Vitamin D: Difference between revisions

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[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-would-i-be-low-in-vitamin-d_b_8546144 by Dr. Alan Christianson 20/11/15 HUFFPOST]
[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-would-i-be-low-in-vitamin-d_b_8546144 by Dr. Alan Christianson 20/11/15 HUFFPOST]
  My doctors and I test blood levels of vitamin D on everyone we see in our clinic. When the results come in, two things happen:
  My doctors and I test blood levels of vitamin D on everyone we see in our clinic. When the results come in, two things happen:
=====The Real Reason The Dairy Industry Adds Vitamin D To Your Milk=====
[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-vitamin-d-in-milk_n_58da7a68e4b0286e65b5de62 by Julie R. Thomson 29/3/17 HUFFPOST]
Chances are, there’s more than just milk in your carton. If you take a look at the ingredients on your milk jug, you’ll likely see vitamin D listed, even if the milk doesn’t advertise that it’s been fortified with a vitamin. These days, milk is almost always fortified with vitamin D and the reason dates back to the 1900s.
=====Sunshine & Happiness Study Links Time Outdoors To Improved Mood=====
[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sunshine-happiness-behavior-mood_n_4014477 by Jacqueline Howard 6/10/13 HUFFPOST]
"This is just a pilot study and we need larger sample size but we found that behavioral change is associated with mood change and vitamin D status," study co-author Dr. Fatme Al Anouti, an assistant professor in Zayed University's college of sustainability sciences and humanities, told The Huffington Post in an email. "So participants who adopted a more outdoor lifestyle got better in terms of mood and vitamin D status."
=====Place Mushrooms in Sunlight to Get Your Vitamin D: Part One=====
[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mushrooms-vitamin-d_b_1635941 by Paul Stamets 6/12/17 HUFFPOST]
Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that boosts the immune system and plays vital roles in human metabolism. Did you know that tasty mushrooms are one source for vitamin D, and that you can naturally multiply their levels by exposing them to sunlight?
=====Can Vitamin D Help With Cramps?=====
[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/vitamin-d-pms-menstrual-cramps-italy_n_1305127 by Catherine Pearson 27/12/17 HUFFPOST]
"Vitamin D appears promising for the treatment of inflammation-related pain syndromes and one of them is menstrual cramping pain," said Dr. JoAnn Manson, chief of the Division of Preventive Medicine at the Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital, who co-authored a commentary on the new trial, also published in the Archives of Internal Medicine.
=====Are You Getting Enough Vitamin D?=====
[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/diet-and-nutrition_b_5331937 by SELF, Contributor 6/12/17 HUFFPOST]
No matter how old you are or where you live, there's a good chance that you could be deficient in vitamin D. A study published in thereported that an estimated 1 billion people worldwide have inadequate amounts of vitamin D in their blood.
=====The Winter Means Lower Vitamin D. Here's How Much You Really Need.=====
[https://www.huffpost.com/entry/sunlight-vitamin-d-winter_l_636e6629e4b0290136416bde by Jillian Wilson 14/12/22 HUFFPOST]
Dr. Jad Sfeir, an endocrinologist and geriatrician at Mayo Clinic, said vitamin D is essential for the absorption of minerals in our gut. It’s key to the absorption of calcium and phosphorus — without vitamin D these minerals are not absorbed to the level the body needs for the development of a healthy skeleton.
=====Low vitamin D 'boosts dementia risk'=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-28674158 by BBC 7/8/14]
UK researchers, writing in Neurology, looked at about 1,650 people aged over 65.
This is not the first study to suggest a link - but its authors say it is the largest and most robust.
=====New guidance on vitamin D recommends midday sunshine=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-12013332 by BBC NEWS 16/12/10]
Professor Rona Mackie, from the British Association of Dermatologists, said: "Total sun protection with high factor suncream on all the time is not ideal, in terms of vitamin D levels.
=====Do I Get Enough Vitamin D in the Winter?=====
[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/well/live/do-i-get-enough-vitamin-d-in-the-winter.html by  Alice Callahan 16/2/18 The New York Times]
  Most people can make enough vitamin D from sun exposure during the summer, but for many, synthesis can be inadequate in the winter. A 2016 study led by researchers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that 14 to 18 percent of Americans have inadequate vitamin D, although what constitutes a healthy blood level is subject to debate.
=====Low Levels of Vitamin D Tied to Numerous Health Ailments, Studies Find=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/science-jan-june08-vitamind_06-13 by PBS NEWS Hour 13/6/08 PBS NEWS]
A study released in May, for example, found that women with breast cancer who had low vitamin D levels at the time of their diagnosis were 73 percent more likely to die from the disease, and nearly twice as likely to have it recur.
=====Vitamin D Deficiency May Lurk in Babies=====
[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/26/health/research/26rick.html by Roni Caryn Rabin 25/8/08 The New York Times]
Until she was 11 months old, Aleanie Remy-Marquez could have starred in an advertisement for breast milk. She took to nursing easily, was breast-fed exclusively for six or seven months, and ate little else even after that. She was alert and precocious and developed at astonishing speed, her mother said, sitting at four months and walking by eight months.
=====Panel Clarifies Advice On Vitamin D Intake=====
[https://www.npr.org/2010/11/30/131704380/panel-clarifies-vitamin-d-intake by  All Things Considered 30/11/10 npr]
A government-organized panel of doctors goes against recent advice to increase vitamin D intake. Their new study says most Americans get plenty of vitamin D in their regular routine and diet — and supplements can even be harmful. NPR's Guy Raz talks with one of the doctors on the panel that released the report — bone specialist Clifford Rosen.
=====Low Vitamin D Levels? Sardines To The Rescue=====
[https://www.npr.org/2009/08/03/111509588/low-vitamin-d-levels-sardines-to-the-rescue by Patti Neighmond 3/8/09 npr]
Sardines may not appeal to your toddler, but that may be just what the doctor ordered. Researchers have published two studies in this week's online version of the journal Pediatrics that raise some concerns about whether children receive adequate amounts of vitamin D.
=====How A Vitamin D Test Misdiagnosed African-Americans=====
[https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/11/20/246393329/how-a-vitamin-d-test-misdiagnosed-african-americans by Richard Knox 20/11/13 npr]
"The population in the United States with the best bone health happens to be the African-American population," says Dr. Ravi Thadhani, a professor of medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and lead author of the study. "But almost 80 percent of these individuals are defined as having vitamin D deficiency. This was perplexing."
=====Millions of Americans take vitamin D. Most should just stop.=====
[https://www.vox.com/2018/10/4/17933880/vitamin-d-health-sun-diet by Julia Belluz 19/6/19 Vox]
Outside of rare cases, rigorous studies of the supplement don’t find any health benefit.
=====Exploring the Links Between Coronavirus and Vitamin D=====
[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/10/well/live/coronavirus-vitamin-d-immunity.html by Anahad O’Connor 10/6/20 The New York Times]
In the past decade, studies have found that taking vitamin D can lower the odds of developing respiratory infections like the cold and the flu, especially among people who have documented deficiencies. Now scientists are trying to find out whether vitamin D might also help protect against Covid-19.
=====Medical Panel: Don't Go Overboard On Vitamin D=====
[https://www.npr.org/2010/11/29/131668100/medical-panel-don-t-go-overboard-on-vitamin-d by Richard Knox 30/11/10 npr]
Humans make vitamin D when they are exposed to the sun. But many worry that clothing, indoor living and sunscreen are depriving most people from enough of the sunshine vitamin. It's also hard to get enough vitamin D from the diet, proponents say, despite fortification of milk and orange juice.
=====Vitamin D 'heals damaged hearts'=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-35959556 by James Gallagher 4/4/16 BBC NEWS]
A trial on 163 heart failure patients found supplements of the vitamin, which is made in the skin when exposed to sunlight, improved their hearts' ability to pump blood around the body.
=====Low vitamin D levels 'linked to Parkinson's disease'=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/10601091 by BBC NEWS 13/7/10]
Having low vitamin D levels may increase a person's risk of developing Parkinson's disease later in life, say Finnish researchers.
=====Low vitamin-D genes linked to MS=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-34055529 by Michelle Roberts 26/8/15 BBC NEWS]
The findings, based on the DNA profiles of tens of thousands of people of European descent, add weight to the theory that the sunshine vitamin plays a role in MS.
=====Vitamin D 'significantly reduces severe asthma attacks'=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-37275232 by BBC NEWS 5/9/16]
An independent review by the Cochrane research body of nine clinical trials found it also cut the rate of asthma attacks needing steroid treatment.
=====Panel Questions Benefits Of Vitamin D Supplements=====
[https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2012/06/12/154840966/panel-questions-benefits-of-vitamin-d-supplements by Rob Stein 12/6/12 npr]
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded in draft recommendations released Tuesday that taking less than 400 international units of vitamin D and 1,000 milligrams of calcium every day doesn't reduce the risk for bone fractures among postmenopausal women. And so the task force recommended against doing that.
====='Action needed on vitamin D levels'=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-20710026 by Professor Mitch Blair 14/12/12 BBC]
Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that contributes to healthy, strong bones and helps to control the amount of calcium in the blood.
=====Vitamin D Deficiency=====
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532266/ by Jasleen Kaur; Swapnil Khare; Omeed Sizar; Amy Givler. 15/2/25 NIH]
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient essential for bone development and maintenance, as it enhances calcium, magnesium, and phosphate absorption. A circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level above 30 ng/mL is necessary to ensure adequate levels of the unmodified molecule. Deficiency can lead to various complications, most notably rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults. Milk fortification with vitamin D in the 1930s effectively eradicated rickets worldwide, yet deficiency remains widespread, warranting screening in high-risk populations. Studies have shown conflicting associations between vitamin D deficiency and cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, and depression.
=====Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D=====
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56070/ by NIH]
The charge to the committee (Institute of Medicine Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium) was to assess current relevant data and update, as appropriate, the DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes) for vitamin D and calcium. The review was to include consideration of chronic disease indicators (e.g., reduction in risk of cancer) and other (non-chronic disease) indicators and health outcomes. The definitions of these terms are discussed below. Consistent with the framework for DRI development, the indicators to assess adequacy and excess intake were to be selected based on the strength and quality of the evidence and their demonstrated public health significance, taking into consideration sources of uncertainty in the evidence. Further, the committee deliberations were to incorporate, as appropriate, systematic evidence-based reviews of the literature.
=====Association of Vitamin D Status and Other Clinical Characteristics With COVID-19 Test Results=====
[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2770157 by JAMA Network]
  In this cohort study of 489 patients who had a vitamin D level measured in the year before COVID-19 testing, the relative risk of testing positive for COVID-19 was 1.77 times greater for patients with likely deficient vitamin D status compared with patients with likely sufficient vitamin D status, a difference that was statistically significant.
=====Vitamin D and depression=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032716308928 by Gordon B. Parker 15/1/17 ScienceDirect]
Empirical studies appear to provide increasing evidence for an association between vitamin D insufficiency and depression, and for vitamin D supplementation and augmentation in those with clinical depression who are vitamin D deficient. Methodological limitations associated with many of the studies are detailed.
=====Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: current status and data needs=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916522037716 by Calvo Mona 12/04 ScienceDirect]
Most circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D originates from exposure to sunlight; nevertheless, many factors can impair this process, necessitating periodic reliance on dietary sources to maintain adequate serum concentrations. The US and Canadian populations are largely dependent on fortified foods and dietary supplements to meet these needs, because foods naturally rich in vitamin D are limited.
=====Vitamin D deficiency: A forgotten aspect in sleep disorders? A critical update=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S138994572400306X by Sophia Schiza 9/24 ScienceDirect]
Over the past few years, there has been a surge in interest regarding the connection between sleep duration and quality, sleep disorders, mainly Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and Vitamin D. There is growing evidence to support a new role of Vitamin D in the maintenance and regulation of optimal sleep.
=====Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523235935 by Michael F Holick 4/08 ScienceDirect]
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of appreciation that sun exposure in moderation is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and will precipitate and exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in adults.
=====Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916522037686 by DeLuca Hector 12/04 ScienceDirect]
Vitamin D3 is a prohormone produced in skin through ultraviolet irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. It is biologically inert and must be metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the liver and then to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in the kidney before function.
=====Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523120818 by Jacobo Wortsman 9/2000 ScienceDirect]
Healthy, white, obese [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2) ≥ 30] and matched lean control subjects (BMI ≤ 25) received either whole-body ultraviolet radiation or a pharmacologic dose of vitamin D2 orally.
=====Effects of vitamin D on mood and sleep in the healthy population: Interpretations from the serotonergic pathway=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1087079220301222 by Laura M. Huiberts 2/21 ScienceDirect]
Vitamin D insufficiency is common in the healthy population. Recent insights addressed the role of vitamin D in serotonin and melatonin regulation, suggesting that increasing vitamin D status may be helpful for improving mood and sleep.
=====Vitamin D Toxicity=====
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557876/ by Nauman Farooq 24/5/23 NIH]
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin found in some animal food products and is also synthesized in the human body via exposure to the sun. Toxicity of vitamin D leads to hypercalcemia and an imbalance in the regulation of bone metabolism; the resultant hypercalcemia leads to clinical manifestations and symptoms of toxicity. This activity reviews the etiology, evaluation, and treatment of vitamin D toxicity. In addition, it highlights the role of healthcare practitioners in identifying the patients at risk for toxicity and the importance of appropriate medication reconciliation to help prevent such adverse outcomes.
=====Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of stratified aggregate data=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213858724003486 by David A Jolliffe 4/25 ScienceDirect]
Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of data from RCTs of vitamin D for ARI prevention using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses were done to determine whether effects of vitamin D on risk of ARI varied according to baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration, dosing regimen, or age.
=====Pharmacokinetics of vitamin D toxicity=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523241374 by Glenville Jones 8/08 ScienceDirect]
Although researchers first identified the fat-soluble vitamin cholecalciferol almost a century ago and studies have now largely elucidated the transcriptional mechanism of action of its hormonal form, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3], we know surprisingly little about mechanisms of vitamin D toxicity.
=====High-Dose Vitamin D in Clinically Isolated Syndrome Typical of Multiple Sclerosis=====
[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2831270 by JAMA]
  In this randomized clinical trial including 303 patients treated with oral high-dose cholecalciferol or placebo, the primary outcome measure of disease activity, defined as occurrence of a relapse and/or magnetic resonance imaging activity (new and/or contrast-enhancing lesions) over 24 months of follow-up, was observed in 94 patients (60.3%) in the vitamin D group and 109 patients (74.1%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.66). This was a statistically significant difference.
=====Vitamin D across the lifecycle: physiology and biomarkers=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523241404 by Ann Prentice 8/08 ScienceDirect]
The field of vitamin D public health research has a pressing need to define sensitive and specific predictors of vitamin D status that can be used to determine whether an individual or population has a supply of vitamin D that is sufficient to meet requirements.
=====Is vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076013002331 by Cristina Palacios 8/14 ScienceDirect]
Vitamin D deficiency is a major public health problem worldwide in all age groups, even in those residing in countries with low latitude, where it was generally assumed that UV radiation was adequate enough to prevent this deficiency, and in industrialized countries, where vitamin D fortification has been implemented now for years.
=====Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916522037674 by Holick Michael  12/04 ScienceDirect]
Most humans depend on sun exposure to satisfy their requirements for vitamin D. Solar ultraviolet B photons are absorbed by 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, leading to its transformation to previtamin D3, which is rapidly converted to vitamin D3. Season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, aging, sunscreen use, and glass all influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D3.
=====A systematic review of vitamin D and endometriosis: role in pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2666571922000202 by Bhavjeet Kaur Kahlon M.B.B.S 1/23 ScienceDirect]
A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines within PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the Web of Science, and Scopus. A comprehensive search strategy was developed by a data informationist.
=====Vitamin D – what is normal according to latest research and how should we deal with it?=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470211824027167 by Neil JL Gittoes 4/16 ScienceDirect]
Vitamin D deficiency is a public health concern. Mediated by classical endocrine effects, vitamin D deficiency is causally linked with bone and calcium disorders. Non-endocrine actions of vitamin D are also widely recognised and these effects are mediated by local tissue activation of vitamin D bringing about intracrine effects in non-classical sites.
=====Impact of vitamin D status on statin-induced myopathy=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214623716300503 by Krista D. Riche Pharm.D. 12/16 ScienceDirect]
There is a multitude of evidence supporting the benefit of statin use in cardiovascular disease; however, statin-induced myopathy is a major reason for statin discontinuation and non-adherence. Vitamin D deficiency has been independently associated with muscle weakness and severe myopathy, and may be a confounder for statin-induced myopathies. Since there is no consensus on a treatment course of action for statin-induced myopathy, investigation into potential confounders to elucidate the dynamics of statin-induced myopathy is warranted.
=====Vitamin D content in human breast milk: a 9-mo follow-up study=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000291652312106X by við Streym Susanna 1/16 ScienceDirect]
  Parents are advised to avoid the direct sun exposure of their newborns. Therefore, the vitamin D status of exclusively breastfed newborns is entirely dependent on the supply of vitamin D from breast milk.
=====The effect of vitamin D supplementation on primary depression: A meta-analysis=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032723012260 by Rui Wang 1/1/24 ScienceDirect]
Previous meta-analyses reported inconsistent results on the effect of vitamin D on depression because of different baseline concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], highlighting the need for a more accurate subgroup analysis of previously published findings. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on depression in adults.
=====Forgotten Mysteries in the Early History of Vitamin D=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022316623020345 by Kenneth J. Carpenter 5/1999 ScienceDirect]
In the early 1920s, workers in both England and the US had discovered that rats on a rachitic diet would remain healthy if irradiated with ultraviolet light. However, they also found, to their surprise, that “control” rats too would recover if either their jar was irradiated without the rat in it or if a cage-mate was removed for irradiation and then returned.
=====Cancer, sunlight and vitamin D=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214623714000386 by Michael F. Holick 12/14 ScienceDirect]
The sunshine vitamin has been associated with reduced risk for many chronic illnesses including cancer and cancer mortality. Epidemiologic and ecological studies have suggested that living at higher latitudes and having lower blood levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with increased risk for up to 15 cancers including breast, colon, lung, lymphoma, pancreatic, ovarian and prostate cancer.
=====Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034120305311 by Nurshad Ali 10/20 ScienceDirect]
The outbreak of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis. Little is known about the protective factors of this infection. Therefore, preventive health measures that can reduce the risk of infection, progression and severity are desperately needed.
=====A review of the critical role of vitamin D axis on the immune system=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014480023000175 by Gholamreza Daryabor 8/23 ScienceDirect]
In recent years, the physiological and molecular functions of vitamin D (Vit-D) have been deeply investigated. At first, Vit-D was considered a regulator of mineral and skeletal homeostasis.
=====Vitamin D in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667268523000499 by Paraskevi Detopoulou 12/23 ScienceDirect]
In recent years, neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and disability worldwide, with Parkinson's disease (PD) being the most prevalent [1] and having a higher incidence in adults above 60 years (1%) [2]. In Europe, the prevalence of PD is estimated at approximately 183/100.000 per year [3]. PD is characterized by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain, causing problems with movement and emotions [4].
=====Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis=====
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470154/ by NIH]
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a long-lasting inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system caused by an inappropriate attack of the body’s immune system on its own cells. To date, its etiology remains highly enigmatic, with insufficient evidence on the exact cause triggering the disease.
=====Vitamin D status and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized controlled weight-loss trials=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000291652204641X by Mallard Simonette R 10/16 ScienceDirect]
Obesity is associated with lower concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; however, uncertainty exists as to the direction of causation. To date, meta-analyses of randomized controlled vitamin D–supplementation trials have shown no effect of raising circulating vitamin D on body weight, although several weight-loss–intervention trials have reported an increase in circulating vitamin D after weight reduction.
=====The Effect of Maternal Vitamin D Supplementation on Vitamin D Status of Exclusively Breastfeeding Mothers and Their Nursing Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831322000771 by Elham Kazemain 3/22 ScienceDirect]
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, which is essential in maintaining bone health (1). Besides the classical role of vitamin D in bone homeostasis, vitamin D also has noncalcemic actions, such as modulating the immune system, inhibiting cancer progression, and regulating the cardiovascular and neurological systems
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