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[https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Art/ by Joshua J. Mark 26/5/17 Ancient Egypt]
[https://www.worldhistory.org/Egyptian_Art/ by Joshua J. Mark 26/5/17 Ancient Egypt]
  Joshua J. Mark is co-founder and Content Director of World History Encyclopedia. He has lived in Greece and Germany, traveled extensively, especially through Egypt, and presently lives in upstate New York with his dog, Sammie. Mark was a part-time philosophy professor and writing instructor at Marist College, where he received a Faculty of the Year Award and the Special Services Award of Merit, and has also taught history and literature courses at the college level. He has published articles, short fiction, and creative nonfiction through various journals, magazines, and online.
  Joshua J. Mark is co-founder and Content Director of World History Encyclopedia. He has lived in Greece and Germany, traveled extensively, especially through Egypt, and presently lives in upstate New York with his dog, Sammie. Mark was a part-time philosophy professor and writing instructor at Marist College, where he received a Faculty of the Year Award and the Special Services Award of Merit, and has also taught history and literature courses at the college level. He has published articles, short fiction, and creative nonfiction through various journals, magazines, and online.
=====Paint Like An Egyptian!=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/paint-like-an-egyptian by Anna Serotta, Julie Marie Seibert, and Isabel Stünkel 20/7/20 THE MET]
Let's start with the paint itself. In ancient Egypt, pigments—the materials which give paints their color—were mostly made from minerals that were gathered or dug from the earth. They were ground down to a fine powder and then mixed with a binder (something to hold it all together) such as gum Arabic. Here are some of the most common pigment materials used in ancient Egypt:




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[https://www.artic.edu/articles/977/re-viewing-ancient-egyptian-art-at-the-art-institute by Ashley F. Arico 8/3/22 ART INSTITVTE CHICAGO]
[https://www.artic.edu/articles/977/re-viewing-ancient-egyptian-art-at-the-art-institute by Ashley F. Arico 8/3/22 ART INSTITVTE CHICAGO]
  Since joining the Art Institute in July 2017 as the museum’s first full-time specialist in the arts of ancient Egypt, she has launched a successful “Egyptian Art Pop-Up Talk” series and installed Ptolemaic Egyptian works in the Mary and Michael Jaharis Galleries of Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Art. In February 2022, Ashley debuted a new gallery of ancient Egyptian art. Prior to her time at the Art Institute, she held positions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; the Johns Hopkins Archaeological Museum; and the Walters Art Museum, where she contributed to the exhibition Egypt’s Mysterious Book of the Faiyum (2013). She has also excavated at the temple of the lioness-headed goddess Mut in Luxor, Egypt.
  Since joining the Art Institute in July 2017 as the museum’s first full-time specialist in the arts of ancient Egypt, she has launched a successful “Egyptian Art Pop-Up Talk” series and installed Ptolemaic Egyptian works in the Mary and Michael Jaharis Galleries of Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Art. In February 2022, Ashley debuted a new gallery of ancient Egyptian art. Prior to her time at the Art Institute, she held positions at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; the Johns Hopkins Archaeological Museum; and the Walters Art Museum, where she contributed to the exhibition Egypt’s Mysterious Book of the Faiyum (2013). She has also excavated at the temple of the lioness-headed goddess Mut in Luxor, Egypt.
=====Materials and techniques in ancient Egyptian art=====
[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/egypt-art/beginners-guide-egypt/a/materials-techniques by Khan Academy]
Egyptian artists used a wide array of materials, both local and imported, from very early in their history. For instance, already in the Predynastic period, we find figurines carved from lapis lazuli—a lustrous blue stone that originates in what is now Afghanistan and indicates the early presence of robust trade routes.
=====On the Status and Purposes of Ancient Egyptian Art=====
[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-archaeological-journal/article/abs/on-the-status-and-purposes-of-ancient-egyptian-art/F0417E0A4D4041C39D3A949513715C7C by John Baines 22/12/08 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS]
No term in the ancient Egyptian language corresponds neatly with Western usages of ‘art’, and Egyptologists have often argued that there is no such thing as ‘Egyptian art’. Yet aesthetically organized structures and artefacts constitute the majority of evidence from Egypt, a legacy created mainly for a small élite.
=====The world of ancient Egypt=====
[https://smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/world-of-ancient-egypt/ by Dr. Amy Calvert smarthistory]
Few civilizations have enjoyed the longevity and global cultural reach of ancient Egypt. Their distinct visual expressions, writing system, and imposing monuments are instantly recognizable by viewers all around the world even today—put simply, their branding was on point.
=====ANCIENT EGYPTIAN GOD, FIGHTER, DANCER, COMPANION=====
[https://www.ashmolean.org/article/bes-ancient-egyptian-god-fighter-dancer-companion by Kyle Jordan ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM]
We recognise a few to this day. Amun-Ra, the solar god of creation. Horus, the falcon god of kingship. Hathor, the celestial goddess of motherhood, beauty and joy. Osiris, the reanimated god of the ‘otherworld’, where the souls of the dead journeyed to be judged.
=====Hidden mysteries in ancient Egyptian paintings from the Theban Necropolis observed by in-situ XRF mapping=====
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0287647 by Philippe Martinez 12/7/23 PLOS One]
The material study of ancient Egyptian paintings began with the advent of Egyptology during the 19th century. By the 1930s, a lot had already been sampled and described. The limited palette for example has been analysed from actual painted surfaces but also from pigments and painting tools retrieved on site. However, most of these studies took place in museums while the painted surfaces, preserved in funerary chapels and temples, remained somewhat estranged from this primary physical understanding.
=====Egyptian Art in Colonized Nubia: Representing Power and Social Structure in the New Kingdom Tombs of Djehutyhotep, Hekanefer and Pennut=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0752/13/4/118 by Rennan Lemos 6/5/24 MDPI]
Decorated rock-cut tombs represent a major aspect of elite mortuary landscapes in the New Kingdom, with sites in the Memphite and Theban regions usually representing the elite ideal during this period (Kampp 1996; Staring 2023). It is common to accept that during the New Kingdom colonization of Nubia, Egyptian ideals travelled alongside colonizers and, once they reached Nubia, substituted local ideals regarding death and dying (Trigger 1976, p. 115; Säve-Söderbergh and Troy 1991, pp. 7–8; Morkot 2013).
=====ARH 2050 - Prof. Cole Egyptian Art in the New Kingdom (Amarna)=====
[https://libguides.broward.edu/amarna/articles by Broward College Libraries LIBRARIES BROWARD COLLEGE]
Christie, Jessica Joyce. “Akhenaten’s Amarna in New Kingdom Egypt: Relations of Landscape and Ideology.” Political Landscapes of Capital Cities, edited by Jessica Joyce Christie et al., University Press of Colorado, 2016, pp. 25–64. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1dfnt2b.7. Accessed 18 June 2024.
=====Ancient Egyptian Amulets=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/egyptian-amulets by Isabel Stünkel 1/2/19 THE MET]
People everywhere want to avoid disease and other misfortune, and to that end, many use amulets to ensure well-being. Today, an individual might wear a bracelet made of beads with a concentric circle design to combat the evil eye, or keep a lucky penny in his or her pocket. A favorite for centuries in some parts of the world is a pendant with a depiction of Saint Christopher.
In ancient Egypt, amulets were abundant and most were probably inexpensive, which made them available to nearly everyone.
=====XRF reveals early drafts of ancient Egyptian art=====
[https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/xrf-reveals-early-drafts-of-ancient-egyptian-art/4017729.article by Ada McVean 18/7/23 CHEMISTRY ORLD]
Ancient Egyptian artists often used paints that feature strong elemental signals that make them perfect for detection by x-ray fluorescence imaging. Scans of the tomb chapel paintings for elements like iron – present in hematite, a shade of red, or goethite, a yellow – arsenic for realgar (red) or orpiment (yellow), and copper from Egyptian blue, allowed mapping of paint that had subsequently been covered or faded away.
=====Color in Ancient Egypt=====
[https://www.worldhistory.org/article/999/color-in-ancient-egypt/ by Joshua J. Mark 8/1/17 world history]
The ancient Egyptians had a great appreciation for life which is clearly depicted through their art. Images of people enjoying themselves - whether in this life or the next - are as plentiful as those most often seen of the gods or funerary rituals. The early Egyptologists who first encountered the culture focused their attention on the many examples of funerary art found in tombs and concluded that Egyptian culture was death-obsessed when, in reality, the ancient Egyptians were wholly absorbed in living life to its fullest.
=====Egyptian Wall Paintings: The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Collection of Facsimiles=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/met-publications/egyptian-wall-paintings-the-metropolitan-museum-of-arts-collection-of-facsimiles by Wilkinson, Charles K., with a catalogue compiled by Marsha Hill 1983 THE MET]
In 1959 the Metropolitan Museum's Department of Egyptian Art began a reinstallation of its collection. At that time the objectives envisioned were modest: a simple rearrangement for chronological consistency; additional lighting; and a few architectural changes. The project changed with curators and directors, however, and the effort now planned for completion in 1983 is a far-reaching one. All objects in the collection are to be displayed, either in primary or secondary galleries; consequently a review of the condition of each work and a reassessment of its dating and importance were undertaken.
=====Art and Art History=====
[https://guides.lib.wayne.edu/artarthistory/egyptianart by WAYNWE STATE]
British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (BMSAES)
"The British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan (BMSAES) is a peer-reviewed, academic journal dedicated to presenting research on all aspects of ancient Egypt and Sudan and the representation of these cultures in modern times." from website
=====ancient Egyptian architecture=====
[https://www.britannica.com/art/Egyptian-architecture by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica]
ancient Egyptian architecture, the architectural monuments produced mainly during the dynastic periods of the first three millennia bce in the Nile valley regions of Egypt and Nubia. The architecture, similar to representational art, aimed to preserve forms and conventions that were held to reflect the perfection of the world at the primordial moment of creation and to embody the correct relationship between humankind, the king, and the pantheon of the gods.
=====The Art of Embalming in Ancient Egypt 1=====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/075537a0 by nature 4/4/1907]
PROF. ELLIOT SMITH has applied to the study of mummification the accurate and thorough methods of observation which have won for him a foremost place among the younger generation of anatomists, the result being an autloritative memoir, which will serve both the expert and the uninitiated as an excellent introduction to the art and significance of embalming as practised in ancient Egypt. As professor of anatomy in the medical school at Cairo he has free access to the material necessary for a first-hand study of the subject.
=====Ancient Egyptians may have given cats the personality to conquer the world=====
[https://www.science.org/content/article/ancient-egyptians-may-have-given-cats-personality-conquer-world by David Grimm 19/6/17 Science]
Around 1950 B.C.E., someone painted an unusual creature on the back wall of a limestone tomb some 250 kilometers south of Cairo. With its long front legs, upright tail, and triangular head staring down an approaching field rat, it is unmistakably a domestic cat—the first appearance in the art of ancient Egypt. In the centuries that followed, cats became a fixture of Egyptian paintings and sculptures, and were even immortalized as mummies, as they rose in status from rodent killer to pet to god.
=====Cats Rule in Ancient Egypt=====
[https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/cats-rule-in-ancient-egypt by NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC kids]
Ancient Egyptians worshipped many animals for thousands of years. Animals were revered for different reasons. Dogs were valued for their ability to protect and hunt, but cats were thought to be the most special. Egyptians believed cats were magical creatures, capable of bringing good luck to the people who housed them.
=====Made in Ancient Egypt=====
[https://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/plan-your-visit/exhibitions/made-in-ancient-egypt by The Fitzwilliam Museum Logo 3/10/25]
Revealing the untold stories of the Egyptian makers, technology and techniques behind these extraordinary objects, our exciting new exhibition is the first to explore ancient Egypt through the lives of its craftspeople, bringing together jewellery, ceramics, sculpture and more, including spectacular objects never before seen in the UK.
=====Egyptian Mummies=====
[https://www.si.edu/spotlight/ancient-egypt/mummies by Smithsonian]
The methods of embalming, or treating the dead body, that the ancient Egyptians used is called mummification. Using special processes, the Egyptians removed all moisture from the body, leaving only a dried form that would not easily decay. It was important in their religion to preserve the dead body in as life-like a manner as possible. So successful were they that today we can view the mummified body of an Egyptian and have a good idea of what he or she looked like in life, 3,000 years ago.
=====Emotions and the Manifestation of Ancient Egyptian Royal Power: A Consideration of the Twin Stelae at Abu Simbel=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0752/13/6/174 by Tara Prakash 29/2/24 MDPI]
Drawing on methods and theories from the history of emotions, this paper examines the Twin Stelae that flank the entrance into Ramses II’s Great Temple at Abu Simbel in order to investigate the feelings associated with ancient Egyptian kingship from an ideological perspective. As the ruler, what was the king himself supposed to feel, and what feelings was he meant to elicit in his subjects?
=====Curated Desertscapes in Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Investigating Iconographies of the Wild=====
[https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0752/11/3/59 by Jennifer Miyuki Babcock 1/4/22 MDPI]
Because of a long-standing bias toward examining human representation in Egyptian art, scholars have overlooked many details of how wild animals are rendered, at least until recently. Usually, the stylistic differences between animals and humans in ancient Egyptian art are emphasized to support the argument that animals and their environs encapsulate ancient Egyptian ideas of “chaos”, while humans and their cultivated world encapsulate “order”.
=====Mathematical bases of ancient Egyptian architecture and graphic art
Author links open overlay panel=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0315086085900023 by Gay Robins, Charles C.D Shute ScienceDirect]
In ancient Egyptian buildings, such as pyramids and pylons with inclined walls, the inclination was contrived to give a horizontal displacement measured in palms, half-palms or quarter-palms for a drop of one royal cubit of seven palms. The inclination of the edges between adjacent walls was not relevant to the design. Evidence is presented suggesting that in two-dimensional art the obliquity of slanting lines may have been determined by a similar system, but with a drop of six units instead of seven.
=====Paint like an Egyptian: X-rays reveal creative process behind ancient tomb art=====
[https://www.science.org/content/article/paint-egyptian-xray-egyptian-tomb-art by Tanvi Dutta Gupta 12/7/23 Science]
Every painter has a process, but the painstaking revisions and countless tiny edits are invisible to those who only see the final product. In a study published today in PLOS ONE, researchers used x-rays to reveal how 3000-year-old paintings inside Egypt’s Theban Necropolis unfolded step by step. The findings hint at the creative process used to produce these ancient masterworks.
=====How Cats Became Divine Symbols in Ancient Egypt=====
[https://www.history.com/articles/cats-ancient-egypt by Elizabeth Yuko 17/8/21 HISTORY]
Along with hieroglyphics, obelisks and geometric patterns, cats feature prominently in ancient Egyptian art, reflecting the animal’s unique status among the people who dwelled along the Nile River. The animals were initially adopted as useful predators in ancient Egypt and gradually became symbols of divinity and protection.
=====Sacred animals of ancient Egypt=====
[https://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/blog/sacred-animals-ancient-egypt by REASDING MUSEUM 15/5/20]
Discover how animals were worshipped in ancient Egypt as gods and goddesses, their sacred meanings, and why these creatures were revered so highly by the Egyptian people.
=====The Eye of Horus: The Connection Between Art, Medicine, and Mythology in Ancient Egypt=====
[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6649877/ by Karim ReFaey 5/19 Cureus]
Ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the oldest cultures in human history. Ancient Egyptians are well-known for pioneering the fields of art, medicine, and the documentation of discoveries as mythological tales. The Egyptians mastered the integration of anatomy and mythology into artistic symbols and figures. The mythology of Isis, Osiris, and Horus is arguably one of the most recognized mythologies in ancient Egypt.
=====Ancient Egyptian Creation Myths: From Watery Chaos to Cosmic Egg=====
[https://www.glencairnmuseum.org/newsletter/2021/7/13/ancient-egyptian-creation-myths-from-watery-chaos-to-cosmic-egg by Glencairn Museum News 13/7/21 GLENCAIRN MUSEUM]
The Egyptian pantheon was filled with deities who inhabited the heavens but whose influence was experienced on earth. In the Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom, which first appeared on the interiors of the pyramids of the kings of the Fifth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom (c. 2500–2350 BCE), we learn that the Egyptians regarded the sky as a dwelling place of their gods and a location connected to the afterlife. Just as their daily life depended upon the Nile River, the Egyptians envisioned this heavenly realm as a landscape that divine beings navigated in sacred boats (Figure 1).
=====Put a Bird on It? Ancient Egypt Was Way Ahead of Us.=====
[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/06/science/ancient-egypt-birds.html by Franz Lidz 6/6/23 The New York Times]
A century ago, archaeologists excavated a 3,300-year-old Egyptian palace in Amarna, which was fleetingly the capital of Egypt during the reign of the pharaoh Akhenaten. Situated far from the crowded areas of Amarna, the North Palace offered a quiet retreat for the royal family.
=====How ancient Egyptian cosmetics influenced our beauty rituals=====
[https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/ancient-egypt-beauty-ritual-artsy by Julia Wolkoff 3/3/20 CNN]
The mysteries of the ancient Egyptians are vast, but their beauty tricks are no secret. Makeup might seem like a modern phenomenon – one that has grown into a multi-billion-dollar industry – but cosmetics were equally important to daily life in the ancient world. From the earliest era of the Egyptian empire, men and women from all social classes liberally applied eyeliner, eyeshadow, lipstick and rouge.
=====Unraveling the mysteries of ancient Egypt’s spellbinding mummy portraits=====
[https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/egyptian-mummy-portraits by Alexxa Gotthardt 17/4/19 CNN]
While ancient Egyptian mummy portraits have long been objects of curiosity, only a minimal amount of scholarship exists about them. Many questions have lingered since they were uncovered by archeologists around the Egyptian city of Fayum in the late 1800s.
=====Egyptian Faience: Technology and Production=====
[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/egyptian-faience-technology-and-production by Carolyn Riccardelli 1/12/17 THE MET]
In ancient Egypt, objects created with faience were considered magical, filled with the undying shimmer of the sun, and imbued with the powers of rebirth. For Egyptians, the sculptures, vessels, jewelry, and ritual objects made of faience glimmered with the brilliance of eternity. While faience is made of common materials—quartz, alkaline salts, lime, and mineral-based colorants—it maintained important status among precious stones and metals.
=====Ancient Egyptian race controversy=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy by WIKIPEDIA]
Some scholars argued that ancient Egyptian culture was influenced by other Afroasiatic-speaking populations in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, or the Middle East, while others pointed to influences from various Nubian groups or populations in Europe. In more recent times, some writers continued to challenge the mainstream view, some focusing on questioning the race of specific notable individuals, such as the king represented in the Great Sphinx of Giza, the native Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun, the Egyptian queen Tiye, and the Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra VII.
=====Archaeologists Armed With Analyzer Change Paradigm of Ancient Egyptian Art=====
[https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-07-12/ty-article/archaeologists-armed-with-analyzer-change-paradigm-of-ancient-egyptian-art/00000189-497b-de83-adc9-cffb3a720000 by Ruth Schuster 12/7/23 HAARETZ]
"No, no, no. His arm is in the wrong place," the master of artwork in a tomb in the Theban Necropolis about 3,300 years ago rebuked some miserable underling.
=====Soot removal from ancient Egyptian complex painted surfaces using a double network gel: empirical tests on the ceiling of the sanctuary of Osiris in the temple of Seti I—Abydos=====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/s40494-020-00473-1 by Ehab Al-Emam 4/1/211 npj]
In this study, we evaluated the ease of removal of soot layers from ancient wall paintings by employing double network gels as a controllable and safe cleaning method. The ceiling of the temple of Seti I (Abydos, Egypt) is covered with thick layers of soot; this is especially the case in the sanctuary of Osiris. These layers may have been accumulated during the occupation of the temple by Christians, fleeing the Romans in the first centuries A.D.
=====Butterflies of Ancient Egypt=====
[https://bioone.org/journals/the-journal-of-the-lepidopterists-society/volume-69/issue-4/lepi.69i4.a2/Butterflies-of-Ancient-Egypt/10.18473/lepi.69i4.a2.full by Vazrick Nazari, Linda Evans 1/12/15 Bio One DIGITAL LIBRARY]
A review of butterflies depicted in ancient Egyptian tomb scenes and other artifacts dating from the predynastic period (c. 3000 BCE) until the end of the pharaonic era (c. 100 BCE) reveals a wide spectrum of stylistic changes over time. A cladistic analysis shows relative consistency of style during the Old Kingdom period, copying of old styles during the Middle Kingdom period, and a deviation from tradition during the New Kingdom period. The utility of a cladistic approach in assigning dates and localities to ancient Egyptian artifacts with unknown origins is demonstrated. We discuss lepidopteran symbolism in ancient Egypt, and investigate how some of these depictions may highlight historical shifts in species ranges since pharaonic times.
=====Ancient Egypt=====
[https://www.theartnewspaper.com/keywords/ancient-egypt by THE ART NEWSPAPER]
The work, taken from the tomb of a vizier called Khentika, features a motif that is extremely rare in Ancient Egyptian art
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