Early European Art: Difference between revisions

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Line 100:

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxOrDbtdtDg by Rick Steves' Europe YouTube]

Rick Steves' Europe © 2023 | After Rome fell, Europe spent a thousand years in its Middle Ages. Its art shows how the light of civilization flickered in monasteries and on Europe’s fringes: Christian Byzantium, Moorish Spain, and pagan Vikings. Then, around A.D. 1000, Europe rebounded. The High Middle Ages brought majestic castles, radiant Gothic cathedrals, and exquisite art that dazzled the faithful and the secular alike. 

=====Rick Steves' Art of the Renaissance=====

[https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/renaissance-art by Rick Steves' EUROPE]

Around 1400, Europe rediscovered the aesthetics of ancient Greece and Rome. This rebirth of classical culture showed itself in the statues, paintings, and architecture of Florence, then spread to Spain, Holland, Germany, and beyond. The Renaissance — from art-loving popes to Leonardo's "Mona Lisa" and Michelangelo's "David" — celebrated humanism and revolutionized how we think about our world.

=====Stone Age to Ancient Greece=====

[https://www.pbs.org/video/stone-age-to-ancient-greece-oulcys/ by PBS]

Rick Steves' Art of Europe is available to stream on pbs.org and the free PBS App, available on iPhone, Apple TV, Android TV, Android smartphones, Amazon Fire TV, Amazon Fire Tablet, Roku, Samsung Smart TV, and Vizio.

=====Dawn of the High Renaissance, 1475-1520 | A Narrative Art History of the Renaissance (S1 E1)=====

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_h-sxkPQzY by Narrative Art History YouTube]

Explore the High Renaissance through the lens of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. This art history video analyzes their iconic works, from portraits to religious masterpieces, and their artistic rivalry. Discover the historical context and artistic dialogues that shaped their unique styles.

=====Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Art in Europe and North America=====

[https://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/eighteenth-and-early-nineteenth-century-art-in-europe-and-north-america/ by AHTR]

Assuming that students will have just finished learning about French Baroque art and architecture, I like to begin class with an “unknown review.” By this, I mean a work of art that contains many of the features of the French Baroque; but, also provides a way to set the historical stage for the next art period that we will be covering. My favorite work to use is Hyacinthe Rigaud’s portrait of Louis XV in Coronation Robes at the age of five.

=====European Art 1600–1700=====

[https://www.mfab.hu/exhibitions/european-art-1600-1700/ by MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BUDAPEST]

A close continuation of European Art 1250–1600, the new permanent exhibition of the Old Master Paintings collection in the museum’s newly renovated wing in the City Park is home to Baroque art, spanning the century between 1600 and 1700. Together with this unit, visitors are now given a comprehensive picture of the trends and chief masters of five centuries of European art spanning from the early Gothic to the Baroque styles.

=====Art in Europe: Discovering Artistic Treasures in Unexpected Places=====

[https://blog.vibeadventures.com/art-in-europe-guide/ by Antonio Martinez

13 August 2024 ADVENTURE VIBES]

This was the beginning of European painting (around 25000 BC), with natural scenes on caves’ walls such as those in Lascaux. The primitive man refined his simple tools and added the earth, ores, and charcoal to color images that reflected what he saw around him – actions in time preserved as moments of extraordinary expressiveness.

=====Europe Timeline=====

[https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/1653 by Oxford Art Online]

The 'Venus' of Willendorf is one of the most famous carvings from Europe's Palaeolithic period. Its extremely corpulent figure and emphasis on the female reproductive anatomy and lack of facial features have long inspired speculation that its function was as a fertility figure.

=====Medieval art=====

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art by WIKIPEDIA]

The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time and place, with over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at certain periods in Western Asia and Northern Africa. It includes major art movements and periods, national and regional art, genres, revivals, the artists' crafts, and the artists themselves.

=====Beautiful Monsters in Early European Prints and Drawings (1450–1700)=====

[https://www.gallery.ca/whats-on/exhibitions-and-galleries/beautiful-monsters by NATIONAL GALLERY OF CANADA]

The word “monster” comes from the Latin monstrum, meaning an anomaly in the natural order. Throughout the ages, artists have given shape to those abnormalities that populate collective imaginations. This exhibition showcases the unbridled creativity of Renaissance and Baroque artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, in bringing monsters to life in an artful manner.

=====The technology of the earliest European cave paintings: El Castillo Cave, Spain=====

[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php?title=Early_European_Art&action=edit by Francesco d'Errico 6/16 ScienceDirect]

The red disks from El Castillo Cave are among the earliest known cave paintings. Here, we combine the morphometric and technological study of red disks from two areas located at the end of the cave with the microscopic, elemental, and mineralogical analysis of the pigment and compare the results obtained with observations derived from experimental replication. Ergonomic constraints imply that a number of disks were made by adults, and the differences in pigment texture and composition suggest that they correspond to an accumulation through time of panels made by different persons who shared neither the same technical know-how nor, very possibly, the same symbolic system.

=====Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Receives Gift of Early European Prints and Drawings from Collector Myron Miller=====

[https://www.mfa.org/press-release/myron-miller-collection by MFABoston]

BOSTON (June 26, 2025)—The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) has received a gift of 64 works on paper from the collection of Myron Miller—one of the most significant gifts to the Department of Prints and Drawings in decades. It includes 62 early European works on paper—59 prints and three drawings—one 20th-century drawing (Homage to Mantegna (undated) by Jared French), and one contemporary print (Hermaphroditus on the Clouds, Teaching Cupid to Shoot an Arrow, 2009 by Andrew Raftery).

=====Art in Europe: Discovering Artistic Treasures in Unexpected Places=====

[https://blog.vibeadventures.com/art-in-europe-guide/ by Antonio Martinez 13/8/24 ADVENTURE VIBES]

This was the beginning of European painting (around 25000 BC), with natural scenes on caves’ walls such as those in Lascaux. The primitive man refined his simple tools and added the earth, ores, and charcoal to color images that reflected what he saw around him – actions in time preserved as moments of extraordinary expressiveness.

=====Renaissance art=====

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art by WIKIPEDIA]

Renaissance art (1350 – 1620[1]) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology.[2] Renaissance art took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge.

=====Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison=====

[https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13158 by Julien Soubrier 18/10/16 nature communications]

The two living species of bison (European and American) are among the few terrestrial megafauna to have survived the late Pleistocene extinctions. Despite the extensive bovid fossil record in Eurasia, the evolutionary history of the European bison (or wisent, Bison bonasus) before the Holocene (<11.7 thousand years ago (kya)) remains a mystery. We use complete ancient mitochondrial genomes and genome-wide nuclear DNA surveys to reveal that the wisent is the product of hybridization between the extinct steppe bison (Bison priscus) and ancestors of modern cattle (aurochs, Bos primigenius) before 120 kya, and contains up to 10% aurochs genomic ancestry.

=====European Art History=====

[https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en/study/all-subjects/european-art-history by Heidelberg University]

The focus of the academic programme in European Art History is to convey fundamental knowledge that enables students to perform research within an international art perspective, including material and conceptual aspects. Courses include instruction on the history of the fine arts, architecture, applied arts, photography, film, performance art, and new media in Europe and western cultural circles from the beginning of the Middle Ages to the present day.

=====Bronwen Wilson=====

[https://arthistory.ucla.edu/person/bronwen-wilson/ by UCLA]

Bronwen Wilson is the Edward W. Carter Chair in European Art and the Director of the Center for 17th– and 18th-Century Studies and William Andrews Clark Memorial Library at UCLA. Her research and teaching explore the artistic and urban cultures of early modern Europe (1300-1700), with a focus on space, print, portraiture, landscape, and transcultural, material and environmental interactions. Fellowships include Villa i Tatti in Florence, The Folger Shakespeare Library, The Newberry Library, The Bogliasco Foundation in Liguria, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

=====European Paintings Team=====

[https://www.metmuseum.org/departments/european-paintings-1250-1800/team by Jane R. Becker THE MET]

Jane R. Becker is a specialist in nineteenth-century painting and sculpture who studied art history as an undergraduate at Williams College and, for her PhD, at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. She joined the department in early 2015 after holding curatorial positions at other museums, working as an independent art historian, and lecturing for The Met. Jane conducts research on the department's nineteenth-century paintings, writes catalogue entries and information about the collection online, and administers nineteenth-century exhibitions.

=====Printmaking in Europe, c. 1400−1800=====

[https://smarthistory.org/printmaking-europe-14001800/ by Dr. Kylie Fisher Smarthistory]

The printing press was arguably one of the most revolutionary inventions in the history of the early modern world. While the fifteenth-century German goldsmith and publisher, Johannes Gutenberg, is heralded for his creation of a mechanical printing press that allowed for the mass-production of images and texts, the technology of movable type was first pioneered much earlier in East Asia. In early eleventh-century China, the artisan Bi Sheng discovered that he could make individual Chinese characters from baked clay to create a system of movable type. Later, in thirteenth-century Korea, the first known metal movable type was produced.

=====Symbol and Meaning in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance=====

[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3780635 by James H. Marrow JSTOR]

Simiolus is an English-language journal devoted to the history of Dutch and Flemish art of the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, with occasional forays into more recent periods and other schools. Founded in 1966 as an outlet for art history students at the University of Utrecht, it has grown to become an internationally recognized journal of record in its field, publishing contributions by many renowned scholars and promising young art historians. Simiolus has a broad range, featuring articles on iconography and iconology, art theory and historiography, the history of the art market and the history of collecting. Many of them have become classics of their kind.

=====A History of European Art=====

[https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/a-history-of-european-art by GREAT COURSES PLUS]

Take in the full sweep of European art from Gothic cathedrals to Cubism in this spellbinding and visually-dazzling course taught by an acclaimed art-historian.

=====Renaissance art=====

[https://www.britannica.com/art/Renaissance-art by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 21/10/25 Britannica]

Renaissance art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of humans. Scholars no longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt break with the values of the Middle Ages, as is suggested by the French word renaissance, literally “rebirth.”

=====The evolution of human artistic creativity=====

[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815939/ by NIH]

Creating visual art is one of the defining characteristics of the human species, but the paucity of archaeological evidence means that we have limited information on the origin and evolution of this aspect of human culture. The components of art include colour, pattern and the reproduction of visual likeness. The 2D and 3D art forms that were created by Upper Palaeolithic Europeans at least 30 000 years ago are conceptually equivalent to those created in recent centuries, indicating that human cognition and symbolling activity, as well as anatomy, were fully modern by that time.

=====Early modern Europe experienced significant changes, influenced by rising urbanization, new ways of thinking, global networks, colonization, and shifts in religion=====

[https://www.artsq.org/early-modern-europe by ARTS]

Innovation and experimentation defined the Italian city-states between 1400–1600

=====European Art History=====

[https://www.softschools.com/timelines/european_art_history_timeline/366/ by SoftSchools.com]

Timeline Description: European art history began with early mobile anthropomorphic carvings in the Paleolithic era, as well as cave paintings reflecting the natural world. Europe took a distinct turn from other regions with the rise of the Greek empire, and Greek classical art and architecture influenced later European art for centuries. The Christian church influenced much of medieval art until the Renaissance, when a revival in classical ideas turned artistic attention to humanistic themes. Subsequent artistic movements were alternatively progressive and conservative, typically developing as reactions to previous movements.

=====18th-Century Art=====

[http://arthistoryresources.net/ARTH18thcentury.html by ART HISTORY RESOURCES]

Current art history news, exhibitions, videos, reviews, & information posted on FACEBOOK by Dr. Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe

=====Medieval Art – Historical Overview, Characteristics and Examples=====

[https://www.whataportrait.com/blog/medieval-art-history-characteristics-examples/?srsltid=AfmBOorAtVj8cccCibbgs-ZjEuorZUPYO_X2_t1o3DIiPDE5JXf3DhI_ by Kritika Jain 15/10/25 WHAT A PORTRAIT]

While many of us know much about the Renaissance Age, we are yet to understand what gave rise to it. Despite its significance, the common masses are yet to discover Medieval art in its full glory. So, let's delve deeper into this article to explore more about the Middle Ages and Medieval art.

=====An encounter with great Western art: an everlasting wonder=====

[https://www.uffizi.it/en/the-uffizi by LE GALLERIE]

The Gallery entirely occupies the first and second floors of the large building constructed between 1560 and 1580 and designed by Giorgio Vasari. It is famous worldwide for its outstanding collections of ancient sculptures and paintings (from the Middle Ages to the Modern period). The collections of paintings from the 14th-century and Renaissance period include some absolute masterpieces: Giotto, Simone Martini, Piero della Francesca, Beato Angelico, Filippo Lippi, Botticelli, Mantegna, Correggio, Leonardo, Raffaello, Michelangelo and Caravaggio, in addition to many precious works by European painters (mainly German, Dutch and Flemish).

=====1400's to 1900's European Artistic Cultural Expression in Art Timeline=====

[https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/western-artistic-cultural-expression-timeline by nadurflaa T]

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@@ Line 100: / Line 100: @@
 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxOrDbtdtDg by Rick Steves' Europe YouTube]
   Rick Steves' Europe © 2023 | After Rome fell, Europe spent a thousand years in its Middle Ages. Its art shows how the light of civilization flickered in monasteries and on Europe’s fringes: Christian Byzantium, Moorish Spain, and pagan Vikings. Then, around A.D. 1000, Europe rebounded. The High Middle Ages brought majestic castles, radiant Gothic cathedrals, and exquisite art that dazzled the faithful and the secular alike.
+=====Rick Steves' Art of the Renaissance=====
+[https://www.ricksteves.com/watch-read-listen/video/tv-show/renaissance-art by Rick Steves' EUROPE]
+ Around 1400, Europe rediscovered the aesthetics of ancient Greece and Rome. This rebirth of classical culture showed itself in the statues, paintings, and architecture of Florence, then spread to Spain, Holland, Germany, and beyond. The Renaissance — from art-loving popes to Leonardo's "Mona Lisa" and Michelangelo's "David" — celebrated humanism and revolutionized how we think about our world.
+=====Stone Age to Ancient Greece=====
+[https://www.pbs.org/video/stone-age-to-ancient-greece-oulcys/ by PBS]
+ Rick Steves' Art of Europe is available to stream on pbs.org and the free PBS App, available on iPhone, Apple TV, Android TV, Android smartphones, Amazon Fire TV, Amazon Fire Tablet, Roku, Samsung Smart TV, and Vizio.
+=====Dawn of the High Renaissance, 1475-1520 | A Narrative Art History of the Renaissance (S1 E1)=====
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_h-sxkPQzY by Narrative Art History YouTube]
+ Explore the High Renaissance through the lens of Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael. This art history video analyzes their iconic works, from portraits to religious masterpieces, and their artistic rivalry. Discover the historical context and artistic dialogues that shaped their unique styles.
+=====Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth-Century Art in Europe and North America=====
+[https://arthistoryteachingresources.org/lessons/eighteenth-and-early-nineteenth-century-art-in-europe-and-north-america/ by AHTR]
+ Assuming that students will have just finished learning about French Baroque art and architecture, I like to begin class with an “unknown review.” By this, I mean a work of art that contains many of the features of the French Baroque; but, also provides a way to set the historical stage for the next art period that we will be covering. My favorite work to use is Hyacinthe Rigaud’s portrait of Louis XV in Coronation Robes at the age of five.
+=====European Art 1600–1700=====
+[https://www.mfab.hu/exhibitions/european-art-1600-1700/ by MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS, BUDAPEST]
+ A close continuation of European Art 1250–1600, the new permanent exhibition of the Old Master Paintings collection in the museum’s newly renovated wing in the City Park is home to Baroque art, spanning the century between 1600 and 1700. Together with this unit, visitors are now given a comprehensive picture of the trends and chief masters of five centuries of European art spanning from the early Gothic to the Baroque styles.
+=====Art in Europe: Discovering Artistic Treasures in Unexpected Places=====
+[https://blog.vibeadventures.com/art-in-europe-guide/ by Antonio Martinez
+August 2024 ADVENTURE VIBES]
+ This was the beginning of European painting (around 25000 BC), with natural scenes on caves’ walls such as those in Lascaux. The primitive man refined his simple tools and added the earth, ores, and charcoal to color images that reflected what he saw around him – actions in time preserved as moments of extraordinary expressiveness.
+=====Europe Timeline=====
+[https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/1653 by Oxford Art Online]
+ The 'Venus' of Willendorf is one of the most famous carvings from Europe's Palaeolithic period. Its extremely corpulent figure and emphasis on the female reproductive anatomy and lack of facial features have long inspired speculation that its function was as a fertility figure.
+=====Medieval art=====
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_art by WIKIPEDIA]
+ The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time and place, with over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at certain periods in Western Asia and Northern Africa. It includes major art movements and periods, national and regional art, genres, revivals, the artists' crafts, and the artists themselves.
+=====Beautiful Monsters in Early European Prints and Drawings (1450–1700)=====
+[https://www.gallery.ca/whats-on/exhibitions-and-galleries/beautiful-monsters by NATIONAL GALLERY OF CANADA]
+ The word “monster” comes from the Latin monstrum, meaning an anomaly in the natural order. Throughout the ages, artists have given shape to those abnormalities that populate collective imaginations. This exhibition showcases the unbridled creativity of Renaissance and Baroque artists, such as Albrecht Dürer, in bringing monsters to life in an artful manner.
+=====The technology of the earliest European cave paintings: El Castillo Cave, Spain=====
+[https://wikidemocracy.us/index.php?title=Early_European_Art&action=edit by Francesco d'Errico 6/16 ScienceDirect]
+ The red disks from El Castillo Cave are among the earliest known cave paintings. Here, we combine the morphometric and technological study of red disks from two areas located at the end of the cave with the microscopic, elemental, and mineralogical analysis of the pigment and compare the results obtained with observations derived from experimental replication. Ergonomic constraints imply that a number of disks were made by adults, and the differences in pigment texture and composition suggest that they correspond to an accumulation through time of panels made by different persons who shared neither the same technical know-how nor, very possibly, the same symbolic system.
+=====Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Receives Gift of Early European Prints and Drawings from Collector Myron Miller=====
+[https://www.mfa.org/press-release/myron-miller-collection by MFABoston]
+ BOSTON (June 26, 2025)—The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) has received a gift of 64 works on paper from the collection of Myron Miller—one of the most significant gifts to the Department of Prints and Drawings in decades. It includes 62 early European works on paper—59 prints and three drawings—one 20th-century drawing (Homage to Mantegna (undated) by Jared French), and one contemporary print (Hermaphroditus on the Clouds, Teaching Cupid to Shoot an Arrow, 2009 by Andrew Raftery).
+=====Art in Europe: Discovering Artistic Treasures in Unexpected Places=====
+[https://blog.vibeadventures.com/art-in-europe-guide/ by Antonio Martinez 13/8/24 ADVENTURE VIBES]
+ This was the beginning of European painting (around 25000 BC), with natural scenes on caves’ walls such as those in Lascaux. The primitive man refined his simple tools and added the earth, ores, and charcoal to color images that reflected what he saw around him – actions in time preserved as moments of extraordinary expressiveness.
+=====Renaissance art=====
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art by WIKIPEDIA]
+ Renaissance art (1350 – 1620[1]) is the painting, sculpture, and decorative arts of the period of European history known as the Renaissance, which emerged as a distinct style in Italy in about AD 1400, in parallel with developments which occurred in philosophy, literature, music, science, and technology.[2] Renaissance art took as its foundation the art of Classical antiquity, perceived as the noblest of ancient traditions, but transformed that tradition by absorbing recent developments in the art of Northern Europe and by applying contemporary scientific knowledge.
+=====Early cave art and ancient DNA record the origin of European bison=====
+[https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13158 by Julien Soubrier 18/10/16 nature communications]
+ The two living species of bison (European and American) are among the few terrestrial megafauna to have survived the late Pleistocene extinctions. Despite the extensive bovid fossil record in Eurasia, the evolutionary history of the European bison (or wisent, Bison bonasus) before the Holocene (<11.7 thousand years ago (kya)) remains a mystery. We use complete ancient mitochondrial genomes and genome-wide nuclear DNA surveys to reveal that the wisent is the product of hybridization between the extinct steppe bison (Bison priscus) and ancestors of modern cattle (aurochs, Bos primigenius) before 120 kya, and contains up to 10% aurochs genomic ancestry.
+=====European Art History=====
+[https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/en/study/all-subjects/european-art-history by Heidelberg University]
+ The focus of the academic programme in European Art History is to convey fundamental knowledge that enables students to perform research within an international art perspective, including material and conceptual aspects. Courses include instruction on the history of the fine arts, architecture, applied arts, photography, film, performance art, and new media in Europe and western cultural circles from the beginning of the Middle Ages to the present day.
+=====Bronwen Wilson=====
+[https://arthistory.ucla.edu/person/bronwen-wilson/ by UCLA]
+ Bronwen Wilson is the Edward W. Carter Chair in European Art and the Director of the Center for 17th– and 18th-Century Studies and William Andrews Clark Memorial Library at UCLA. Her research and teaching explore the artistic and urban cultures of early modern Europe (1300-1700), with a focus on space, print, portraiture, landscape, and transcultural, material and environmental interactions. Fellowships include Villa i Tatti in Florence, The Folger Shakespeare Library, The Newberry Library, The Bogliasco Foundation in Liguria, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
+=====European Paintings Team=====
+[https://www.metmuseum.org/departments/european-paintings-1250-1800/team by Jane R. Becker THE MET]
+ Jane R. Becker is a specialist in nineteenth-century painting and sculpture who studied art history as an undergraduate at Williams College and, for her PhD, at the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. She joined the department in early 2015 after holding curatorial positions at other museums, working as an independent art historian, and lecturing for The Met. Jane conducts research on the department's nineteenth-century paintings, writes catalogue entries and information about the collection online, and administers nineteenth-century exhibitions.
+=====Printmaking in Europe, c. 1400−1800=====
+[https://smarthistory.org/printmaking-europe-14001800/ by Dr. Kylie Fisher Smarthistory]
+ The printing press was arguably one of the most revolutionary inventions in the history of the early modern world. While the fifteenth-century German goldsmith and publisher, Johannes Gutenberg, is heralded for his creation of a mechanical printing press that allowed for the mass-production of images and texts, the technology of movable type was first pioneered much earlier in East Asia. In early eleventh-century China, the artisan Bi Sheng discovered that he could make individual Chinese characters from baked clay to create a system of movable type. Later, in thirteenth-century Korea, the first known metal movable type was produced.
+=====Symbol and Meaning in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance=====
+[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3780635 by James H. Marrow JSTOR]
+ Simiolus is an English-language journal devoted to the history of Dutch and Flemish art of the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, with occasional forays into more recent periods and other schools. Founded in 1966 as an outlet for art history students at the University of Utrecht, it has grown to become an internationally recognized journal of record in its field, publishing contributions by many renowned scholars and promising young art historians. Simiolus has a broad range, featuring articles on iconography and iconology, art theory and historiography, the history of the art market and the history of collecting. Many of them have become classics of their kind.
+=====A History of European Art=====
+[https://www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/a-history-of-european-art by GREAT COURSES PLUS]
+ Take in the full sweep of European art from Gothic cathedrals to Cubism in this spellbinding and visually-dazzling course taught by an acclaimed art-historian.
+=====Renaissance art=====
+[https://www.britannica.com/art/Renaissance-art by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 21/10/25 Britannica]
+ Renaissance art, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, and literature produced during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries in Europe under the combined influences of an increased awareness of nature, a revival of classical learning, and a more individualistic view of humans. Scholars no longer believe that the Renaissance marked an abrupt break with the values of the Middle Ages, as is suggested by the French word renaissance, literally “rebirth.”
+=====The evolution of human artistic creativity=====
+[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2815939/ by NIH]
+ Creating visual art is one of the defining characteristics of the human species, but the paucity of archaeological evidence means that we have limited information on the origin and evolution of this aspect of human culture. The components of art include colour, pattern and the reproduction of visual likeness. The 2D and 3D art forms that were created by Upper Palaeolithic Europeans at least 30 000 years ago are conceptually equivalent to those created in recent centuries, indicating that human cognition and symbolling activity, as well as anatomy, were fully modern by that time.
+=====Early modern Europe experienced significant changes, influenced by rising urbanization, new ways of thinking, global networks, colonization, and shifts in religion=====
+[https://www.artsq.org/early-modern-europe by ARTS]
+ Innovation and experimentation defined the Italian city-states between 1400–1600
+=====European Art History=====
+[https://www.softschools.com/timelines/european_art_history_timeline/366/ by SoftSchools.com]
+ Timeline Description: European art history began with early mobile anthropomorphic carvings in the Paleolithic era, as well as cave paintings reflecting the natural world. Europe took a distinct turn from other regions with the rise of the Greek empire, and Greek classical art and architecture influenced later European art for centuries. The Christian church influenced much of medieval art until the Renaissance, when a revival in classical ideas turned artistic attention to humanistic themes. Subsequent artistic movements were alternatively progressive and conservative, typically developing as reactions to previous movements.
+=====18th-Century Art=====
+[http://arthistoryresources.net/ARTH18thcentury.html by ART HISTORY RESOURCES]
+ Current art history news, exhibitions, videos, reviews, & information posted on FACEBOOK by Dr. Christopher L.C.E. Witcombe
+=====Medieval Art – Historical Overview, Characteristics and Examples=====
+[https://www.whataportrait.com/blog/medieval-art-history-characteristics-examples/?srsltid=AfmBOorAtVj8cccCibbgs-ZjEuorZUPYO_X2_t1o3DIiPDE5JXf3DhI_ by Kritika Jain 15/10/25 WHAT A PORTRAIT]
+ While many of us know much about the Renaissance Age, we are yet to understand what gave rise to it. Despite its significance, the common masses are yet to discover Medieval art in its full glory. So, let's delve deeper into this article to explore more about the Middle Ages and Medieval art.
+=====An encounter with great Western art: an everlasting wonder=====
+[https://www.uffizi.it/en/the-uffizi by LE GALLERIE]
+ The Gallery entirely occupies the first and second floors of the large building constructed between 1560 and 1580 and designed by Giorgio Vasari. It is famous worldwide for its outstanding collections of ancient sculptures and paintings (from the Middle Ages to the Modern period). The collections of paintings from the 14th-century and Renaissance period include some absolute masterpieces: Giotto, Simone Martini, Piero della Francesca, Beato Angelico, Filippo Lippi, Botticelli, Mantegna, Correggio, Leonardo, Raffaello, Michelangelo and Caravaggio, in addition to many precious works by European painters (mainly German, Dutch and Flemish).
+=====1400's to 1900's European Artistic Cultural Expression in Art Timeline=====
+[https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/western-artistic-cultural-expression-timeline by  nadurflaa T]
+ You might like: