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{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=World Electoral Systems==
|title=World Electoral Systems==
|description=Some information about how do electoral systems around the world work.
|keywords=democracy, fascism, authoritarianism, electoral, parties, sectarianism, proportional, politics, dictator, election, state,
|image=File:Masha Gessen.jpg
|image_width=300
|image_height=200
}}
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Masha Gessen.jpg|[https://www.npr.org/2023/12/22/1221128897/masha-gessen-essay-israel-gaza-germany-hannah-arendt-prize Despite backlash, Masha Gessen says comparing Gaza to a Nazi-era ghetto is necessary by Rachel Treisman, Leila Fadel 12/22/23 NPR]
File:Dunaksky opposition candidate.jpg|[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/would-be-putin-challenger-duntsova-barred-running-election-campaign-team-2023-12-23/ Yekaterina Duntsova barred from running against Putin in election By Mark Trevelyan 12/23/23 Reuters]
File:Israeli Right Wing Government.png|[https://www.vox.com/world/2023/1/20/23561464/israel-new-right-wing-government-extreme-protests-netanyahu-biden-ben-gvir Israel’s new right-wing government is even more extreme than protests would have you think by Jonathan Guyer Jan 20, 2023, Vox ]
File:Governments can solve at local.jpg|[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/09/3-global-issues-governments-solve-local-level/ 3 global issues governments can solve at a local level by World Economic Forum 14/09/2021]
File:North Korea Statues.jpg|[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/media-smuggling-north-korea How media smuggling took hold in North Korea by PBS News 18/12/2016]
</gallery>
===== First, Murdoch papers targeted me. Now there is evidence they falsely implicated me in a cover-up =====
[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/jul/31/gordon-brown-tom-watson-news-international-william-lewis-rupert-murdoch by Gordon Brown 31/7/24 The Guardian]
Blazoned across the top of every edition of the Washington Post is the statement “Democracy dies in darkness”. But what if the publisher himself is a master of the dark arts? I experienced, at first-hand, the journalistic techniques that the Washington Post’s publisher and chief executive, Sir William Lewis, and his colleagues used when working for the Murdoch media group and the Daily Telegraph in the UK
=====How media smuggling took hold in North Korea=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/media-smuggling-north-korea by News Desk 18/12/16 PBS NEWS]
In recent years, some of these defectors, who now live in South Korea, have sought to undermine the grip of the Kim regime on North Korean citizens. They transfer media, including American movies and TV shows, to USB drives and smuggle them to North Korea, where they are passed around to citizens who have no access to the internet or any information outside the country.
=====Social media: How do other governments regulate it?=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47135058 by Reality Check Team 12/2/20]
It is supposed to make the companies protect users from content involving things like violence, terrorism, cyber-bullying and child abuse.
=====4 things to know about Trump's plan for a 'crypto strategic reserve'=====
[https://www.npr.org/2025/03/04/g-s1-51748/trump-crypto-reserve-bitcoin-stockpile-ether by
Juliana Kim 4/3/25 npr]
President Trump has announced plans for a "Crypto Strategic Reserve," which would set up the United States to buy and sell cryptocurrency and could be a game changer for the industry.
=====New documentary details how governments use spyware to monitor citizens’ phones=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/new-documentary-details-how-governments-use-spyware-to-monitor-citizens-phones by John Yang 8/12/24 PBS NEWS]
This past week, the White House detailed the scope of a massive Chinese hacking campaign that reaped information from American cell phone networks. But an HBO original documentary, “Surveilled,” says some governments use commercial spyware to monitor their own citizens. To learn more, John Yang speaks with Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist Ronan Farrow, who produced the documentary.
=====3 reasons why New Zealand has the best-designed government in the world=====
[https://www.vox.com/2014/9/23/6831777/new-zealand-electoral-system-constitution-mixed-member-unicameral by Dylan Matthews 16/1/15 Vox]
=====Eritrea country profile=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13349078 by BBC NEWS 18/4/23]
Tensions remained high across the closed and heavily-fortified border until 2018, when Ethiopia launched a surprise diplomatic initiative that formally ended the state of war between the two countries.
=====Algeria forms new government with energy and finance ministers unchanged=====
[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/algeria-forms-new-govt-energy-finance-ministers-unchanged-presidency-2021-07-07/ by Reuters 7/7/21]
ALGIERS, July 7 (Reuters) - Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune on Wednesday named a new government, with the energy and finance ministers from the previous administration both keeping their jobs, the presidency said.
=====What is the Great Reset - and how did it get hijacked by conspiracy theories?=====
[https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-57532368 by BBC Monitoring and BBC Reality Check 23/6/21 BBC]
Believers spin dark tales about an authoritarian socialist world government run by powerful capitalists and politicians - a secret cabal that is broadcasting its plan around the world.
=====What is open government, and how will it help us achieve the SDGs?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/11/what-is-open-government-and-how-will-it-help-us-achieve-the-sdgs/ by Stephen Davenport 6/11/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
The open government agenda is most closely linked to the ambitious Goal 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, which among other targets includes the objective of ensuring “responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision-making at all levels.” Though progress in this area is maddeningly difficult to quantify, evidence increasingly shows that participation, the next transparency frontier, matters to development outcomes. Making the target explicit, it is hoped, will galvanize efforts in the right direction.
=====Conservatives aim to restructure U.S. government and replace it with Trump’s vision=====
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/conservatives-aim-to-restructure-u-s-government-and-replace-it-with-trumps-vision by Lisa Mascaro 29/8/23 PBS NEWS]
WASHINGTON (AP) — With more than a year to go before the 2024 election, a constellation of conservative organizations is preparing for a possible second White House term for Donald Trump, recruiting thousands of Americans to come to Washington on a mission to dismantle the federal government and replace it with a vision closer to his own.
=====Israel’s new right-wing government is even more extreme than protests would have you think=====
[https://www.vox.com/world/2023/1/20/23561464/israel-new-right-wing-government-extreme-protests-netanyahu-biden-ben-gvir by Jonathan Guyer 20/1/23 Vox]
It’s also not a huge departure from previous ones.
=====How 5 Tech Giants Have Become More Like Governments Than Companies=====
[https://www.npr.org/2017/10/26/560136311/how-5-tech-giants-have-become-more-like-governments-than-companies by npr 26/10/17]
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. It's difficult to get jazzed about smartphones and social networks when they might be ruining the world.
=====Global Gender Gap Report 2023=====
[https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-gender-gap-report-2023/in-full/gender-gaps-in-the-workforce/ by WORLD FORUM ORGANIZATION]
This chapter sheds light on global workforce, leadership and skilling patterns across industries and across time to give a more nuanced picture of the current anatomy of gender gaps in labour markets and senior leadership to equip decision-makers with the data to tackle gender gaps in the most targeted and impactful way possible.
=====Which countries have the most – and least – efficient governments?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/07/efficient-government/ by Paul Muggeridge 13/7/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
The efficiency of government has a significant bearing on a country’s competitiveness and economic growth. Excessive bureaucracy and regulation, a lack of transparency, and inadequate legal frameworks all impose additional costs on business and impede expansion.
=====Cryptocurrency regulations are changing across the globe. Here's what you need to know=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/05/global-cryptocurrency-regulations-changing/ by Ian Shine 2/5/24 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Cryptocurrency has often been synonymous with a lack of regulation. However, this is rapidly starting to change, with governments around the world now considering rules for digital currencies.
=====3 ways governments can solve migration crises=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/07/3-things-governments-need-to-do-to-solve-migration-crises/ by William Lacy Swing 22/7/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Nearly 2,000 people have died in the Mediterranean since the beginning of 2015. This is double the number of deaths for the same period last year. It clearly needs to stop. Europe is doing an incredible job rescuing migrants who board unworthy vessels to cross the sea. This year alone, 150,000 migrants coming from Syria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Somalia, Nigeria and from other sub-Saharan countries have reached the coasts of Greece, Italy, Malta and Spain.
=====These are the biggest global risks we face in 2024 and beyond=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/01/global-risks-report-2024/ by Ellissa Cavaciuti-Wishart 10/1/24 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
The cascading shocks that have beset the world in recent years are proving intractable. War and conflict, polarized politics, a continuing cost-of-living crisis and the ever-increasing impacts of a changing climate are destabilizing the global order.
=====Why the far right is surging all over the world=====
[https://www.vox.com/politics/361136/far-right-authoritarianism-germany-reactionary-spirit by  Zack Beauchamp 17/7/24 Vox]
The “reactionary spirit” and the roots of the US authoritarian moment.
=====Why networked governments are key to better societies=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2017/02/network-government-society-collaboration/ by Jane E. Fountain 13/2/17 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
The government of the future operates seamlessly across boundaries to address complex challenges in a hyperconnected world. Increasingly, business and government executives manage an enterprise that works across organizations to tackle “wicked” problems, those that demand expertise and solutions brought together from disparate sources. Examples of such problems include economic development, intelligence sharing, disaster preparedness and recovery, and a range of social, environmental and financial issues.
=====During Covid, most governments just gave people money=====
[https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23277830/covid-cash-transfers-money-global-inequality by  Siobhan McDonough 27/7/22 Vox]
The largest cash transfer scale-up ever mirrors global inequalities.
=====What are central bank digital currencies and what could they mean for the average person?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/10/what-are-central-bank-digital-currencies-advantages-risks/ by Sandra Waliczek 6/10/23 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Money has taken many forms over the centuries. In fact, it’s not even always been money at all. It gradually evolved from bartered commodities to pieces of metal, before becoming paper money and eventually debit and credit cards. The next step in this evolution could be central bank digital currencies (CBDCs).
=====What kind of coalition government could Germany have after the election?=====
[https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/what-are-most-likely-coalitions-after-german-election-2025-02-12/ by Riham Alkousaa 23/25 Reuters]
The composition of the coalition will depend on whether the pro-business Free Democrats (FDP) and leftist Sahra Wagenknecht Bewegung (BSW) hovering around the 5% threshold needed to take seats, enter the parliament.
=====3 global issues governments can solve at a local level=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/09/3-global-issues-governments-solve-local-level/ by Vincent Chin 14/9/21 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Despite these barriers governments can’t avoid these large problems. Instead, they can tackle even the thorniest of issues by thinking big, acting fast, but starting small. In practice, this means viewing a global concern through a local lens; addressing it with a pragmatic but innovative solution, and as positive results emerge, scaling it so its reach broadens among wider regions and groups of people.
=====5 ways governments can unlock a more social economy=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2022/05/5-ways-governments-unlock-social-economy/ by Johanna Mair 23/5/22 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
The COVID-19 pandemic has been no ordinary crisis. The worst health emergency in more than a century has been compounded by growing inequality and rapidly rising food and energy prices this year. This causes structural damage to economies and people’s lives on a scale that can hardly be addressed by means of traditional approaches of fiscal and monetary stimulus.
=====What do we mean by 'governance'?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2016/02/what-is-governance-and-why-does-it-matter/ by Anna Bruce-Lockhart 26/2/16 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Global governance, good governance, failing governance: like so many buzzwords in the field of international development, the word has come to mean different things to different groups.
=====The top 5 countries for electric vehicle adoption=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/10/electric-vehicle-adoption/ by Joel Jaeger 3/10/23 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Electric vehicle sales have been growing exponentially due to falling costs, improving technology and government support. Globally, 10% of passenger vehicles sold in 2022 were all-electric, according to analysis of data from the International Energy Agency. That’s 10 times more than it was just five years earlier.
=====Which type of coercion is best for settling trade disputes?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/08/which-type-of-coercion-is-best-for-settling-trade-disputes/ by Giovanni Facchini 11/4/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
In international trade disputes, coercion is often used against governments whose trade practices are deemed unfair. Trade coercion occurs when a government (the ‘sender’) makes a demand backed by threats to use retaliatory sanctions against a trading partner (the ‘target’) if the latter does not acquiesce to this demand.
=====Why there will be plenty of jobs in the future — even with artificial intelligence=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/02/artificial-intelligence-ai-jobs-future/ by Henrik Ekelund 26/2/24 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
In the early 1960s, just as the information technology revolution was taking its first baby steps, a committee of scientists and social activists sent an open letter to the US President, Lyndon B. Johnson: “The cybernation revolution” will create “a separate nation of the poor, the unskilled, the jobless” who will be unable to find work and to afford life’s necessities, they argued.
=====Why we need a new economic model=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2014/11/why-we-need-a-new-economic-model/ by Jeffrey D. Sachs 26/11/14 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Two schools of thought tend to dominate today’s economic debates. According to free-market economists, governments should cut taxes, reduce regulations, reform labor laws, and then get out of the way to let consumers consume and producers create jobs. According to Keynesian economics, governments should boost total demand through quantitative easing and fiscal stimulus. Yet neither approach is delivering good results. We need a new Sustainable Development Economics, with governments promoting new types of investments.
=====Does foreign aid always help the poor?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/10/does-foreign-aid-always-help-the-poor/ by Ana Swanson 23/10/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Deaton, an economist at Princeton University who studied poverty in India and South Africa and spent decades working at the World Bank, won his prize for studying how the poor decide to save or spend money. But his ideas about foreign aid are particularly provocative. Deaton argues that, by trying to help poor people in developing countries, the rich world may actually be corrupting those nations’ governments and slowing their growth. According to Deaton, and the economists who agree with him, much of the $135 billion that the world’s most developed countries spent on official aid in 2014 may not have ended up helping the poor.
=====Can government spending encourage entrepreneurship?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/02/can-government-spending-encourage-entrepreneurship/ by Asif Islam 12/2/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
A fairly robust finding is that total government spending is negatively correlated with entrepreneurship. The proposed rationale for this relationship falls under either one of two categories. The first is that government spending is a proxy for government size. Under this scenario high level of government spending implies high levels of government involvement both in terms of burdensome regulations and crowding out of the private sector; both factors considered to be detrimental towards entrepreneurship. The second hypothesis is that total government spending goes hand in hand with high levels of social welfare spending. High levels of welfare spending may provide safety nets for potential entrepreneurs, effectively raising the opportunity cost of entrepreneurship, thus discouraging entrepreneurship.
=====Thales warns governments over reliance on Starlink-type systems=====
[https://www.reuters.com/technology/space/thales-warns-governments-over-reliance-starlink-type-systems-2025-03-04/ by Tim Hepher 4/3/25 Reuters]
PARIS, March 4 (Reuters) - The head of one of Europe's largest satellite manufacturers, France-based Thales (TCFP.PA), opens new tab, has highlighted the risks to governments of relying too heavily on private satellite constellations in an apparent warning over Elon Musk's Starlink.
=====7 ways governments can foster entrepreneurship=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/02/7-ways-governments-can-support-entrepreneurship/ by Maxime Paradis  by Maxime Paradis  14/2/23 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
Entrepreneurship plays a vital role in driving economic growth and job creation. It is the engine that propels innovation, generates new businesses and brings fresh products and services to the market. Starting and running a business can be challenging. Entrepreneurs often struggle with access to funding, navigating complex regulations and acquiring the necessary skills and knowledge.
=====The COVID-19 pandemic has changed education forever. This is how =====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2020/04/coronavirus-education-global-covid19-online-digital-learning/ by Cathy Li 29/4/20 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUm]
While countries are at different points in their COVID-19 infection rates, worldwide there are currently more than 1.2 billion children in 186 countries affected by school closures due to the pandemic. In Denmark, children up to the age of 11 are returning to nurseries and schools after initially closing on 12 March, but in South Korea students are responding to roll calls from their teachers online.
=====What is government’s role in sparking innovation?=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/04/what-is-governments-role-in-sparking-innovation/ by Mariana Mazzucato 17/4/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
In fact, governments can and do play a critical role in spurring innovation – actively creating new markets, instead of just fixing them. To be sure, advocates of a limited economic role for government believe that market failure justifies some funding of infrastructure and basic science. But such limited intervention can hardly explain the billions of public-sector dollars that have flowed toward downstream applied research, even providing early-stage financing for companies. Indeed, in some of the world’s most famous innovation hubs, the state has played a key “entrepreneurial” role, envisioning and financing the creation of entire new fields, from information technology to biotech, nanotech, and green tech.
=====McKinsey: These are the skills you will need for the future of work=====
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/06/defining-the-skills-citizens-will-need-in-the-future-world-of-work/ by Marco Dondi 28/6/21 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM]
To future-proof citizens’ ability to work, they will require new skills—but which ones? A survey of 18,000 people in 15 countries suggests those that governments may wish to prioritize.
=====International Conference on the Future Agenda of Action for Global Diaspora Engagement, 12-13 Sept 2024, Cabo Verde=====
[https://www.iom.int/future-agenda-action-global-diaspora-engagement by IOM UN MIGRATION]
In 2022, against the backdrop of the upcoming International Migration Forum Review (IMRF) organized in the framework of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) partnered with the Government of Ireland and key participating states to co-host the inaugural Global Diaspora Summit (GDS). This summit, marking a significant milestone in diaspora engagement, culminated in the adoption of the Dublin Declaration, a comprehensive plan of action aiming to institutionalize and operationalize diaspora capitals across policies, programs, and partnerships within a coherent framework.  
=====When is targeted surveillance wrong?=====
[https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2020/10/stopspying/ by AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL]
We all know that privacy matters. Our private thoughts, texts, friendships, social interactions make up who we are. It’s why COVID-19 has revived fears about governments and corporations snooping on our every move – and with good reason. At least one of the companies looking to capitalise on the contact tracing dilemma is NSO, the controversial company currently being sued by WhatsApp for allegedly installing spyware on the phones of thousands of users – including activists and journalists.
=====Revealed: how top PR firm uses ‘trust barometer’ to promote world’s autocrats=====
[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/nov/24/edelman-pr-trust-barometer-uae-saudi-arabia by Adam Lowenstein 24/11/23 The Guardian]
Public trust in some of the world’s most repressive governments is soaring, according to Edelman, the world’s largest public relations firm, whose flagship “trust barometer” has created its reputation as an authority on global trust. For years, Edelman has reported that citizens of authoritarian countries, including Saudi Arabia, Singapore, the United Arab Emirates and China, tend to trust their governments more than people living in democracies do.
=====Arbitrary Detention and Short-Term Imprisonment=====
=====Arbitrary Detention and Short-Term Imprisonment=====
[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/cuba by Kenneth Roth HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH]
[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022/country-chapters/cuba by Kenneth Roth HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH]
Line 101: Line 245:
[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024 by Tirana Hassan by World Report 24]
[https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024 by Tirana Hassan by World Report 24]
  We only have to look at the human rights challenges of 2023 to tell us what we need to do differently in 2024. It was a formidable year not only for human rights suppression and wartime atrocities but also for selective government outrage and transactional diplomacy that carried profound costs for the rights of those not in on the deal. Yet amid the gloom, we saw signs of hope showing the possibility of a different path.
  We only have to look at the human rights challenges of 2023 to tell us what we need to do differently in 2024. It was a formidable year not only for human rights suppression and wartime atrocities but also for selective government outrage and transactional diplomacy that carried profound costs for the rights of those not in on the deal. Yet amid the gloom, we saw signs of hope showing the possibility of a different path.
|description=Some information about how do electoral systems around the world work.
|keywords=democracy, fascism, authoritarianism, electoral, parties, sectarianism, proportional, politics, dictator, election, state,
|image=File:Masha Gessen.jpg
|image_width=300
|image_height=200
}}
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Masha Gessen.jpg
File:Dunaksky opposition candidate.jpg
</gallery>


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=====Yekaterina Duntsova barred from running against Putin in election=====
=====Yekaterina Duntsova barred from running against Putin in election=====
Line 132: Line 263:
===== All politicians “game” the system. The question is how? =====
===== All politicians “game” the system. The question is how? =====
[https://www.vox.com/polyarchy/2018/5/14/17352208/ranked-choice-voting-san-francisco by Lee Drutman 14/5/18 Vox]
[https://www.vox.com/polyarchy/2018/5/14/17352208/ranked-choice-voting-san-francisco by Lee Drutman 14/5/18 Vox]
  There’s too much news and too little context. At Vox, we’ll help you understand what really matters. We report urgently on the most important stories shaping our world, but we also spend time on issues the rest of the media neglects.
  What ranked choice voting in San Francisco tells us about the electoral rules and political incentives.


===== Lebanese candidates push for change in a corrupt electoral system =====
===== Lebanese candidates push for change in a corrupt electoral system =====
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