Logging Effects: Difference between revisions

(29 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 565:

[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/15/science/redwood-trees-logging-california.html by Jim Robbins 15/8/23 The New York Times]

In what was once an old growth redwood forest that was heavily logged in 1968, a National Park Service forester points to an unruly tangle of spindly trees, 900 to the acre and so jam-packed it is difficult to walk through.

=====Defying E.U. Court, Poland Is Cutting Trees in an Ancient Forest=====

[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/world/europe/poland-bialowieza-forest-bison-logging.html by Joanna Berendt 31/7/17 The New York Times]

The decision is the latest challenge by Poland to the legal authority of the European Union, which Poland joined in 2004, and could result in financial penalties. The arch-conservative and nationalist government that took power in Poland in 2015 has been chastised by the authorities in Brussels; last week, it was formally warned that its efforts to consolidate power over the judiciary in Poland threatened the rule of law.

=====Deep In The Amazon, An Unseen Battle Over The Most Valuable Trees=====

[https://www.npr.org/2015/11/04/452555878/deep-in-the-amazon-an-unseen-battle-over-the-most-valuable-trees by Lulu Garcia 4/11/15 npr]

In their everyday life, they are rubber tappers. They take us on a trail that leads to their rubber trees, which grow wild on the reserves where they live. These trees are native to the Amazon region, one of the most dangerous places in the world to be an environmental defender.

=====Can a Nation Replace Its Oil Wealth With Trees?=====

[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/03/climate/gabon-logging-oil-economy.html by Dionne Searcey 3/11/22 The New York Times]

LOANGO NATIONAL PARK, Gabon — Evening and the rainforest. A riverbank packed with elephants. Treetops so dense they obscure all but a chimpanzee’s hairy arm. And, as the sun sets, a twinkle on the horizon: an offshore oil platform.

=====Trees older than America: a primeval Alaskan forest is at risk in the Trump era=====

[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/22/alaska-tongass-forest-at-risk-logging-trump by Brendan Jones 22/3/18 The Guardian]

At south-east Alaska’s last industrial-scale sawmill, wheel loaders stack debarked logs two storeys high on the frozen ground. A bumper sticker on a battered Ford in the parking lot reads “Cut Kill Dig Drill”, a mantra that many in the 49th state appreciate re

=====Most Countries are Falling Short of Their Promises to Stop Cutting Down the World’s Trees=====

[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23102023/world-losing-millions-acres-forest-annually/ by Georgina Gustin 23/10/23 Inside Climate News]

Despite the urgency behind global pledges to stop cutting down trees and damaging forests, the world lost tens of millions of acres of woodlands in 2022, veering well off track from meeting targets to halt deforestation and reversing modest progress from the previous year.

=====Meet the jungle gardener of Borneo, who is logging sustainably=====

[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/09/jungle-gardener-borneo-logging-sustainably-wwf/ by Kate Whiting 25/9/19 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]

“We have close to a thousand orangutans in Deramakot,” says the forest manager. “If you look at the orangutans, when they show a healthy population, it means the rest are taken care of.”

=====Logging the South Plateau: Another Forest Service Con Job=====

[https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/02/26/logging-the-south-plateau-another-forest-service-con-job/ by George Wuerthner 25/9/19 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]

Ostensibly, the Forest Service claims the logging will improve forest health and reduce fire risk. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is another example of the Forest Service’s con job of justifying logging to the detriment of other forest values.

=====Brazil targets illegal logging in major Amazon raids=====

[https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-targets-illegal-logging-major-amazon-raids-2025-02-17/ by Ueslei Marcelino 17/2/25 Reuters]

The raids kicked off a year-long project called Operation Maravalha, named after a type of sawdust, in the states of Amazonas, Para and Rondonia. The government expects Maravalha to be the largest operation of its kind in over five years.

=====Fates of trees damaged by logging in Amazonian Bolivia=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037811271500434X by Alexander Shenkin 1/12/15 ScienceDirect]

Estimation of carbon losses from trees felled and incidentally-killed during selective logging of tropical forests is relatively straightforward and well-documented, but less is known about the fates of collaterally-damaged trees that initially survive.

=====Surviving trees and deadwood moderate changes in soil fungal communities and associated functioning after natural forest disturbance and salvage logging=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071722000153 by Mathias Mayer 3/22 ScienceDirect]

Fungi are a key group of the soil microbiome in temperate and boreal forests, and their community composition can strongly be affected by forest disturbance. Particularly ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have been shown to strongly decrease in abundance following windthrows, bark beetle attacks, forest fires, and harvesting operations, as they rely on the supply of recently fixed carbon (C) from their host trees (Holden et al., 2013;

=====Beyond reduced-impact logging: Silvicultural treatments to increase growth rates of tropical trees=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037811270700881X by M. Peña-Claros 20/9/08 ScienceDirect]

Use of reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques has repeatedly been shown to reduce damage caused by logging. Unfortunately, these techniques do not necessarily ameliorate the low growth rates of many commercial species or otherwise assure recovery of the initial volume harvested during the next cutting cycle.

=====Species grouping and diameter growth of trees in the Eastern Amazon: Influence of environmental factors after reduced-impact logging=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112724007771 by Jorge Luis Reategui-Betancourt 15/2/25 ScienceDirect]

Tree growth predictions still present a challenge to forestry scientists. Species richness, ecological behavior variations, and different climate and soil interactions make it difficult to predict and understand tree growth in managed forests.

=====Effects of 50 years of selective logging on demography of trees in a Malaysian lowland forest=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112713005999 by Toshihiro Yamada 15/12/13 ScienceDirect]

Species specific tree performance (growth, mortality, and recruitment rates) and population growth rate in a logged forest that was selectively logged in 1958 were compared with those in a primary forest using 10-year forest demographic data (1998–2008) in the Pasoh Forest Reserve in Malaysia.

=====Large trees as key elements of carbon storage and dynamics after selective logging in the Eastern Amazon=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112714000073 by Plinio Sist 15/4/14 ScienceDirect]

The long term effect of Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) on above-ground live biomass (AGB) dynamics was investigated in 18 1-ha logged over permanent sample plots set up in a terra firme rain forest in the Eastern Amazon (Brazil, Paragominas).

=====Empirical relationships between tree fall and landscape-level amounts of logging and fire=====

[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193132 by David B. Lindenmayer 23/2/18 PLOS one]

Large old trees are critically important keystone structures in forest ecosystems globally. Populations of these trees are also in rapid decline in many forest ecosystems, making it important to quantify the factors that influence their dynamics at different spatial scales. Large old trees often occur in forest landscapes also subject to fire and logging.

=====When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705005232 by Ted R. Feldpausch 25/11/05 ScienceDirect]

We examined carbon export in whole logs and carbon accumulation as coarse woody debris (CWD) produced from forest damage during all phases of the first and second year of a certified reduced impact logging (RIL) timber harvest in southern Amazonia.

=====Recruitment, growth and recovery of commercial tree species over 30 years following logging and thinning in a tropical rain forest=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112716304935 by Angela Luciana de Avila 1/2/17 ScienceDirect]

Sustainable production of timber from commercial species across felling cycles is a core challenge for tropical silviculture. In this study, we analysed how the intensity and type (harvesting and thinning) of silvicultural interventions affect: (a) recruitment of small stems (5 cm ⩽ DBH < 15 cm), (b) increment of future crop trees (15 cm ⩽ DBH < 50 cm) and (c) recovery of harvestable growing stocks (DBH ⩾ 50 cm) of 52 commercial timber species in the Tapajós National Forest, Brazil.

=====Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112708002223 by Joberto Veloso de Freitas 20/9/08 ScienceDirect]

In production forests in the moist tropics, trees are selected for felling or retention primarily by species and size. Tree regeneration requirements and forest stand responses to harvesting are often ignored, and consequently, the regeneration of the residual forest is not ensured.

=====Tree growth and aboveground biomass in a tropical mountain forest thirty years after selective logging in Sarawak, Borneo=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989421000111 by Renee Sherna Laing 20/9/08 ScienceDirect]

Tropical mountain forests are vital components of global floristic diversity as well as the hydrological cycle but have been extensively exploited. However, the impacts of human disturbances on changes in biomass and regional forest variation are not well documented in tropical mountainous regions.

=====Acidifying effect of removal of tree stumps and logging residues as compared to atmospheric deposition=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112712003519 by Johan Iwald 15/2/13 ScienceDirect]

Harvesting of stumps and logging residues for bioenergy can be expected to increase in the future. An increased biomass export from the forest will increase the biological acidification, measured as net cation (cations–anions) export. The aim of this study is to estimate the acidifying effect that various levels of harvesting of tree stumps and logging residues will have in Sweden, and compare this with the acidification currently caused by acid deposition. Estimations of yearly logging of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and birch (Betula spp.) on county-level were made based on scenario data from forestry consequence analyses and data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory.

=====Effect of bark beetle outbreak and salvage logging on tree-related microhabitats in Białowieża Forest=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112725002191?dgcid=rss_sd_all by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect]

Tree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities.

=====Changes in tree functional composition and forest functioning ten years after logging and thinning interventions in Bornean tropical forests=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112721010410 by Ni Putu Diana Mahayani 15/2/22 ScienceDirect]

Regenerating logged-over forests have become the predominant form of tropical forest cover (Asner et al., 2009, Gaveau et al., 2014). Despite being altered, logged forests can continue to maintain high biological diversity and provide important ecological services (Cannon et al., 1998, Mazzei et al., 2010, Berry et al., 2010, Edwards et al., 2011, Chaudhary et al., 2016). Often, the conservation value of logged forests depends on the logging practices applied because it determines the forest structure after logging, which strongly impacts their regrowth capacity and trajectory (Sist and Nguyen-Thé, 2002, Slik et al., 2002, Piponiot et al., 2016).

=====Effect of bark beetle outbreak and salvage logging on tree-related microhabitats in Białowieża Forest=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112725002191 by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect]

Tree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities.

=====Policy analysis

Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) nest tree selection: Selective logging in Amazon forest threatens Earth's largest eagle=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320720308120 by Everton B.P. Miranda 10/20 ScienceDirect]

Characterizing wildlife conservation problems is essential to properly inform conservation planning, and requires detailed knowledge on critical life stages, such as reproduction.

=====Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112714007300 by Christopher M. McLean 1/4/15 ScienceDirect]

Ecologically sustainable forest management aims to maintain biodiversity values within managed forest ecosystems. A key habitat component within Australian forest ecosystems are hollow-bearing trees which are crucially important for fauna species requiring tree hollows for diurnal shelter and nesting. The effect of disturbance regimes, in particular logging and fire, on hollow dynamics is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between logging intensity and fire frequency on hollow abundance and forest stand structural attributes in two different eastern Australian Eucalyptus forest types.

=====Erasing a European biodiversity hot-spot: Open woodlands, veteran trees and mature forests succumb to forestry intensification, succession, and logging in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1617138113000794 by Jan Miklín 2/14 ScienceDirect]

Open woodlands are among the biologically richest habitats of the temperate zone.

=====Assessing spatial patterns of burn severity for guiding post-fire salvage logging in boreal forests of Eastern Canada=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112724000689 by Victor Danneyrolles 15/3/24 scienceDirect]

Areas affected by forest fires are increasing worldwide, making salvage logging (i.e., harvesting fire-affected trees) an increasingly used practice to reduce the economic impacts of fire on forestry. However, salvage logging can have strong ecological impacts, notably on post-fire forest regeneration and biodiversity. Burn severity (i.e., the degree to which fires impact the vegetation and soil) is also a central element that interacts with pre-fire forest characteristics and salvages logging to control post-fire forest dynamics and biodiversity.

=====The effects of selective logging on forest structure and tree species composition in a Central African forest: implications for management of conservation areas=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112703001075 by Jefferson S Hall 15/9/03 ScienceDirect]

The forests of Central Africa enjoy world-wide recognition for their spectacular wildlife and also harbor an abundance of high quality timber. With mismanagement and the conversion of large tracts of West African forest to agricultural production, Central African forests are experiencing increased harvesting pressures. This is particularly true for species of African mahogany (Entandrophragma spp.).

=====Reduced-impact logging for climate change mitigation (RIL-C) can halve selective logging emissions from tropical forests=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112718322126 by Peter W. Ellis 15/4/19 ScienceDirect]

Improved natural forest management represents a potentially large natural climate solution to global climate change, but this mitigation opportunity is highly uncertain (Griscom et al., 2017). Reduced-impact logging (RIL)—a set of improved timber harvesting guidelines for selectively logged natural forests—is of particular interest because of its relative low costs and numerous co-benefits. The carbon benefits of RIL have been studied at numerous sites across the tropics (e.g., Feldpausch et al., 2005, Medjibe et al., 2011, Pearson et al., 2014) as are the benefits to biodiversity (Bicknell et al., 2014). However, to our knowledge only one study (Putz et al., 2008b) estimated the pantropical climate mitigation potential of RIL, but it was based on field data from only two sites (Keller et al., 2004, Pinard and Putz, 1996).

=====Vine management for reduced-impact logging in eastern Amazonia=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112797000510 by Edson Vidal 3/11/97 ScienceDirect]

The presence of vines interconnecting the canopies of tropical forest trees has been thought to increase the damage to neighboring trees when a tree is felled during selective logging, resulting in larger canopy gaps and possibly prejudicting future timber harvests.

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@@ Line 565: / Line 565: @@
 [https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/15/science/redwood-trees-logging-california.html by Jim Robbins 15/8/23 The New York Times]
   In what was once an old growth redwood forest that was heavily logged in 1968, a National Park Service forester points to an unruly tangle of spindly trees, 900 to the acre and so jam-packed it is difficult to walk through.
+=====Defying E.U. Court, Poland Is Cutting Trees in an Ancient Forest=====
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/31/world/europe/poland-bialowieza-forest-bison-logging.html by  Joanna Berendt 31/7/17 The New York Times]
+ The decision is the latest challenge by Poland to the legal authority of the European Union, which Poland joined in 2004, and could result in financial penalties. The arch-conservative and nationalist government that took power in Poland in 2015 has been chastised by the authorities in Brussels; last week, it was formally warned that its efforts to consolidate power over the judiciary in Poland threatened the rule of law.
+=====Deep In The Amazon, An Unseen Battle Over The Most Valuable Trees=====
+[https://www.npr.org/2015/11/04/452555878/deep-in-the-amazon-an-unseen-battle-over-the-most-valuable-trees by Lulu Garcia 4/11/15 npr]
+ In their everyday life, they are rubber tappers. They take us on a trail that leads to their rubber trees, which grow wild on the reserves where they live. These trees are native to the Amazon region, one of the most dangerous places in the world to be an environmental defender.
+=====Can a Nation Replace Its Oil Wealth With Trees?=====
+[https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/03/climate/gabon-logging-oil-economy.html by Dionne Searcey 3/11/22 The New York Times]
+ LOANGO NATIONAL PARK, Gabon — Evening and the rainforest. A riverbank packed with elephants. Treetops so dense they obscure all but a chimpanzee’s hairy arm. And, as the sun sets, a twinkle on the horizon: an offshore oil platform.
+=====Trees older than America: a primeval Alaskan forest is at risk in the Trump era=====
+[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/22/alaska-tongass-forest-at-risk-logging-trump by Brendan Jones 22/3/18 The Guardian]
+ At south-east Alaska’s last industrial-scale sawmill, wheel loaders stack debarked logs two storeys high on the frozen ground. A bumper sticker on a battered Ford in the parking lot reads “Cut Kill Dig Drill”, a mantra that many in the 49th state appreciate re
+=====Most Countries are Falling Short of Their Promises to Stop Cutting Down the World’s Trees=====
+[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23102023/world-losing-millions-acres-forest-annually/ by  Georgina Gustin 23/10/23 Inside Climate News]
+ Despite the urgency behind global pledges to stop cutting down trees and damaging forests, the world lost tens of millions of acres of woodlands in 2022, veering well off track from meeting targets to halt deforestation and reversing modest progress from the previous year.
+=====Meet the jungle gardener of Borneo, who is logging sustainably=====
+[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/09/jungle-gardener-borneo-logging-sustainably-wwf/ by Kate Whiting 25/9/19 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
+ “We have close to a thousand orangutans in Deramakot,” says the forest manager. “If you look at the orangutans, when they show a healthy population, it means the rest are taken care of.”
+=====Logging the South Plateau: Another Forest Service Con Job=====
+[https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/02/26/logging-the-south-plateau-another-forest-service-con-job/ by George Wuerthner 25/9/19 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
+ Ostensibly, the Forest Service claims the logging will improve forest health and reduce fire risk. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is another example of the Forest Service’s con job of justifying logging to the detriment of other forest values.
+=====Brazil targets illegal logging in major Amazon raids=====
+[https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-targets-illegal-logging-major-amazon-raids-2025-02-17/ by Ueslei Marcelino 17/2/25 Reuters]
+ The raids kicked off a year-long project called Operation Maravalha, named after a type of sawdust, in the states of Amazonas, Para and Rondonia. The government expects Maravalha to be the largest operation of its kind in over five years.
+=====Fates of trees damaged by logging in Amazonian Bolivia=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037811271500434X by Alexander Shenkin 1/12/15 ScienceDirect]
+ Estimation of carbon losses from trees felled and incidentally-killed during selective logging of tropical forests is relatively straightforward and well-documented, but less is known about the fates of collaterally-damaged trees that initially survive.
+=====Surviving trees and deadwood moderate changes in soil fungal communities and associated functioning after natural forest disturbance and salvage logging=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071722000153 by Mathias Mayer 3/22 ScienceDirect]
+ Fungi are a key group of the soil microbiome in temperate and boreal forests, and their community composition can strongly be affected by forest disturbance. Particularly ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have been shown to strongly decrease in abundance following windthrows, bark beetle attacks, forest fires, and harvesting operations, as they rely on the supply of recently fixed carbon (C) from their host trees (Holden et al., 2013;
+=====Beyond reduced-impact logging: Silvicultural treatments to increase growth rates of tropical trees=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037811270700881X by M. Peña-Claros 20/9/08 ScienceDirect]
+ Use of reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques has repeatedly been shown to reduce damage caused by logging. Unfortunately, these techniques do not necessarily ameliorate the low growth rates of many commercial species or otherwise assure recovery of the initial volume harvested during the next cutting cycle.
+=====Species grouping and diameter growth of trees in the Eastern Amazon: Influence of environmental factors after reduced-impact logging=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112724007771 by Jorge Luis Reategui-Betancourt 15/2/25 ScienceDirect]
+ Tree growth predictions still present a challenge to forestry scientists. Species richness, ecological behavior variations, and different climate and soil interactions make it difficult to predict and understand tree growth in managed forests.
+=====Effects of 50 years of selective logging on demography of trees in a Malaysian lowland forest=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112713005999 by Toshihiro Yamada 15/12/13 ScienceDirect]
+ Species specific tree performance (growth, mortality, and recruitment rates) and population growth rate in a logged forest that was selectively logged in 1958 were compared with those in a primary forest using 10-year forest demographic data (1998–2008) in the Pasoh Forest Reserve in Malaysia.
+=====Large trees as key elements of carbon storage and dynamics after selective logging in the Eastern Amazon=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112714000073 by Plinio Sist 15/4/14 ScienceDirect]
+ The long term effect of Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) on above-ground live biomass (AGB) dynamics was investigated in 18 1-ha logged over permanent sample plots set up in a terra firme rain forest in the Eastern Amazon (Brazil, Paragominas).
+=====Empirical relationships between tree fall and landscape-level amounts of logging and fire=====
+[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193132 by David B. Lindenmayer 23/2/18 PLOS one]
+ Large old trees are critically important keystone structures in forest ecosystems globally. Populations of these trees are also in rapid decline in many forest ecosystems, making it important to quantify the factors that influence their dynamics at different spatial scales. Large old trees often occur in forest landscapes also subject to fire and logging.
+=====When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705005232 by Ted R. Feldpausch 25/11/05 ScienceDirect]
+ We examined carbon export in whole logs and carbon accumulation as coarse woody debris (CWD) produced from forest damage during all phases of the first and second year of a certified reduced impact logging (RIL) timber harvest in southern Amazonia.
+=====Recruitment, growth and recovery of commercial tree species over 30 years following logging and thinning in a tropical rain forest=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112716304935 by Angela Luciana de Avila 1/2/17 ScienceDirect]
+ Sustainable production of timber from commercial species across felling cycles is a core challenge for tropical silviculture. In this study, we analysed how the intensity and type (harvesting and thinning) of silvicultural interventions affect: (a) recruitment of small stems (5 cm ⩽ DBH < 15 cm), (b) increment of future crop trees (15 cm ⩽ DBH < 50 cm) and (c) recovery of harvestable growing stocks (DBH ⩾ 50 cm) of 52 commercial timber species in the Tapajós National Forest, Brazil.
+=====Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112708002223 by Joberto Veloso de Freitas 20/9/08 ScienceDirect]
+ In production forests in the moist tropics, trees are selected for felling or retention primarily by species and size. Tree regeneration requirements and forest stand responses to harvesting are often ignored, and consequently, the regeneration of the residual forest is not ensured.
+=====Tree growth and aboveground biomass in a tropical mountain forest thirty years after selective logging in Sarawak, Borneo=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989421000111 by Renee Sherna Laing 20/9/08 ScienceDirect]
+ Tropical mountain forests are vital components of global floristic diversity as well as the hydrological cycle but have been extensively exploited. However, the impacts of human disturbances on changes in biomass and regional forest variation are not well documented in tropical mountainous regions.
+=====Acidifying effect of removal of tree stumps and logging residues as compared to atmospheric deposition=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112712003519 by Johan Iwald 15/2/13 ScienceDirect]
+ Harvesting of stumps and logging residues for bioenergy can be expected to increase in the future. An increased biomass export from the forest will increase the biological acidification, measured as net cation (cations–anions) export. The aim of this study is to estimate the acidifying effect that various levels of harvesting of tree stumps and logging residues will have in Sweden, and compare this with the acidification currently caused by acid deposition. Estimations of yearly logging of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and birch (Betula spp.) on county-level were made based on scenario data from forestry consequence analyses and data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory.
+=====Effect of bark beetle outbreak and salvage logging on tree-related microhabitats in Białowieża Forest=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112725002191?dgcid=rss_sd_all by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect]
+ Tree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities.
+=====Changes in tree functional composition and forest functioning ten years after logging and thinning interventions in Bornean tropical forests=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112721010410 by Ni Putu Diana Mahayani  15/2/22 ScienceDirect]
+ Regenerating logged-over forests have become the predominant form of tropical forest cover (Asner et al., 2009, Gaveau et al., 2014). Despite being altered, logged forests can continue to maintain high biological diversity and provide important ecological services (Cannon et al., 1998, Mazzei et al., 2010, Berry et al., 2010, Edwards et al., 2011, Chaudhary et al., 2016). Often, the conservation value of logged forests depends on the logging practices applied because it determines the forest structure after logging, which strongly impacts their regrowth capacity and trajectory (Sist and Nguyen-Thé, 2002, Slik et al., 2002, Piponiot et al., 2016).
+=====Effect of bark beetle outbreak and salvage logging on tree-related microhabitats in Białowieża Forest=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112725002191 by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect]
+ Tree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities.
+=====Policy analysis
+Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) nest tree selection: Selective logging in Amazon forest threatens Earth's largest eagle=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320720308120 by Everton B.P. Miranda  10/20 ScienceDirect]
+ Characterizing wildlife conservation problems is essential to properly inform conservation planning, and requires detailed knowledge on critical life stages, such as reproduction.
+=====Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112714007300 by Christopher M. McLean  1/4/15 ScienceDirect]
+ Ecologically sustainable forest management aims to maintain biodiversity values within managed forest ecosystems. A key habitat component within Australian forest ecosystems are hollow-bearing trees which are crucially important for fauna species requiring tree hollows for diurnal shelter and nesting. The effect of disturbance regimes, in particular logging and fire, on hollow dynamics is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between logging intensity and fire frequency on hollow abundance and forest stand structural attributes in two different eastern Australian Eucalyptus forest types.
+=====Erasing a European biodiversity hot-spot: Open woodlands, veteran trees and mature forests succumb to forestry intensification, succession, and logging in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1617138113000794 by Jan Miklín  2/14 ScienceDirect]
+ Open woodlands are among the biologically richest habitats of the temperate zone.
+=====Assessing spatial patterns of burn severity for guiding post-fire salvage logging in boreal forests of Eastern Canada=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112724000689 by Victor Danneyrolles  15/3/24 scienceDirect]
+ Areas affected by forest fires are increasing worldwide, making salvage logging (i.e., harvesting fire-affected trees) an increasingly used practice to reduce the economic impacts of fire on forestry. However, salvage logging can have strong ecological impacts, notably on post-fire forest regeneration and biodiversity. Burn severity (i.e., the degree to which fires impact the vegetation and soil) is also a central element that interacts with pre-fire forest characteristics and salvages logging to control post-fire forest dynamics and biodiversity.
+=====The effects of selective logging on forest structure and tree species composition in a Central African forest: implications for management of conservation areas=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112703001075 by Jefferson S Hall 15/9/03 ScienceDirect]
+ The forests of Central Africa enjoy world-wide recognition for their spectacular wildlife and also harbor an abundance of high quality timber. With mismanagement and the conversion of large tracts of West African forest to agricultural production, Central African forests are experiencing increased harvesting pressures. This is particularly true for species of African mahogany (Entandrophragma spp.).
+=====Reduced-impact logging for climate change mitigation (RIL-C) can halve selective logging emissions from tropical forests=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112718322126 by Peter W. Ellis 15/4/19 ScienceDirect]
+ Improved natural forest management represents a potentially large natural climate solution to global climate change, but this mitigation opportunity is highly uncertain (Griscom et al., 2017). Reduced-impact logging (RIL)—a set of improved timber harvesting guidelines for selectively logged natural forests—is of particular interest because of its relative low costs and numerous co-benefits. The carbon benefits of RIL have been studied at numerous sites across the tropics (e.g., Feldpausch et al., 2005, Medjibe et al., 2011, Pearson et al., 2014) as are the benefits to biodiversity (Bicknell et al., 2014). However, to our knowledge only one study (Putz et al., 2008b) estimated the pantropical climate mitigation potential of RIL, but it was based on field data from only two sites (Keller et al., 2004, Pinard and Putz, 1996).
+=====Vine management for reduced-impact logging in eastern Amazonia=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112797000510 by Edson Vidal 3/11/97 ScienceDirect]
+ The presence of vines interconnecting the canopies of tropical forest trees has been thought to increase the damage to neighboring trees when a tree is felled during selective logging, resulting in larger canopy gaps and possibly prejudicting future timber harvests.