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[[Mayan History]]
=====Australopithecus fossils found east of the Great Rift Valley=====
=====Australopithecus fossils found east of the Great Rift Valley=====
[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/australopithecus-fossils-found-east-of-the-great-rift-valley/ 24/3/2016 Popular Archaeology]
[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/australopithecus-fossils-found-east-of-the-great-rift-valley/ 24/3/2016 Popular Archaeology]
Line 136: Line 140:
[https://www.ynetnews.com/health_science/article/ryxabfdrn by Yogev Israeli 9/7/23 net Global]
[https://www.ynetnews.com/health_science/article/ryxabfdrn by Yogev Israeli 9/7/23 net Global]
  Limestone balls uncovered at the site of a prehistoric settlement dating to 1.4 million years ago are a testament to efforts made to achieve a perfect geometry but their purpose baffles researchers to this day. An analysis of ancient stone balls suggests that the early human inhabitants had an appreciation for geometry and symmetry.
  Limestone balls uncovered at the site of a prehistoric settlement dating to 1.4 million years ago are a testament to efforts made to achieve a perfect geometry but their purpose baffles researchers to this day. An analysis of ancient stone balls suggests that the early human inhabitants had an appreciation for geometry and symmetry.
=====Lomekwi=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomekwi by WIKIPEDIA]
Lomekwi is an archaeological site located on the west bank of Turkana Lake in Kenya. It is an important milestone in the history of human archaeology. An archaeological team from Stony Brook University in the United States discovered traces of Lomekwi by chance in July 2011, and made substantial progress four years after in-depth excavations.
=====Tanzania Safari: The Great Migration & Human Origins=====
[https://www.archaeological.org/tour/tanzania/ by William Harcourt-Smith 1/4-15/26 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE of AMERICA]
Experience the Serengeti’s Great Migration, and view two significant human origin fossil sites plus magnificent savannah and volcanic landscapes, including Ngorongoro Crater. Stay at exclusive and luxurious tented camps, and travel in spacious four-seater, four-wheel drive safari vehicles.
=====Jordan Rift Valley=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley by WIKIPEDIA]
The Jordan Rift Valley, also Jordan Valley (Modern Hebrew: בקעת הירדן Bik'at Hayarden, Biblical Hebrew: בִּקְעָת הַיַרְדֵּן, romanized: Biqʿāṯ hay-Yardēn, Arabic: الغور, romanized: al-Ghawr), is an elongated endorheic basin located in modern-day Israel, Jordan, and Palestine.
=====DNA Study Sheds New Light on Ancient Africa=====
[https://news.stonybrookmedicine.edu/news/dna-study-sheds-new-light-on-ancient-africa/ by Stony Brook Medicine NEWS 30/5/19]
A DNA-based study of 41 human skeletons, conducted by an international scientific team co-led by Stony Brook University bio-archaeologist Elizabeth Sawchuk, PhD, reveals a multistep spread of the first herders into East Africa. The findings are published online in the journal Science.
=====Traces of History and Archeology and Art's post=====
[https://www.facebook.com/historyandarcheology/posts/the-pinglu-rift-valley-located-in-the-vast-loess-plateau-of-north-central-china-/1180260187477118/ by Facebook 28/7]
The Pinglu Rift Valley, located in the vast Loess Plateau of north-central China, is a witness to the Earth's dynamic geological history. Covering an area of approximately 400,000 square kilometers, this remarkable feature is a striking example of the constant evolution of the earth's shell, shaped by forces active deep within our planet.
=====Department of Archaeology=====
[https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/news/professor-merrick-posnansky by Professor Merrick Posnansky UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE]
Merrick was a pioneering Africanist archaeologist who trained for a short time in Cambridge, undertaking a Diploma in Prehistoric Archaeology with Graeme Clark, before completing a PhD at Nottingham (1956). Merrick went on to highly important roles in Africa including as a warden for prehistoric sites in Kenya, Curator of the Uganda Museum (1958-62), Deputy Director of the British Institute in Eastern Africa (1962-64), Director of the African Studies programme at Makerere University (1964-67), Professor of Archaeology, University of Legon, Ghana (1967-1977) and Professor of Archaeology, UCLA (1977 to 1994).
=====DNA from 41 skeletons hints at first herders in Africa=====
[https://www.futurity.org/herding-africa-skeletons-2075202-2/ by Gregory Filiano-Stony Brook 31/5/19 FUTURITY]
“The origins of food producers in East Africa have remained elusive because of gaps in the archaeological record,” explains Mary Prendergast, a co-first author and professor of anthropology at Saint Louis University in Madrid, Spain “Our study uses DNA to answer previously unsolvable questions about how people were moving and interacting.”
=====Olorgesailie Prehistoric Site=====
[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6665/ by unesco]
Olorgesailie Prehistoric Site is located on the floor of the Great Rift Valley between two extinct volcanoes, Mt. Olorgesailie and Oldonyo Esakut to the south-west of Nairobi, Kenya. Olorgesailie area is in a lake basin that existed during the latter part of the middle Pleistocene period, probably between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. Discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey in the 1940s, Olorgesailie was excavated by Glynn Isaac as his dissertation research during the 1960s.
=====Professor’s work in Kenya investigates site of newly discovered human remains=====
[https://den.mercer.edu/professors-work-in-kenya-investigates-site-of-newly-discovered-human-remains/ by Jennifer Falk 15/9/21 theDen]
Since December 2018, Dr. Francis Kirera, an assistant professor of anatomy at the School of Medicine, has been leading a team of researchers at the site in Ngobit, located in the Central Highlands. The uncovering of the hominin fossil by Kenyan archaeologist Richard Kinyua was a major discovery.
=====Obsidian types from Holocene sites around Lake Turkana, and other localities in northern Kenya=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440311000318 by Barbara P. Nash  6/11 ScienceDirect]
Obsidian has been widely used by early Holocene hunter-gatherers and succeeding Pastoral Neolithic peoples in northern Kenya. Here we report the results of over 2000 electron microprobe analyses of artifactual and non-artifactual obsidian from the greater Lake Turkana region.
=====Early Pottery and Pastoral Cultures of the Central Rift Valley, Kenya=====
[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2801248 by John R. F. Bower and Charles M. Nelson JSTOR]
A number of pottery occurrences in the northern part of eastern Africa have been dated to the early Holocene (5000-9000 B.P.)-a range of time far earlier than would have been thought likely a few years ago. A new date of 7255 B.P. on pottery from Mt Suswa suggests that the distribution of the early Holocene wares extends at least as far south as the Central Rift Valley, Kenya.
=====Adventures in the Rift Valley: Interactive=====
[https://humanorigins.si.edu/research/east-african-research-projects/adventures-rift-valley-interactive by Human Evolution Research]
=====The Middle Palaeolithic Nahal Mahanayeem Outlet site, Israel: reconstructing the environment of Late Pleistocene wetlands in the eastern Mediterranean from ostracods
Author links open overlay panel=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440314001538 by Johannes Kalbe  2/15 ScienceDirect]
Sediments of two Pleistocene water bodies are exposed at the site. The first one is an archaeologically sterile, light-colored limnic carbonate with an Early Pleistocene age. It contains an ostracod fauna assemblage dominated by Candona neglecta, Candonopsis kingsleii, and Pseudocandona sp., and, in minor abundances, Cypria ophtalmica, Cyprideis sp., Humphcypris sp., Fabaeformiscandona cf. fabaeformis and Ilyocypris sp. These sediments were deposited in a shallow, freshwater to oligohaline lake under stable conditions.
=====Exploring Humanity's Technological Origins –=====
[https://mpk-wtap.com/ by West Turkana Archaeological Project]
WTAP’s major scientific goal is to shed new light on the behavioural evolution and adaptations of our early human ancestors – Australopithecus and early Homo – and to reconstruct the habitats in which they lived.
=====Geochronology of a long Pleistocene sequence at Kilombe volcano, Kenya: from the Oldowan to Middle Stone Age=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440320301941 by S. Hoare 1/21 ScienceDirect]
We report a newly extended stratigraphic sequence with associated Palaeolithic sites from the area of the extinct Kilombe volcano in central Kenya. The extended archaeological sequence runs from Oldowan finds, through the Acheulean, and up to the Middle Stone Age.
=====Proceedings of the lowa Academy of Science=====
[https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/ by lowa Academy of Science]
The Iowa Academy of Science began publishing the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science in 1887 (volumes 1-12 are titled Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences). The publication continued until 1987, when it became known as the peer-reviewed Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. The change coincided with the 100th Annual Meeting of the Academy, concluding a process that began in 1971 when the Proceedings became a quarterly periodical which included papers that had not been presented at the previous annual meeting.
=====The cradle of mankind=====
[http://ethiopianrift.igg.cnr.it/cradle%20of%20mankind.html]
The system of rift valleys that characterizes the African continent represents a perfect environment to understand the evolution of mankind; for the important paleoanthropological discoveries in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire, the African rift valleys are  indeed considered the "cradle of mankind", that is the place where our species evolved and diversified in the last million years.
=====Lucy (Australopithecus)=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus) by WIKIPEDIA]
AL 288-1, commonly known as Lucy or Dinkʼinesh (Amharic: ድንቅ ነሽ, lit. 'you are marvellous'), is a collection of several hundred pieces of fossilized bone comprising 40 percent of the skeleton of a female of the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis. It was discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia, at Hadar, a site in the Awash Valley of the Afar Triangle, by Donald Johanson, a paleoanthropologist of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.[1][2][3]
=====Department of Anthropology=====
[https://anthro.illinois.edu/directory/profile/ambrose by Stanley H. Ambrose UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBAN-CHAMPAIGN]
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF MODERN HUMAN ORIGINS IN EAST AFRICA. We are investigating the chronology of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) by dating volcanic ashes in archaeological sites in the Kenya Rift Valley in collaboration with Mwanzia D. Kyule, Mulu Muia (U. Nairobi), Martin A.J. Williams (U. Adelaide, Alan Deino (Berkeley Geochronology Center) and Ian Steele (U. Chicago). Several sites document the Acheulean to MSA, and MSA to LSA transitions.
=====Ancient Civilizations, Mystery Origins & World Cultures=====
[https://www.facebook.com/groups/ancientcivilizations.st/posts/1309902579986447/ by FACEBOOK]
Carved into the basalt cliffs of Ethiopia’s Rift Valley, archaeologists have uncovered enormous humanoid ribcages seemingly fused directly into the volcanic rock. The discovery has sparked worldwide controversy: were these beings petrified by a cataclysmic event, or is this a natural formation misinterpreted through the lens of myth? Officials remain silent, further fueling suspicion of suppressed truths.
=====DNA Study Illustrates the Complex Story of Ancient Herders and Farmers in East Africa and How Food Production Entered Sub-Saharan Africa=====
[https://news.stonybrook.edu/newsroom/dna-study-illustrates-the-complex-story-of-ancient-herders-and-farmers-in-east-africa-and-how-food-production-entered-sub-saharan-africa/ by STONY BROOK, NY, 30/5/19 Stony Brook University]
  How food production entered sub-Saharan Africa some 5,000 years ago and the ways in which herding and farming spread through the continent in ancient times has long been a topic of archaeological debate.  Now an international scientific team co-led by Stony Brook University bio-archaeologist Elizabeth Sawchuk, PhD, is unlocking some of those mysteries.
=====The Gorge Project and Field School, New Mexico=====
[https://archaeology.columbia.edu/2019/01/14/severin-fowles-the-gorge-project/ by Columbia Center for Archaeology]
Initiated in 2007, the Gorge Project is an ongoing network of research collaborations in northern New Mexico centered on the landscapes, visual culture, and archaeological traces within the Rio Grande gorge. The project has three commitments: first, to the documentation of the material record of northern New Mexican history; second, to the participation of descendent communities and concerned members of the public in the interpretation of that record; third, to intellectual experimentation and the development of new archaeological theory. A fieldschool is run annually through Barnard College. For further information contact Prof. Severin Fowles
=====Human and Environmental Interactions in Late Iron Age Kenya=====
[https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-264?d=%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190854584.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190854584-e-264&p=emailAQQlQmrwmahsY by Freda Nkirote M'Mbogori 25/3/21 ANTHROPOLOGY]
The Late Iron Age period in Kenya spans between 1000 BP and 200 BP. However, not much is known regarding this time period owing to the past direction of research in Kenya. Investigations concentrated on earlier archaeological periods due to the country’s richness in early human and technological evolution.
=====DNA Study Sheds New Light on Ancient Africa=====
[https://news.stonybrook.edu/social-sciences/dna-study-sheds-new-light-on-ancient-africa/ by Stony Brook University 30/5/19]
New DNA research shows how food production entered sub-Saharan Africa some 5,000 years ago, illuminating how herding and farming spread through the continent in ancient times.
=====The archaeological potential of the northern
Luangwa Valley, Zambia: The Luwumbu basin=====
[https://amu.hal.science/hal-04296353/file/journal.pone.0269209.pdf by Burke PLOS One]
The Luangwa Basin, Zambia, which forms part of the Zambezi drainage, is strategically
located between the Central African plateau and the East African Rift system. The Luangwa
River and major tributaries, such as the Luwumbu River, are perennial water sources supporting essential resources that sustain human communities and a rich and diverse fauna
and flora.
=====Human and Environmental Interactions in Late Iron Age Kenya=====
[https://oxfordre.com/anthropology/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-264?p=emailAIknemu.247pE&d=/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.001.0001/acrefore-9780190854584-e-264 by ANTHROPLOLGY 25/3/21]
The Late Iron Age period in Kenya spans between 1000 BP and 200 BP. However, not much is known regarding this time period owing to the past direction of research in Kenya. Investigations concentrated on earlier archaeological periods due to the country’s richness in early human and technological evolution.
=====First Yardstick=====
[https://outofedenwalk.nationalgeographic.org/2024-11-first-yardstick/ by Paul Salopek 14/11/24 Out of Eden Walk]
I am walking to Suyanggae, South Korea, an archaeological zone that holds rare and precious relics of the peoples I am following on my insane walk across the globe: early Homo sapiens, the first Stone Age wanderers out of Africa who explored the farthest rims of our planet.
=====The southwest of the Turkana Basin: a cradle for humanities=====
[https://archeologie.culture.gouv.fr/en/southwest-turkana-basin-cradle-humanities by Aurélien Mounier.]
In Kanyimangin, the Trans-Evol project records a key period in our evolutionary history: the transition between the Early and Middle Pleistocene between 1,250,000 and 750,000 years ago. This period is characterized by serious climate disruption impacting all ecosystems, including the human populations of the time, but for the moment only three human fossils have survived in a reasonable state.
=====The Archaeology of Indiana Jones=====
[https://www.explorers.org/calendar-of-events/the-archaeology-of-indiana-jones/ by THE EXPLORERS CLUB 4/10/21]
While completing his Ph.D at the University of Michigan, David West Reynolds used his archaeological skills to track down and relocate the lost original filming locations of the first Star Wars film in Tunisia. His discoveries of movie props abandoned for decades in the Sahara got Reynolds hired by Lucasfilm to write a series of globally best-selling books that took an archaeological approach to fleshing out the backstory of director George Lucas’ fictional Star Wars universe.
=====Archaeological Sites=====
[https://ourbomet.weebly.com/archeological-sites.html by Our Bomet]
The Kariandusi archaeological site is amongst the first discoveries of Lower Paleolithic sites in East Africa. There is enough geological evidence to show that in the past, large lakes, sometimes reaching levels hundreds of meters higher than the Present Lake Nakuru and Elementaita, occupied this basin. Dating back between 700,000 to 1 million years old, Kariandusi is possibly the first Acheulian site to have been found in Situ in East Africa.
=====Kalambo Falls=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambo_Falls by WIKIPEDIA]
The Kalambo Falls on the Kalambo River is a 235-metre (772 ft) single-drop waterfall on the border of Zambia and Rukwa Region, Tanzania at the southeast end of Lake Tanganyika.
=====Welcome to Kenya's Rift Valley Tour Circuit...=====
[https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a5b5accde38c4c2a911363ddfad05e91]
Most lakes in Kenya are found straddled within the Rift Valley such as L. Kamnarok in Elgeyo-Marakwet; L. Baringo and L. Bogoria in Baringo county, Lakes Nakuru, Elementaita and Naivasha in Nakuru County and others which are some of the best tourist attractions in the region.
=====Hadar=====
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Hadar-anthropological-and-archaeological-site-Ethiopia by Britannica]
Hadar, site of paleoanthropological excavations in the lower Awash River valley in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It lies along the northernmost part of Africa’s Eastern (Great) Rift Valley, about 185 miles (300 km) northeast of Addis Ababa. The lower valley of the Awash River—i.e., the Hadar area—was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.
=====Early pastoral mobility and seasonality in Kenya assessed through stable isotope analysis
Author links open overlay panel=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440320300236 by Anneke Janzen 5/20 ScienceDirect]
Eastern African pastoralists today depend on mobility to access seasonally available pastures for their livestock. Here, we evaluate the importance of mobility strategies for maintaining herds during the Pastoral Neolithic era in southern Kenya through stable isotope analysis.
=====Why is the East African Rift Valley considered the cradle of human beings?=====
[https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-East-African-Rift-Valley-considered-the-cradle-of-human-beings by Desiré Dapschev Quora]
Actually a region in South Africa (Sterkfontein Caves area) is NOW officially recognized as the “Cradle of Humankind”. The reason for this is that this region has yielded the closest known APE species ancestor to our HOMO (human) species… in other words the closest link (or jump) ever found between apes and humans (homo) in our evolution timeline. It was therefore called “The missing link”.
=====Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-archaeological-science-reports/vol/18/suppl/C by ScienceDirect]
Special section on “Archaeological Science in Southern South America”; Guest Edited by Marcelo Morales, Augusto Tessone, Ramiro Barberena
=====A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire=====
[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7725100 by John E. Yellen, Alison S. Brooks, Els Cornelissen, Michael J. Mehlman, and Kathlyn Stewart 28/4/95 Science]
Three archaeological sites at Katanda on the Upper Semliki River in the Western Rift Valley of Zaire have provided evidence for a well-developed bone industry in a Middle Stone Age context. Artifacts include both barbed and unbarbed points as well as a daggerlike object.
=====Animal movements in the Kenya Rift and evidence for the earliest ambush hunting by hominins=====
[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14011 by Simon Kübler 15/9/15 scientific reports]
Animal movements in the Kenya Rift Valley today are influenced by a combination of topography and trace nutrient distribution. These patterns would have been the same in the past when hominins inhabited the area. We use this approach to create a landscape reconstruction of Olorgesailie, a key site in the East African Rift with abundant evidence of large-mammal butchery between ~1.2 and ~0.5 Ma BP.
=====Archaeobotanical inference of Bronze Age land use and land cover in the eastern Mediterranean
Author links open overlay panel=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440310001846 by JoAnna Klinge 10/10 ScienceDirect]
Charcoal and charred seeds at five Bronze Age archaeological sites discern ancient land use in the eastern Mediterranean. Seed frequencies of orchard crops, annual cereals and pulses, and wild or weedy plants are used to characterize plant utilization at different archaeological sites on the island of Cyprus, in the Rift Valley of Jordan, and in the Jabbul Plain and along the upper Euphrates River valley in Syria.
=====Hyrax Hill Prehistoric Site and Museum=====
[https://museu.ms/museum/details/17793/hyrax-hill-prehistoric-site-and-museum by MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD]
Hyrax hill is a museum as well as anational monument.it is a burial site of the neolithic period(of the late stone age and iron age)It is situated East of Nakuru town,about 3.5Km on the foot of asmall hill once scampetred by Hyraxes hence the name Hyrax Hill.The site covers an area about 58Hectares of land ,most of whiich is covered by the hill.The site is composed of habitation hollows believed to have been inhabited by a pastrol group thatproceeded the present Maasai in Kenya.The summit of the hill rises to altitude of 1900Metres above sea level.The site was proclaimed a monument in 1943 having being discovered by a local farmer in the 1920s,it was then opened to the Public in the year 1965 and since then it has remained under the care of National museums of Kenya.
=====Archaeology in Kenya=====
[https://abiri.home.blog/archaeological-sites-in-kenya-2/ by Abiri Kenya]
6 million years there was a portentous wend in the paradigm of the evolution of species, as the foremost ancestor of humankind set about evolving the features unique to its kind. Homo sapiens, the à la mode and only extant human species, belongs to a group of over 180 divergent species, some extanct, others that have disappeared, and is not per-se a direct descendant of the monkey species as the modest like to simplify.
=====Earliest human remains in eastern Africa dated to more than 230,000 years ago=====
[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/earliest-human-remains-in-eastern-africa-dated-to-more-than-230000-years-ago/#google_vignette by Popular Archaeology 12/1/22]
An international team of scientists, led by the University of Cambridge, has reassessed the age of the Omo I remains – and Homo sapiens as a species. Earlier attempts to date the fossils suggested they were less than 200,000 years old, but the new research shows they must be older than a colossal volcanic eruption that took place 230,000 years ago. The results* are reported in the journal Nature.
=====Louis Leakey=====
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leakey by WIKIPEDIA]
Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan-British palaeoanthropologist and archaeologist whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at Olduvai Gorge with his wife, fellow palaeoanthropologist Mary Leakey. Having established a programme of palaeoanthropological inquiry in eastern Africa, he also motivated many future generations to continue this scholarly work. Several members of the Leakey family became prominent scholars themselves.[1]
=====The use of mortality patterns in archaeological studies of hominid predatory adaptations
Author links open overlay panel=====
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027841659090010B by Mary C. Stiner 12/1990 ScienceDirect]
Mortality patterns in archaeofaunas can be informative of prehistoric human foraging habits, land use, and, ultimately, evolutionary changes in hominid sociality and ecological niche. The analytical value of mortality patterns is only as great, however, as archaeologists' understanding of the full range of possible causes for patterns in these data.
=====Olorgesailie Drilling Project=====
[https://humanorigins.si.edu/research/east-african-research-projects/olorgesailie-drilling-project by Smithsonian]
In the Oct. 21 issue of the journal Science Advances, an interdisciplinary team of scientists led by Richard Potts, director of the Human Origins Program at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, describes the prolonged period of instability across the landscape in this part of Africa (now Kenya) that occurred at the same time humans in the region were undergoing a major behavioral and cultural shift in their evolution.
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