Spanish Imperialism: Difference between revisions

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[https://historyreclaimed.co.uk/the-myth-of-new-world-genocide/ by Jeff Fynn-Paul 7/3/23 HISTORY RECLAIMED]

Hello and welcome everyone. In my talk today, I am going to first lay out why it is that the term genocide was not used by serious historians to describe European colonization in the New World until very recently.

=====The world’s greatest genocide?=====

[https://www.timetravelturtle.com/peru/spanish-genocide/ by Michael Turtle 31/7/25 TIME TRAVEL TURTLE]

In the country’s capital, Lima, I find myself confronting the thoughts that had been swirling aimlessly in my head. For it was here that much of this death originated, in some form or the other.

=====Genocidal Massacres in the Spanish Conquest of the Americas <i>Xaragua, Cholula and Toxcatl, 1503-1519</i>=====

[https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3144836/ by UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL]

This chapter examines and compares three genocidal events in the early modern Caribbean and Mesoamerica: the massacres of Xaragua (Hispaniola, 1503), Cholula (Mexico, 1519), and Toxcatl (Mexico, 1520; also known as the Massacre of Templo Mayor). Each of the three mass killings marked a political and military turning point in the history of Spanish military expansion in the Americas.

=====Genocide and American Indian History=====

[https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-3?print by Jeffrey Ostler 2/3/15 Genocide and American Indian History]

The issue of genocide and American Indian history has been contentious. Many writers see the massive depopulation of the indigenous population of the Americas after 1492 as a clear-cut case of the genocide. Other writers, however, contend that European and U.S. actions toward Indians were deplorable but were rarely if ever genocidal. To a significant extent, disagreements about the pervasiveness of genocide in the history of the post-Columbian Western Hemisphere, in general, and U.S. history, in particular, pivot on definitions of genocide.

=====Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas=====

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas by WIKIPEDIA]

Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas before European colonization have been difficult to establish. Estimates have varied widely from as low as 8 million to as many as 100 million, though by the end of the 20th Century, many scholars gravitated toward an estimate of around 50 million people.

=====California Indian History=====

[https://nahc.ca.gov/native-americans/california-indian-history/ by NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION]

One manner in which we can seek to understand aboriginal California Indian cultures is to look at the tribes inhabiting similar climatic and ecological zones. What emerges from this approach is a remarkable similarity in material aspects of the many different tribes inhabiting those territories. Generally speaking technologies and materials used to manufacture tools, homes and storage containers show great similarity. Hunting, trapping and fishing technologies also are shared across tribal lines terrain, available water plants and animals affected the density of populations, settlement patterns as each tribe adjusted to its environment.

=====Bartolomé de las Casas and 500 Years of Racial Injustice=====

[https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/july-2015-bartolom-de-las-casas-and-500-years-racial-injustice by Dani Anthony ORIGINS]

This year marks the 500-year anniversary of the pricking of one man's conscience. Bartolomé de las Casas, sickened by the exploitation and physical degradation of the indigenous peoples in the Spanish colonies of the Caribbean, gave up his extensive land holdings and slaves and traveled to his homeland in Spain in 1515 to petition the Spanish Crown to stop the abuses that European colonists were inflicting upon the natives of the New World.

=====European colonisation of the Americas killed 10% of world population and caused global cooling=====

[https://theconversation.com/european-colonisation-of-the-americas-killed-10-of-world-population-and-caused-global-cooling-110549 by Alexander Koch 31/1/19 THE CONVERSATION]

While Europe was in the early days of the Renaissance, there were empires in the Americas sustaining more than 60m people. But the first European contact in 1492 brought diseases to the Americas which devastated the native population and the resultant collapse of farming in the Americas was so significant that it may have even cooled the global climate.

=====The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs=====

[https://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html by PBS]

Much of the credit for European military success in the New World can be handed to the superiority of their weapons, their literary heritage, even the fact they had unique load-bearing mammals, like horses. These factors combined, gave the conquistadors a massive advantage over the sophisticated civilisations of the Aztec and Inca empires.

=====The Holocaust We Will Not See=====

[https://www.monbiot.com/2010/01/11/the-holocaust-we-will-not-see/ by monbiot.com 11/1/10]

Avatar, James Cameron’s blockbusting 3-D film, is both profoundly silly and profound. It’s profound because, like most films about aliens, it is a metaphor for contact between different human cultures. But in this case the metaphor is conscious and precise: this is the story of European engagement with the native peoples of the Americas. It’s profoundly silly because engineering a happy ending demands a plot so stupid and predictable that it rips the heart out of the film. The fate of the native Americans is much closer to the story told in another new film, The Road, in which a remnant population flees in terror as it is hunted to extinction.

=====Spanish Conquest & Aztecs: The impact and legacy of colonisation=====

[https://library.norwood.vic.edu.au/aztecs/legacyofcolonisation by Picryl NORWOOD SECONDARY COLLEGE]

The arrival of the Spanish in 1519 signalled the beginning of the end of the Aztec Empire. The final defeat of the Aztecs in 1521 had a number of consequences not only for the Aztec people, but for the whole Mesoamerican region. Read through these resources to find out more about the impact and legacy of colonisation.

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@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 [https://historyreclaimed.co.uk/the-myth-of-new-world-genocide/ by Jeff Fynn-Paul 7/3/23 HISTORY RECLAIMED]
   Hello and welcome everyone. In my talk today, I am going to first lay out why it is that the term genocide was not used by serious historians to describe European colonization in the New World until very recently.
+=====The world’s greatest genocide?=====
+[https://www.timetravelturtle.com/peru/spanish-genocide/ by Michael Turtle 31/7/25 TIME TRAVEL TURTLE]
+ In the country’s capital, Lima, I find myself confronting the thoughts that had been swirling aimlessly in my head. For it was here that much of this death originated, in some form or the other.
+=====Genocidal Massacres in the Spanish Conquest of the Americas <i>Xaragua, Cholula and Toxcatl, 1503-1519</i>=====
+[https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3144836/ by UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL]
+ This chapter examines and compares three genocidal events in the early modern Caribbean and Mesoamerica: the massacres of Xaragua (Hispaniola, 1503), Cholula (Mexico, 1519), and Toxcatl (Mexico, 1520; also known as the Massacre of Templo Mayor). Each of the three mass killings marked a political and military turning point in the history of Spanish military expansion in the Americas.
+=====Genocide and American Indian History=====
+[https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-3?print by Jeffrey Ostler 2/3/15 Genocide and American Indian History]
+ The issue of genocide and American Indian history has been contentious. Many writers see the massive depopulation of the indigenous population of the Americas after 1492 as a clear-cut case of the genocide. Other writers, however, contend that European and U.S. actions toward Indians were deplorable but were rarely if ever genocidal. To a significant extent, disagreements about the pervasiveness of genocide in the history of the post-Columbian Western Hemisphere, in general, and U.S. history, in particular, pivot on definitions of genocide.
+=====Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas=====
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas by WIKIPEDIA]
+ Population figures for the Indigenous peoples of the Americas before European colonization have been difficult to establish. Estimates have varied widely from as low as 8 million to as many as 100 million, though by the end of the 20th Century, many scholars gravitated toward an estimate of around 50 million people.
+=====California Indian History=====
+[https://nahc.ca.gov/native-americans/california-indian-history/ by NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMISSION]
+ One manner in which we can seek to understand aboriginal California Indian cultures is to look at the tribes inhabiting similar climatic and ecological zones. What emerges from this approach is a remarkable similarity in material aspects of the many different tribes inhabiting those territories. Generally speaking technologies and materials used to manufacture tools, homes and storage containers show great similarity. Hunting, trapping and fishing technologies also are shared across tribal lines terrain, available water plants and animals affected the density of populations, settlement patterns as each tribe adjusted to its environment.
+=====Bartolomé de las Casas and 500 Years of Racial Injustice=====
+[https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/july-2015-bartolom-de-las-casas-and-500-years-racial-injustice by  Dani Anthony ORIGINS]
+ This year marks the 500-year anniversary of the pricking of one man's conscience. Bartolomé de las Casas, sickened by the exploitation and physical degradation of the indigenous peoples in the Spanish colonies of the Caribbean, gave up his extensive land holdings and slaves and traveled to his homeland in Spain in 1515 to petition the Spanish Crown to stop the abuses that European colonists were inflicting upon the natives of the New World.
+=====European colonisation of the Americas killed 10% of world population and caused global cooling=====
+[https://theconversation.com/european-colonisation-of-the-americas-killed-10-of-world-population-and-caused-global-cooling-110549 by Alexander Koch 31/1/19 THE CONVERSATION]
+ While Europe was in the early days of the Renaissance, there were empires in the Americas sustaining more than 60m people. But the first European contact in 1492 brought diseases to the Americas which devastated the native population and the resultant collapse of farming in the Americas was so significant that it may have even cooled the global climate.
+=====The Story Of... Smallpox – and other Deadly Eurasian Germs=====
+[https://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html by PBS]
+ Much of the credit for European military success in the New World can be handed to the superiority of their weapons, their literary heritage, even the fact they had unique load-bearing mammals, like horses. These factors combined, gave the conquistadors a massive advantage over the sophisticated civilisations of the Aztec and Inca empires.
+=====The Holocaust We Will Not See=====
+[https://www.monbiot.com/2010/01/11/the-holocaust-we-will-not-see/ by monbiot.com 11/1/10]
+ Avatar, James Cameron’s blockbusting 3-D film, is both profoundly silly and profound. It’s profound because, like most films about aliens, it is a metaphor for contact between different human cultures. But in this case the metaphor is conscious and precise: this is the story of European engagement with the native peoples of the Americas. It’s profoundly silly because engineering a happy ending demands a plot so stupid and predictable that it rips the heart out of the film. The fate of the native Americans is much closer to the story told in another new film, The Road, in which a remnant population flees in terror as it is hunted to extinction.
+=====Spanish Conquest & Aztecs: The impact and legacy of colonisation=====
+[https://library.norwood.vic.edu.au/aztecs/legacyofcolonisation by Picryl NORWOOD SECONDARY COLLEGE]
+ The arrival of the Spanish in 1519 signalled the beginning of the end of the Aztec Empire. The final defeat of the Aztecs in 1521 had a number of consequences not only for the Aztec people, but for the whole Mesoamerican region. Read through these resources to find out more about the impact and legacy of colonisation.