Stop the Steal politics and broader connections among religion, White nationalism, and the far right.

Latest revision as of 11:01, 18 September 2026

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