Early American Art: Difference between revisions

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[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-daguerreian-era-and-early-american-photography-on-paper-1839-1860 by THE MET 1/10/04]

The daguerreotype process, employing a polished silver-plated sheet of copper, was the dominant form of photography for the first twenty years of picture making in the United States.

=====Art and Society of the New Republic, 1776–1800=====

[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/art-and-society-of-the-new-republic-1776-1800 by THE MET 1/10/04]

The long struggle for independence isolated the country artistically as well as commercially, but the years following the cessation of hostilities with Britain were ones of steady growth. By the time the American Revolution began, many painters had gone abroad in pursuit of professional education and patronage, some never to return. Others, like Charles Willson Peale, who studied in London between 1767 and 1769, returned to Philadelphia and fought in the war.

=====A Story of Early American Painting Virtual Lecture Series=====

[https://www.winterthur.org/calendar/a-story-of-early-american-painting-virtual-lecture-series/2025-10-03/ by WINTERHUR]

This course, presented by Kedra Kearis, associate curator of art and visual culture, and offered by the Barnes Foundation, is an introduction to early American painting from the colonial period through the 19th century. Examples will be drawn from Winterthur’s collection of paintings, prints, and wallpapers. What do these works tell us about the tensions and growing alliances between the newly independent United States and former ruler England and new ally France?

=====History of Early American Landscape Design=====

[https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php/Home by National Gallery of Art]

The History of Early American Landscape Design digital resource is an inquiry into the language of early American landscape aesthetics and garden design in the colonial and national periods. Thousands of texts are combined with a corpus of more than 1700 images in order to trace the development of landscape and garden terminology from British colonial America to the mid-19th century. By placing terms in relation to representations in the visual record, the project clarifies their use and meanings, providing for well-informed histories of designed landscapes in early America.

=====Wonder and Enlightenment: Artist-Naturalists in the Early American South=====

[https://reynolda.org/museum/exhibitions/wonder-and-enlightenment-artist-naturalists-in-the-early-american-south/ by Northeast Bedroom Gallery REYNOLDA]

A spirit of exploration dominated the political and intellectual growth of the country in America’s early centuries, both before and after Independence. The primary form of exploration was the unremitting, conquering movement outward from Eastern ports into the far reaches of the continent. This military expansion had an intellectual corollary in the artists and naturalists who attempted to map their physical world and document in text and image the astonishing variety of flora and fauna native to their new country.

=====Early American Modernism & Modern Artists=====

[https://www.theartstory.org/artists/early-american-modernism-modern-artists/ THE ART STORY]

Biographies and analysis of the work of the famous Early American Modernism & Modern Artists. We are adding more artists every week, so stay tuned as the most important artists in the history of art are given proper coverage.

=====Early American Folk Art Flower Tumbled Stone Tile=====

[https://nelsongifts.com/early-american-folk-art-flower-tumbled-stone-tile/ by CATHOLIC TO THE MAX.com]

As these tiles are cut from real rock, the white flecks and edging on each one will be unique. They are easy to clean, and come with a cork bottom to prevent slipping, and heat transfer.

=====Gallery Talk: Graven Images—Symbolism of Life and Death on Early American Graves=====

[https://harvardartmuseums.org/calendar/gallery-talk-graven-images-symbolism-of-life-and-death-on-early-american-graves by harvard Art Museums 31/10/24]

Explore the iconography of early American gravestones from New England burial grounds, and gain insight into localized craftsmanship and early American belief systems. These gravestone rubbings are featured in a small installation titled Spiritual Relief, now on view in Gallery 2240.

=====Art in American Colonies and the United States, c. 1700–1865=====

[https://smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/art-in-american-colonies-and-the-united-states-to-1860/ by Dr. Bryan Zygmont smarthistory]

This chapter covers about 150 years (c. 1700–1865) of art made during a period of dramatic shifts and changes that reflect the cultural fluidity in the American colonies (and later, the United States).

=====Ten Artworks to Understand Early United States History=====

[https://www.nga.gov/stories/articles/ten-artworks-understand-early-united-states-history by National Gallery of Art]

The portraitist who popularized the steamship. The failed painter who invented the telegraph. The Black sailor who gave his life to protest British occupation.

=====Ten Artworks to Understand Early United States History=====

[https://www.nga.gov/stories/articles/ten-artworks-understand-early-united-states-history by National Gallery of Art]

From the Native peoples lobbying to keep their homelands to immigrants facing challenges in their new home, artists used these works to shape American identity, advocate for change, and reckon with our nation’s stories.

=====Unseen New England: Re-envisioning Black Presence in Early American Art=====

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-f4UubKKDqA by Partnership of Historic Bostons YouTube]

American Folk Art Museum curator Emelie Gevalt explores the way that early New England art portrayed - or erased - its Black community

=====Unit 5: Early Europe and Colonial Americas: 200-1750 C.E.=====

[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-colonial-americas by Khan Academy]

Medieval artistic traditions include late antique, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, migratory, Carolingian*, Romanesque, and Gothic, named for their principal culture, religion, government, and/or artistic style. Continuities and exchanges between coexisting traditions in medieval Europe are evident in shared artistic forms, functions, and techniques. Contextual information comes primarily from literary, theological, and governmental (both secular and religious) records, which vary in quantity according to period and geographical region, and to a lesser extent from archaeological excavations.

=====CROCKER art museum=====

[https://www.crockerart.org/]

The Crocker is renowned for our European master drawings, international ceramics, and the world's foremost display of California art—but our collection spans far beyond.

=====Arts of the Americas=====

[https://www.artic.edu/departments/PC-3/arts-of-the-americas by ART INSTITVE CHICAGO]

The Arts of the Americas department stewards a diverse collection of nearly 4,600 objects from North, Central, and South America from 5000 BCE to the present, reflecting the extensive history of artistic production in this hemisphere. The oldest objects attest to the presence of Indigenous communities in the Americas since time immemorial, while the newest grapple with pressing questions of history, tradition, and identity in our interconnected world.

=====Nineteen American Masterworks=====

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrlFUhdrmYk by Smithsonian American Art Museum 10years ago YouTube]

The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in America were a “coming-of-age” period in American art. Art historian William Kloss explores this special installation of masterworks by Gilded Age, impressionist, and Ashcan school painters.

=====Highlights from the Fielding Collection of Early American Art: Sheldon Peck Portrait=====

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSMzwOjMntY by The Huntington YouTube]

Jonathan Fielding talks about an untitled portrait painted in the 1820s by Sheldon Peck. The painting was uncovered in 1997 by the popular Antiques Roadshow television series. Peck, an itinerant artist and one of the best-known painters of the time, was an abolitionist, an activist in the temperance movement, and a proponent of universal education.

=====Art of the American West=====

[https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/collections/galleries/art-of-the-american-west/ by Branding JJ NATIONAL COWBOY & WESTERN HERITAGE MUSEUM]

The William S. and Ann Atherton Art of the American West gallery contains outstanding examples of art from the great masters. From Albert Bierstadt, Frederic Remington, Charles M. Russell, W. R. Leigh and Charles Schreyvogel, the 15,000 square foot gallery is packed with paintings, sculptures, illustrations and graphic art that delights the eye and overwhelms the senses.

=====The Hudson River School=====

[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-hudson-river-school 1/10/04 THE MET]

The Hudson River School was America’s first true artistic fraternity. Its name was coined to identify a group of New York City-based landscape painters that emerged about 1850 under the influence of the English émigré Thomas Cole (1801–1848) and flourished until about the time of the Centennial.

=====10.4: Early American Folk Art (1650 – 1900)=====

[https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Solano_Community_College/ART_002%3A_Art_History/10%3A_The_New_World_Grows_(1700_CE__1800_CE)/10.04%3A_Early_American_Folk_Art_(1650__1900) by Deborah Gustlin & Zoe Gustlin]

Folk Art refers to art made for utilitarian purposes, for example, rugs, checkerboards, weathervanes, items generally used daily around the home and farm. Small prints or portraits became standard for the primary artist and usually painted by a family member. Handmade folk art was described as rough, rural, ordinary, and inferior, yet a few notable painters can be considered outstanding folk-art painters; Ruth Bascom (1772-1848), Joshua Johnson (1763 – 1824), and Rufus Hathaway (1770 - 1822). Photography had not been invented yet, giving the itinerant painters a market for their work.

=====Early american paintings=====

[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php?title=Early_American_Art&action=edit by Pinterest]

Discover Pinterest’s best ideas and inspiration for Early american paintings. Get inspired and try out new things.

=====35 Famous American Paintings You Should Definitely See=====

[https://www.culturefrontier.com/american-paintings/ by Amanda Wallace 18/7/23 CultureFrontier]

The American art scene has gifted us with a treasure trove of renowned paintings that have captivated audiences worldwide. In this article, we invite you to embark on a visual odyssey as we explore 35 extraordinary American paintings that have left a mark on the art world. From the early pioneers of the 18th century to the contemporary visionaries of the 21st century, these masterpieces exemplify the diverse range of styles, themes, and techniques that American artists have employed throughout history.

=====Folk art of the United States=====

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art_of_the_United_States by WIKIPEDIA]

In colonial America, folk art grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves, distinct from the high art tradition that dominated Europe, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to American settlers.[4]

=====Prints of the American Indian, 1670–1775=====

[https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/781 by BRADFORD F. SWAN]

PERHAPS not strangely, Americans, prior to the opening of the West, showed very little interest in depicting the Indian. So far as I know, only four portraits of Indians were painted in this country before the American Revolution: the portrait of Ninigret, sachem of the Niantics, by an unidentified artist, which descended in the Winthrop family and is now in the Rhode Island School of Design Museum Of Art; the portrait of the Rev. Samson Occom, Eleazar Wheelock’s Indian preacher, by Nathaniel Smibert, now in the Bowdoin College collection; and the portraits of Tishcohan and Lapowinsa, Delaware Indians who had taken part in the notorious “walking purchase” of Indian lands, painted by Gustavus Hesselius for John Penn in 1735 and now in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

=====Early American Paintings and Sculpture=====

[https://folkartmuseum.org/exhibitions/early-american-paintings-and-sculpture/ by FOLKN ART]

American Folk Art Museum

=====1735-1790: Painters, Paintings, & the American South=====

[https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/painters-and-paintings/ by Editorial Staff 4/3/13 The Magazine ANTIQUES]

The history of the paintings and painters associated with the American South begins in the sixteenth century with maps and natural-history drawings created by the first artist-explorers to arrive in the region. By the mid-seventeenth century the southern colonies also boasted portraiture and other types of paintings, all of which increased in number as settlements and populations grew. By the 1750s most painters working in the southern colonies were aware of the best regional markets for their work, and more and more clients were aware of the best available painters.

=====Upcoming Auctions=====

[https://hindmanauctions.com/ by FREEWMAN'S]

A timepiece steeped in history—this 18K tricolor gold Jacquemart automaton quarter repeater pocket watch, purportedly owned by the Marquis de Lafayette, embodies both technical mastery and revolutionary legacy.

=====Europe's earliest views of America=====

[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/baroque-art1/baroque-england/v/europes-earliest-views-of-america by Khan Academy]

The painting "Indians of Virginia" by James Wooldridge offers a third-generation view of Algonquian Indians. Created for the Earl of Conway, it's based on late 16th-century prints and watercolors by John White. The artwork combines European artistic conventions with the exotic, presenting a familiar yet intriguing image of the New World.

=====Early American Art=====

[https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/early-american-art/96642949 by slideshare]

This document provides information about early American artworks and artists from the 17th to 19th centuries. It discusses how ordinary people produced folk art using materials available to them. When artists tried to capture personalities and emotions in their subjects, this was called portraiture. The document also profiles several prominent American artists from this period including Thomas Cole, who painted landscapes, and John James Audubon, who was both an artist and naturalist who painted birds. It provides context and observations for various paintings shown.

=====19th Century American Art=====

[https://www.artsy.net/gene/19th-century-american-art by Artsy]

A general category for artworks made in the United States between 1800 and 1900. While until 1820 American art was largely derivative of European styles, Thomas Cole and the Hudson River School would develop a distinctive style of painting that highlighted the American landscape, a subject that was later explored and imbued with nationalist themes by Albert Bierstadt during his travels through the American West.

=====WELCOME TO THE HEARD MUSEUM=====

[https://heard.org/ by heard museum]

Discover the rich and vibrant world of American Indian art, from traditional artworks to contemporary creations, live events and a world-class museum shop and café.

=====10 American Artists You Should Know=====

[https://blog.artsper.com/en/get-inspired/10-american-artists-you-should-know/ by Artsper Magazine]

Since the mid 20th century, the United States has been the leader in the art market. The awarding of the Golden Lion to the American Rauschenberg at the 1964 Venice Biennale testifies to the shift in primacy from the School of Paris to the New York School. Today, in addition to its museums with the most prestigious collections, the “Big Apple” is the city with the most galleries. In fact, more than 100,000 artists have set up their studios there, taking advantage of the opportunity to try their luck with more than 1,500 galleries.

=====The American School: Artists and Status in the Late Colonial and Early National Era=====

[https://journalpanorama.org/article/artists-and-status/ by Marie-Stéphanie Delamaire PARANOMA]

New Haven: Yale University Press in association with the Paul Mellon Center for Studies in British Art, 2016; 316 pp.; 100 color illus.; 80 b/w illus.; ISBN: 978-0-300-21461; Hardcover: $75.00

=====American Paintings=====

[https://www.neartexchange.com/painting/american by New England Art Exchange]

This is a fine impressionist landscape painting by American artist John Joseph Enneking. The subject is a Fall Twilight landscape. It is signed Enneking lower right. The painting measures 22X30 inches. Relined but in very presentable condition. John J. Enneking (1841-1916) "John Joseph Enneking, a man ahead of his time, had a stylistic foot in both the pre-impressionist and impressionist worlds of the late nineteenth century. An 1873 sketch of Madame Monet bears evidence of his work as perhaps America’s earliest impressionist painter. But he also knew Edouard Manet (1824-1898), and studied with the great French Barbizon teacher Charles-Francois Daubigny (1817-1878), as well as with Eugene Boudin (1824-1898)." (Vose)

=====Early American Modernism & Modern Artists=====

[https://www.theartstory.org/artists/early-american-modernism-modern-artists/ THE ART STORY]

Biographies and analysis of the work of the famous Early American Modernism & Modern Artists. We are adding more artists every week, so stay tuned as the most important artists in the history of art are given proper coverage.

=====American Colonial Art | Paintings, Sculptures & Artists=====

[https://study.com/academy/lesson/early-american-art-history.html by Study.com]

Discover American Colonial Art. Learn about the early American paintings and works produced by colonial artists and artisans in the 1700s, both during and after the American Revolution. Updated: 11/21/2023

=====American Paintings, 1900–1945=====

[https://www.nga.gov/research/publications/american-paintings-1900-1945 by National Gallery Of Art]

The first curator of the National Gallery of Art, John Walker, and three of its early trustees—Chester Dale, Duncan Phillips, and Paul Mellon—established a commitment to the field of American 20th-century art that has continued to the present day. If American contemporary art was far from a top priority when the Gallery opened in 1941, these “conservative” modernists nonetheless managed to set precedents that proved to be durable and effective.

=====American Falk Art Museum=====

[https://folkartmuseum.org/ by FOLK ART]

American Folk Art Museum is a center of scholarship

=====European and American Art Before 1900=====

[https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/collection/european-and-american-art by DENVER art MUSEUM]

The department of European and American Art Before 1900 oversees a collection that includes more than 3,000 artworks and is composed of painting, sculpture, and works on paper, with significant strengths in early Italian Renaissance, 19th century French painting, and British art from 1400 to 1900.

=====19th Century American Art=====

[https://www.midwestmuseum.org/project/19th-century-american-art/ by MIDWEST MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART]

Naive Artists, Limners, and Self-Taught Artists

There was not an immediate need for trained artists in the New World since most of the activities of early settlers and colonists involved survival. As the Seventeenth Century came to a close and the Eighteenth Century was dawning, a need arose within the colonies of America for artists who could paint signs, carve grave markers, paint carriages and furniture, create fanciful documents, and paint portraits to serve as testimonials to wealth and genealogical records of family members.

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@@ Line 241: / Line 241: @@
 [https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-daguerreian-era-and-early-american-photography-on-paper-1839-1860 by THE MET 1/10/04]
   The daguerreotype process, employing a polished silver-plated sheet of copper, was the dominant form of photography for the first twenty years of picture making in the United States.
+=====Art and Society of the New Republic, 1776–1800=====
+[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/art-and-society-of-the-new-republic-1776-1800 by THE MET 1/10/04]
+ The long struggle for independence isolated the country artistically as well as commercially, but the years following the cessation of hostilities with Britain were ones of steady growth. By the time the American Revolution began, many painters had gone abroad in pursuit of professional education and patronage, some never to return. Others, like Charles Willson Peale, who studied in London between 1767 and 1769, returned to Philadelphia and fought in the war.
+=====A Story of Early American Painting Virtual Lecture Series=====
+[https://www.winterthur.org/calendar/a-story-of-early-american-painting-virtual-lecture-series/2025-10-03/ by WINTERHUR]
+ This course, presented by Kedra Kearis, associate curator of art and visual culture, and offered by the Barnes Foundation, is an introduction to early American painting from the colonial period through the 19th century. Examples will be drawn from Winterthur’s collection of paintings, prints, and wallpapers. What do these works tell us about the tensions and growing alliances between the newly independent United States and former ruler England and new ally France?
+=====History of Early American Landscape Design=====
+[https://heald.nga.gov/mediawiki/index.php/Home by National Gallery of Art]
+ The History of Early American Landscape Design digital resource is an inquiry into the language of early American landscape aesthetics and garden design in the colonial and national periods. Thousands of texts are combined with a corpus of more than 1700 images in order to trace the development of landscape and garden terminology from British colonial America to the mid-19th century. By placing terms in relation to representations in the visual record, the project clarifies their use and meanings, providing for well-informed histories of designed landscapes in early America.
+=====Wonder and Enlightenment: Artist-Naturalists in the Early American South=====
+[https://reynolda.org/museum/exhibitions/wonder-and-enlightenment-artist-naturalists-in-the-early-american-south/ by Northeast Bedroom Gallery REYNOLDA]
+ A spirit of exploration dominated the political and intellectual growth of the country in America’s early centuries, both before and after Independence. The primary form of exploration was the unremitting, conquering movement outward from Eastern ports into the far reaches of the continent. This military expansion had an intellectual corollary in the artists and naturalists who attempted to map their physical world and document in text and image the astonishing variety of flora and fauna native to their new country.
+=====Early American Modernism & Modern Artists=====
+[https://www.theartstory.org/artists/early-american-modernism-modern-artists/ THE ART STORY]
+ Biographies and analysis of the work of the famous Early American Modernism & Modern Artists. We are adding more artists every week, so stay tuned as the most important artists in the history of art are given proper coverage.
+=====Early American Folk Art Flower Tumbled Stone Tile=====
+[https://nelsongifts.com/early-american-folk-art-flower-tumbled-stone-tile/ by CATHOLIC TO THE MAX.com]
+ As these tiles are cut from real rock, the white flecks and edging on each one will be unique. They are easy to clean, and come with a cork bottom to prevent slipping, and heat transfer.
+=====Gallery Talk: Graven Images—Symbolism of Life and Death on Early American Graves=====
+[https://harvardartmuseums.org/calendar/gallery-talk-graven-images-symbolism-of-life-and-death-on-early-american-graves by harvard Art Museums 31/10/24]
+ Explore the iconography of early American gravestones from New England burial grounds, and gain insight into localized craftsmanship and early American belief systems. These gravestone rubbings are featured in a small installation titled Spiritual Relief, now on view in Gallery 2240.
+=====Art in American Colonies and the United States, c. 1700–1865=====
+[https://smarthistory.org/reframing-art-history/art-in-american-colonies-and-the-united-states-to-1860/ by Dr. Bryan Zygmont smarthistory]
+ This chapter covers about 150 years (c. 1700–1865) of art made during a period of dramatic shifts and changes that reflect the cultural fluidity in the American colonies (and later, the United States).
+=====Ten Artworks to Understand Early United States History=====
+[https://www.nga.gov/stories/articles/ten-artworks-understand-early-united-states-history by National Gallery of Art]
+ The portraitist who popularized the steamship. The failed painter who invented the telegraph. The Black sailor who gave his life to protest British occupation.
+=====Ten Artworks to Understand Early United States History=====
+[https://www.nga.gov/stories/articles/ten-artworks-understand-early-united-states-history by National Gallery of Art]
+ From the Native peoples lobbying to keep their homelands to immigrants facing challenges in their new home, artists used these works to shape American identity, advocate for change, and reckon with our nation’s stories.
+=====Unseen New England: Re-envisioning Black Presence in Early American Art=====
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-f4UubKKDqA by Partnership of Historic Bostons YouTube]
+ American Folk Art Museum curator Emelie Gevalt explores the way that early New England art portrayed - or erased - its Black community
+=====Unit 5: Early Europe and Colonial Americas: 200-1750 C.E.=====
+[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/early-europe-and-colonial-americas by Khan Academy]
+ Medieval artistic traditions include late antique, early Christian, Byzantine, Islamic, migratory, Carolingian*, Romanesque, and Gothic, named for their principal culture, religion, government, and/or artistic style. Continuities and exchanges between coexisting traditions in medieval Europe are evident in shared artistic forms, functions, and techniques. Contextual information comes primarily from literary, theological, and governmental (both secular and religious) records, which vary in quantity according to period and geographical region, and to a lesser extent from archaeological excavations.
+=====CROCKER art museum=====
+[https://www.crockerart.org/]
+ The Crocker is renowned for our European master drawings, international ceramics, and the world's foremost display of California art—but our collection spans far beyond.
+=====Arts of the Americas=====
+[https://www.artic.edu/departments/PC-3/arts-of-the-americas by ART INSTITVE CHICAGO]
+ The Arts of the Americas department stewards a diverse collection of nearly 4,600 objects from North, Central, and South America from 5000 BCE to the present, reflecting the extensive history of artistic production in this hemisphere. The oldest objects attest to the presence of Indigenous communities in the Americas since time immemorial, while the newest grapple with pressing questions of history, tradition, and identity in our interconnected world.
+=====Nineteen American Masterworks=====
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FrlFUhdrmYk by Smithsonian American Art Museum 10years ago YouTube]
+ The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in America were a “coming-of-age” period in American art. Art historian William Kloss explores this special installation of masterworks by Gilded Age, impressionist, and Ashcan school painters.
+=====Highlights from the Fielding Collection of Early American Art: Sheldon Peck Portrait=====
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSMzwOjMntY by The Huntington YouTube]
+ Jonathan Fielding talks about an untitled portrait painted in the 1820s by Sheldon Peck. The painting was uncovered in 1997 by the popular Antiques Roadshow television series. Peck, an itinerant artist and one of the best-known painters of the time, was an abolitionist, an activist in the temperance movement, and a proponent of universal education.
+=====Art of the American West=====
+[https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/collections/galleries/art-of-the-american-west/ by Branding JJ NATIONAL COWBOY & WESTERN HERITAGE MUSEUM]
+ The William S. and Ann Atherton Art of the American West gallery contains outstanding examples of art from the great masters. From Albert Bierstadt, Frederic Remington, Charles M. Russell, W. R. Leigh and Charles Schreyvogel, the 15,000 square foot gallery is packed with paintings, sculptures, illustrations and graphic art that delights the eye and overwhelms the senses.
+=====The Hudson River School=====
+[https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-hudson-river-school 1/10/04 THE MET]
+ The Hudson River School was America’s first true artistic fraternity. Its name was coined to identify a group of New York City-based landscape painters that emerged about 1850 under the influence of the English émigré Thomas Cole (1801–1848) and flourished until about the time of the Centennial.
+=====10.4: Early American Folk Art (1650 – 1900)=====
+[https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Solano_Community_College/ART_002%3A_Art_History/10%3A_The_New_World_Grows_(1700_CE__1800_CE)/10.04%3A_Early_American_Folk_Art_(1650__1900) by Deborah Gustlin & Zoe Gustlin]
+ Folk Art refers to art made for utilitarian purposes, for example, rugs, checkerboards, weathervanes, items generally used daily around the home and farm. Small prints or portraits became standard for the primary artist and usually painted by a family member. Handmade folk art was described as rough, rural, ordinary, and inferior, yet a few notable painters can be considered outstanding folk-art painters; Ruth Bascom (1772-1848), Joshua Johnson (1763 – 1824), and Rufus Hathaway (1770 - 1822). Photography had not been invented yet, giving the itinerant painters a market for their work.
+=====Early american paintings=====
+[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php?title=Early_American_Art&action=edit by Pinterest]
+ Discover Pinterest’s best ideas and inspiration for Early american paintings. Get inspired and try out new things.
+=====35 Famous American Paintings You Should Definitely See=====
+[https://www.culturefrontier.com/american-paintings/ by Amanda Wallace 18/7/23 CultureFrontier]
+ The American art scene has gifted us with a treasure trove of renowned paintings that have captivated audiences worldwide. In this article, we invite you to embark on a visual odyssey as we explore 35 extraordinary American paintings that have left a mark on the art world. From the early pioneers of the 18th century to the contemporary visionaries of the 21st century, these masterpieces exemplify the diverse range of styles, themes, and techniques that American artists have employed throughout history.
+=====Folk art of the United States=====
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art_of_the_United_States by WIKIPEDIA]
+ In colonial America, folk art grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly trained people to individually express themselves, distinct from the high art tradition that dominated Europe, which was less accessible and generally less relevant to American settlers.[4]
+=====Prints of the American Indian, 1670–1775=====
+[https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/781 by BRADFORD F. SWAN]
+ PERHAPS not strangely, Americans, prior to the opening of the West, showed very little interest in depicting the Indian. So far as I know, only four portraits of Indians were painted in this country before the American Revolution: the portrait of Ninigret, sachem of the Niantics, by an unidentified artist, which descended in the Winthrop family and is now in the Rhode Island School of Design Museum Of Art; the portrait of the Rev. Samson Occom, Eleazar Wheelock’s Indian preacher, by Nathaniel Smibert, now in the Bowdoin College collection; and the portraits of Tishcohan and Lapowinsa, Delaware Indians who had taken part in the notorious “walking purchase” of Indian lands, painted by Gustavus Hesselius for John Penn in 1735 and now in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
+=====Early American Paintings and Sculpture=====
+[https://folkartmuseum.org/exhibitions/early-american-paintings-and-sculpture/ by FOLKN ART]
+ American Folk Art Museum
+=====1735-1790: Painters, Paintings, & the American South=====
+[https://www.themagazineantiques.com/article/painters-and-paintings/ by Editorial Staff 4/3/13 The Magazine ANTIQUES]
+ The history of the paintings and painters associated with the American South begins in the sixteenth century with maps and natural-history drawings created by the first artist-explorers to arrive in the region. By the mid-seventeenth century the southern colonies also boasted portraiture and other types of paintings, all of which increased in number as settlements and populations grew. By the 1750s most painters working in the southern colonies were aware of the best regional markets for their work, and more and more clients were aware of the best available painters.
+=====Upcoming Auctions=====
+[https://hindmanauctions.com/ by FREEWMAN'S]
+ A timepiece steeped in history—this 18K tricolor gold Jacquemart automaton quarter repeater pocket watch, purportedly owned by the Marquis de Lafayette, embodies both technical mastery and revolutionary legacy.
+=====Europe's earliest views of America=====
+[https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/baroque-art1/baroque-england/v/europes-earliest-views-of-america by Khan Academy]
+ The painting "Indians of Virginia" by James Wooldridge offers a third-generation view of Algonquian Indians. Created for the Earl of Conway, it's based on late 16th-century prints and watercolors by John White. The artwork combines European artistic conventions with the exotic, presenting a familiar yet intriguing image of the New World.
+=====Early American Art=====
+[https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/early-american-art/96642949 by slideshare]
+ This document provides information about early American artworks and artists from the 17th to 19th centuries. It discusses how ordinary people produced folk art using materials available to them. When artists tried to capture personalities and emotions in their subjects, this was called portraiture. The document also profiles several prominent American artists from this period including Thomas Cole, who painted landscapes, and John James Audubon, who was both an artist and naturalist who painted birds. It provides context and observations for various paintings shown.
+=====19th Century American Art=====
+[https://www.artsy.net/gene/19th-century-american-art by Artsy]
+ A general category for artworks made in the United States between 1800 and 1900. While until 1820 American art was largely derivative of European styles, Thomas Cole and the Hudson River School would develop a distinctive style of painting that highlighted the American landscape, a subject that was later explored and imbued with nationalist themes by Albert Bierstadt during his travels through the American West.
+=====WELCOME TO THE HEARD MUSEUM=====
+[https://heard.org/ by heard museum]
+ Discover the rich and vibrant world of American Indian art, from traditional artworks to contemporary creations, live events and a world-class museum shop and café.
+=====10 American Artists You Should Know=====
+[https://blog.artsper.com/en/get-inspired/10-american-artists-you-should-know/ by Artsper Magazine]
+ Since the mid 20th century, the United States has been the leader in the art market. The awarding of the Golden Lion to the American Rauschenberg at the 1964 Venice Biennale testifies to the shift in primacy from the School of Paris to the New York School. Today, in addition to its museums with the most prestigious collections, the “Big Apple” is the city with the most galleries. In fact, more than 100,000 artists have set up their studios there, taking advantage of the opportunity to try their luck with more than 1,500 galleries.
+=====The American School: Artists and Status in the Late Colonial and Early National Era=====
+[https://journalpanorama.org/article/artists-and-status/ by Marie-Stéphanie Delamaire PARANOMA]
+ New Haven: Yale University Press in association with the Paul Mellon Center for Studies in British Art, 2016; 316 pp.; 100 color illus.; 80 b/w illus.; ISBN: 978-0-300-21461; Hardcover: $75.00
+=====American Paintings=====
+[https://www.neartexchange.com/painting/american by New England Art Exchange]
+ This is a fine impressionist landscape painting by American artist John Joseph Enneking.  The subject is a Fall Twilight landscape.  It is signed Enneking lower right.  The painting measures 22X30 inches.  Relined but in very presentable condition. John J. Enneking (1841-1916) "John Joseph Enneking, a man ahead of his time, had a stylistic foot in both the pre-impressionist and impressionist worlds of the late nineteenth century. An 1873 sketch of Madame Monet bears evidence of his work as perhaps America’s earliest impressionist painter. But he also knew Edouard Manet (1824-1898), and studied with the great French Barbizon teacher Charles-Francois Daubigny (1817-1878), as well as with Eugene Boudin (1824-1898)." (Vose)
+=====Early American Modernism & Modern Artists=====
+[https://www.theartstory.org/artists/early-american-modernism-modern-artists/ THE ART STORY]
+ Biographies and analysis of the work of the famous Early American Modernism & Modern Artists. We are adding more artists every week, so stay tuned as the most important artists in the history of art are given proper coverage.
+=====American Colonial Art | Paintings, Sculptures & Artists=====
+[https://study.com/academy/lesson/early-american-art-history.html by Study.com]
+ Discover American Colonial Art. Learn about the early American paintings and works produced by colonial artists and artisans in the 1700s, both during and after the American Revolution. Updated: 11/21/2023
+=====American Paintings, 1900–1945=====
+[https://www.nga.gov/research/publications/american-paintings-1900-1945 by National Gallery Of Art]
+ The first curator of the National Gallery of Art, John Walker, and three of its early trustees—Chester Dale, Duncan Phillips, and Paul Mellon—established a commitment to the field of American 20th-century art that has continued to the present day. If American contemporary art was far from a top priority when the Gallery opened in 1941, these “conservative” modernists nonetheless managed to set precedents that proved to be durable and effective.
+=====American Falk Art Museum=====
+[https://folkartmuseum.org/ by FOLK ART]
+ American Folk Art Museum is a center of scholarship
+=====European and American Art Before 1900=====
+[https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/collection/european-and-american-art by DENVER art MUSEUM]
+ The department of European and American Art Before 1900 oversees a collection that includes more than 3,000 artworks and is composed of painting, sculpture, and works on paper, with significant strengths in early Italian Renaissance, 19th century French painting, and British art from 1400 to 1900.
+=====19th Century American Art=====
+[https://www.midwestmuseum.org/project/19th-century-american-art/ by MIDWEST MUSEUM OF AMERICAN ART]
+ Naive Artists, Limners, and Self-Taught Artists
+There was not an immediate need for trained artists in the New World since most of the activities of early settlers and colonists involved survival. As the Seventeenth Century came to a close and the Eighteenth Century was dawning, a need arose within the colonies of America for artists who could paint signs, carve grave markers, paint carriages and furniture, create fanciful documents, and paint portraits to serve as testimonials to wealth and genealogical records of family members.