HIV AIDS: Difference between revisions

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[https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/40-years-hiv-discovery-first-cases-mysterious-disease-early-1980s by INSTITUT easteur 5/5/23]

AIDS epidemic is unfortunately still topical with 1.5 million new infections worldwide in 2021. Research on this disease is part of a “tradition” that has now spanned 40 years at the Institut Pasteur, in Paris. This longtime expertise was marked in the first place by the identification of the retrovirus causing AIDS, published in May 1983 in Science.

=====The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS=====

[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2935100/ by NIH]

The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of HIV-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of AIDS. The closest relatives of HIV-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in west central Africa.

===== Origin and Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS=====

[https://www.atrainceu.com/content/1-origin-and-epidemiology-hivaids by A Train EDUCATION]

Your client, Mr. Glover, has been diagnosed with HIV. You don’t know much about HIV and are concerned whether you can “catch” HIV by working with him or even shaking hands. You recognize your need to be better educated so you can give appropriate care without bias or fear. You know that quality care can be given when you have a sound understanding of the disease, risk factors, diagnostics, clinical symptoms, and treatments. Becoming culturally sensitive to the unique needs of your patients requires you to better understand your patient’s values, definitions of health and illness, and preferences for care.

=====America’s HIV outbreak started in this city, 10 years before anyone noticed=====

[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/america-hiv-outbreak-origins-nyc-gaetan-dugas by Nsikan Akpan 26/10/16 PBS NEWS]

HIV arrived in New York City precisely 10 years before doctors first noticed the disease, a conclusion that’s based on new research published today in Nature. The finding solves a 35-year-old mystery surrounding the origins of America’s outbreak, the first in the world to be noticed by doctors.

=====HIV 'may have an ancient origin'=====

[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21189141 by Helen Briggs, BBC]

HIV, which causes Aids, emerged in humans in the 20th Century, but scientists have long known that similar viruses in monkeys and apes have existed for much longer.

=====The origin of HIV=====

[https://www.britannica.com/science/AIDS/The-origin-of-HIV by Keith Dorwick 18/11/25 Britannica]

Details of the origin of HIV remain unclear. However, a lentivirus that is genetically similar to HIV has been found in chimpanzees and gorillas in western equatorial Africa. That virus is known as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and it was once widely thought to be harmless in chimpanzees. However, in 2009 a team of researchers investigating chimpanzee populations in Africa found that SIV in fact causes AIDS-like illness in the animals.

=====The Discovery of HIV as the Cause of AIDS=====

[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp038194 by Robert C. Gallo, M.D., and Luc Montagnier, M.D. 11/12/2003 THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE]

Progress in scientific research rarely follows a straight path. Generally, it entails many unexpected meanderings, with a mix of good and bad ideas, good and bad luck. The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS did not avoid this pattern.

=====Aids: Origin of pandemic 'was 1920s Kinshasa'=====

[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29442642 by James Gallagher 3/10/14 BBC NEWS]

An international team of scientists say a "perfect storm" of population growth, sex and railways allowed HIV to spread.

=====HIV BEFORE THE AGE OF AIDS=====

[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/virus/origins.html by Mary Carmichael FRONTLINE]

As soon as HIV was identified in 1983, scientists started trying to understand where it had come from, when it had arisen, and why it had spread. Were they too late? To answer most of their questions, they would have had to witness the virus's evolution. Scientists can track new pathogens such as SARS and avian flu because they produce obvious symptoms almost immediately. But HIV is a stealth virus that takes as many as 10 years to present symptoms; by the time researchers knew enough to wonder about its origins, those origins were in the distant past.

=====History of AIDS=====

[https://www.history.com/articles/history-of-aids by HISTORY 13/7/17]

In the 1980s and early 1990s, the outbreak of HIV and AIDS swept across the United States and rest of the world, though the disease originated decades earlier. Today, more than 70 million people have been infected with HIV and about 35 million have died from AIDS since the start of the pandemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

=====Origin and progression of HIV-1=====

[https://www.brandeis.edu/quantitative-biology/docs/zorba1-wa.pdf by Adelajda Zorba]

AIDS does not develop in monkeys

where HIV originated from.

How come?

=====Progress Through Innovation and Activism=====

[https://www.gileadhiv.com/landscape/history-of-hiv/ by GILEAD]

The first published report of what would ultimately become known as HIV and AIDS appeared in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report in June 1981.1 When these initial cases emerged, very little was known about the disease; it did not have an agreed-upon name, researchers had not yet determined what caused it, there were no tests or recognized treatments, and by the time most patients presented with symptoms, they had only months to live.2

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@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 [https://www.pasteur.fr/en/research-journal/news/40-years-hiv-discovery-first-cases-mysterious-disease-early-1980s by INSTITUT easteur 5/5/23]
   AIDS epidemic is unfortunately still topical with 1.5 million new infections worldwide in 2021. Research on this disease is part of a “tradition” that has now spanned 40 years at the Institut Pasteur, in Paris. This longtime expertise was marked in the first place by the identification of the retrovirus causing AIDS, published in May 1983 in Science.
+=====The evolution of HIV-1 and the origin of AIDS=====
+[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2935100/ by NIH]
+ The major cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We have been using evolutionary comparisons to trace (i) the origin(s) of HIV-1 and (ii) the origin(s) of AIDS. The closest relatives of HIV-1 are simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) infecting wild-living chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in west central Africa.
+===== Origin and Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS=====
+[https://www.atrainceu.com/content/1-origin-and-epidemiology-hivaids by A Train EDUCATION]
+ Your client, Mr. Glover, has been diagnosed with HIV. You don’t know much about HIV and are concerned whether you can “catch” HIV by working with him or even shaking hands. You recognize your need to be better educated so you can give appropriate care without bias or fear. You know that quality care can be given when you have a sound understanding of the disease, risk factors, diagnostics, clinical symptoms, and treatments. Becoming culturally sensitive to the unique needs of your patients requires you to better understand your patient’s values, definitions of health and illness, and preferences for care.
+=====America’s HIV outbreak started in this city, 10 years before anyone noticed=====
+[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/america-hiv-outbreak-origins-nyc-gaetan-dugas by Nsikan Akpan 26/10/16 PBS NEWS]
+ HIV arrived in New York City precisely 10 years before doctors first noticed the disease, a conclusion that’s based on new research published today in Nature. The finding solves a 35-year-old mystery surrounding the origins of America’s outbreak, the first in the world to be noticed by doctors.
+=====HIV 'may have an ancient origin'=====
+[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-21189141 by Helen Briggs, BBC]
+ HIV, which causes Aids, emerged in humans in the 20th Century, but scientists have long known that similar viruses in monkeys and apes have existed for much longer.
+=====The origin of HIV=====
+[https://www.britannica.com/science/AIDS/The-origin-of-HIV by Keith Dorwick 18/11/25 Britannica]
+ Details of the origin of HIV remain unclear. However, a lentivirus that is genetically similar to HIV has been found in chimpanzees and gorillas in western equatorial Africa. That virus is known as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and it was once widely thought to be harmless in chimpanzees. However, in 2009 a team of researchers investigating chimpanzee populations in Africa found that SIV in fact causes AIDS-like illness in the animals.
+=====The Discovery of HIV as the Cause of AIDS=====
+[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp038194 by Robert C. Gallo, M.D., and Luc Montagnier, M.D. 11/12/2003 THE NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL of MEDICINE]
+ Progress in scientific research rarely follows a straight path. Generally, it entails many unexpected meanderings, with a mix of good and bad ideas, good and bad luck. The discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS did not avoid this pattern.
+=====Aids: Origin of pandemic 'was 1920s Kinshasa'=====
+[https://www.bbc.com/news/health-29442642 by James Gallagher 3/10/14 BBC NEWS]
+ An international team of scientists say a "perfect storm" of population growth, sex and railways allowed HIV to spread.
+=====HIV BEFORE THE AGE OF AIDS=====
+[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/virus/origins.html by Mary Carmichael FRONTLINE]
+ As soon as HIV was identified in 1983, scientists started trying to understand where it had come from, when it had arisen, and why it had spread. Were they too late? To answer most of their questions, they would have had to witness the virus's evolution. Scientists can track new pathogens such as SARS and avian flu because they produce obvious symptoms almost immediately. But HIV is a stealth virus that takes as many as 10 years to present symptoms; by the time researchers knew enough to wonder about its origins, those origins were in the distant past.
+=====History of AIDS=====
+[https://www.history.com/articles/history-of-aids by HISTORY 13/7/17]
+ In the 1980s and early 1990s, the outbreak of HIV and AIDS swept across the United States and rest of the world, though the disease originated decades earlier. Today, more than 70 million people have been infected with HIV and about 35 million have died from AIDS since the start of the pandemic, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
+=====Origin and progression of HIV-1=====
+[https://www.brandeis.edu/quantitative-biology/docs/zorba1-wa.pdf by Adelajda Zorba]
+ AIDS does not develop in monkeys
+where HIV originated from.
+How come?
+=====Progress Through Innovation and Activism=====
+[https://www.gileadhiv.com/landscape/history-of-hiv/ by GILEAD]
+ The first published report of what would ultimately become known as HIV and AIDS appeared in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report in June 1981.1 When these initial cases emerged, very little was known about the disease; it did not have an agreed-upon name, researchers had not yet determined what caused it, there were no tests or recognized treatments, and by the time most patients presented with symptoms, they had only months to live.2