Archaeology: Difference between revisions

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[[Mayan History]]

=====Australopithecus fossils found east of the Great Rift Valley=====

[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/australopithecus-fossils-found-east-of-the-great-rift-valley/ 24/3/2016 Popular Archaeology]

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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambo_Falls by WIKIPEDIA]

The Kalambo Falls on the Kalambo River is a 235-metre (772 ft) single-drop waterfall on the border of Zambia and Rukwa Region, Tanzania at the southeast end of Lake Tanganyika.

=====Welcome to Kenya's Rift Valley Tour Circuit...=====

[https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a5b5accde38c4c2a911363ddfad05e91]

Most lakes in Kenya are found straddled within the Rift Valley such as L. Kamnarok in Elgeyo-Marakwet; L. Baringo and L. Bogoria in Baringo county, Lakes Nakuru, Elementaita and Naivasha in Nakuru County and others which are some of the best tourist attractions in the region.

=====Hadar=====

[https://www.britannica.com/place/Hadar-anthropological-and-archaeological-site-Ethiopia by Britannica]

Hadar, site of paleoanthropological excavations in the lower Awash River valley in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It lies along the northernmost part of Africa’s Eastern (Great) Rift Valley, about 185 miles (300 km) northeast of Addis Ababa. The lower valley of the Awash River—i.e., the Hadar area—was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.

=====Early pastoral mobility and seasonality in Kenya assessed through stable isotope analysis

Author links open overlay panel=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440320300236 by Anneke Janzen 5/20 ScienceDirect]

Eastern African pastoralists today depend on mobility to access seasonally available pastures for their livestock. Here, we evaluate the importance of mobility strategies for maintaining herds during the Pastoral Neolithic era in southern Kenya through stable isotope analysis.

=====Why is the East African Rift Valley considered the cradle of human beings?=====

[https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-East-African-Rift-Valley-considered-the-cradle-of-human-beings by Desiré Dapschev Quora]

Actually a region in South Africa (Sterkfontein Caves area) is NOW officially recognized as the “Cradle of Humankind”. The reason for this is that this region has yielded the closest known APE species ancestor to our HOMO (human) species… in other words the closest link (or jump) ever found between apes and humans (homo) in our evolution timeline. It was therefore called “The missing link”.

=====Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-archaeological-science-reports/vol/18/suppl/C by ScienceDirect]

Special section on “Archaeological Science in Southern South America”; Guest Edited by Marcelo Morales, Augusto Tessone, Ramiro Barberena

=====A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire=====

[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7725100 by John E. Yellen, Alison S. Brooks, Els Cornelissen, Michael J. Mehlman, and Kathlyn Stewart 28/4/95 Science]

Three archaeological sites at Katanda on the Upper Semliki River in the Western Rift Valley of Zaire have provided evidence for a well-developed bone industry in a Middle Stone Age context. Artifacts include both barbed and unbarbed points as well as a daggerlike object.

=====Animal movements in the Kenya Rift and evidence for the earliest ambush hunting by hominins=====

[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14011 by Simon Kübler 15/9/15 scientific reports]

Animal movements in the Kenya Rift Valley today are influenced by a combination of topography and trace nutrient distribution. These patterns would have been the same in the past when hominins inhabited the area. We use this approach to create a landscape reconstruction of Olorgesailie, a key site in the East African Rift with abundant evidence of large-mammal butchery between ~1.2 and ~0.5 Ma BP.

=====Archaeobotanical inference of Bronze Age land use and land cover in the eastern Mediterranean

Author links open overlay panel=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440310001846 by JoAnna Klinge 10/10 ScienceDirect]

Charcoal and charred seeds at five Bronze Age archaeological sites discern ancient land use in the eastern Mediterranean. Seed frequencies of orchard crops, annual cereals and pulses, and wild or weedy plants are used to characterize plant utilization at different archaeological sites on the island of Cyprus, in the Rift Valley of Jordan, and in the Jabbul Plain and along the upper Euphrates River valley in Syria.

=====Hyrax Hill Prehistoric Site and Museum=====

[https://museu.ms/museum/details/17793/hyrax-hill-prehistoric-site-and-museum by MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD]

Hyrax hill is a museum as well as anational monument.it is a burial site of the neolithic period(of the late stone age and iron age)It is situated East of Nakuru town,about 3.5Km on the foot of asmall hill once scampetred by Hyraxes hence the name Hyrax Hill.The site covers an area about 58Hectares of land ,most of whiich is covered by the hill.The site is composed of habitation hollows believed to have been inhabited by a pastrol group thatproceeded the present Maasai in Kenya.The summit of the hill rises to altitude of 1900Metres above sea level.The site was proclaimed a monument in 1943 having being discovered by a local farmer in the 1920s,it was then opened to the Public in the year 1965 and since then it has remained under the care of National museums of Kenya.

=====Archaeology in Kenya=====

[https://abiri.home.blog/archaeological-sites-in-kenya-2/ by Abiri Kenya]

6 million years there was a portentous wend in the paradigm of the evolution of species, as the foremost ancestor of humankind set about evolving the features unique to its kind. Homo sapiens, the à la mode and only extant human species, belongs to a group of over 180 divergent species, some extanct, others that have disappeared, and is not per-se a direct descendant of the monkey species as the modest like to simplify.

=====Earliest human remains in eastern Africa dated to more than 230,000 years ago=====

[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/earliest-human-remains-in-eastern-africa-dated-to-more-than-230000-years-ago/#google_vignette by Popular Archaeology 12/1/22]

An international team of scientists, led by the University of Cambridge, has reassessed the age of the Omo I remains – and Homo sapiens as a species. Earlier attempts to date the fossils suggested they were less than 200,000 years old, but the new research shows they must be older than a colossal volcanic eruption that took place 230,000 years ago. The results* are reported in the journal Nature.

=====Louis Leakey=====

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leakey by WIKIPEDIA]

Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan-British palaeoanthropologist and archaeologist whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at Olduvai Gorge with his wife, fellow palaeoanthropologist Mary Leakey. Having established a programme of palaeoanthropological inquiry in eastern Africa, he also motivated many future generations to continue this scholarly work. Several members of the Leakey family became prominent scholars themselves.[1]

=====The use of mortality patterns in archaeological studies of hominid predatory adaptations

Author links open overlay panel=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027841659090010B by Mary C. Stiner 12/1990 ScienceDirect]

Mortality patterns in archaeofaunas can be informative of prehistoric human foraging habits, land use, and, ultimately, evolutionary changes in hominid sociality and ecological niche. The analytical value of mortality patterns is only as great, however, as archaeologists' understanding of the full range of possible causes for patterns in these data.

=====Olorgesailie Drilling Project=====

[https://humanorigins.si.edu/research/east-african-research-projects/olorgesailie-drilling-project by Smithsonian]

In the Oct. 21 issue of the journal Science Advances, an interdisciplinary team of scientists led by Richard Potts, director of the Human Origins Program at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, describes the prolonged period of instability across the landscape in this part of Africa (now Kenya) that occurred at the same time humans in the region were undergoing a major behavioral and cultural shift in their evolution.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[Mayan History]]
 =====Australopithecus fossils found east of the Great Rift Valley=====
 [https://popular-archaeology.com/article/australopithecus-fossils-found-east-of-the-great-rift-valley/ 24/3/2016 Popular Archaeology]
@@ Line 264: / Line 268: @@
 [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalambo_Falls by WIKIPEDIA]
   The Kalambo Falls on the Kalambo River is a 235-metre (772 ft) single-drop waterfall on the border of Zambia and Rukwa Region, Tanzania at the southeast end of Lake Tanganyika.
+=====Welcome to Kenya's Rift Valley Tour Circuit...=====
+[https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/a5b5accde38c4c2a911363ddfad05e91]
+ Most lakes in Kenya are found straddled within the Rift Valley such as L. Kamnarok in Elgeyo-Marakwet; L. Baringo and L. Bogoria in Baringo county, Lakes Nakuru, Elementaita and Naivasha in Nakuru County and others which are some of the best tourist attractions in the region.
+=====Hadar=====
+[https://www.britannica.com/place/Hadar-anthropological-and-archaeological-site-Ethiopia by Britannica]
+ Hadar, site of paleoanthropological excavations in the lower Awash River valley in the Afar region of Ethiopia. It lies along the northernmost part of Africa’s Eastern (Great) Rift Valley, about 185 miles (300 km) northeast of Addis Ababa. The lower valley of the Awash River—i.e., the Hadar area—was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.
+=====Early pastoral mobility and seasonality in Kenya assessed through stable isotope analysis
+Author links open overlay panel=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440320300236 by Anneke Janzen 5/20 ScienceDirect]
+ Eastern African pastoralists today depend on mobility to access seasonally available pastures for their livestock. Here, we evaluate the importance of mobility strategies for maintaining herds during the Pastoral Neolithic era in southern Kenya through stable isotope analysis.
+=====Why is the East African Rift Valley considered the cradle of human beings?=====
+[https://www.quora.com/Why-is-the-East-African-Rift-Valley-considered-the-cradle-of-human-beings by Desiré Dapschev Quora]
+ Actually a region in South Africa (Sterkfontein Caves area) is NOW officially recognized as the “Cradle of Humankind”. The reason for this is that this region has yielded the closest known APE species ancestor to our HOMO (human) species… in other words the closest link (or jump) ever found between apes and humans (homo) in our evolution timeline. It was therefore called “The missing link”.
+=====Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/journal-of-archaeological-science-reports/vol/18/suppl/C by ScienceDirect]
+ Special section on “Archaeological Science in Southern South America”; Guest Edited by Marcelo Morales, Augusto Tessone, Ramiro Barberena
+=====A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire=====
+[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7725100 by John E. Yellen, Alison S. Brooks, Els Cornelissen, Michael J. Mehlman, and Kathlyn Stewart 28/4/95 Science]
+ Three archaeological sites at Katanda on the Upper Semliki River in the Western Rift Valley of Zaire have provided evidence for a well-developed bone industry in a Middle Stone Age context. Artifacts include both barbed and unbarbed points as well as a daggerlike object.
+=====Animal movements in the Kenya Rift and evidence for the earliest ambush hunting by hominins=====
+[https://www.nature.com/articles/srep14011 by Simon Kübler 15/9/15 scientific reports]
+ Animal movements in the Kenya Rift Valley today are influenced by a combination of topography and trace nutrient distribution. These patterns would have been the same in the past when hominins inhabited the area. We use this approach to create a landscape reconstruction of Olorgesailie, a key site in the East African Rift with abundant evidence of large-mammal butchery between ~1.2 and ~0.5 Ma BP.
+=====Archaeobotanical inference of Bronze Age land use and land cover in the eastern Mediterranean
+Author links open overlay panel=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305440310001846 by JoAnna Klinge 10/10 ScienceDirect]
+ Charcoal and charred seeds at five Bronze Age archaeological sites discern ancient land use in the eastern Mediterranean. Seed frequencies of orchard crops, annual cereals and pulses, and wild or weedy plants are used to characterize plant utilization at different archaeological sites on the island of Cyprus, in the Rift Valley of Jordan, and in the Jabbul Plain and along the upper Euphrates River valley in Syria.
+=====Hyrax Hill Prehistoric Site and Museum=====
+[https://museu.ms/museum/details/17793/hyrax-hill-prehistoric-site-and-museum by MUSEUMS OF THE WORLD]
+ Hyrax hill is a museum as well as anational monument.it is a burial site of the neolithic period(of the late stone age and iron age)It is situated East of Nakuru town,about 3.5Km on the foot of asmall hill once scampetred by Hyraxes hence the name Hyrax Hill.The site covers an area about 58Hectares of land ,most of whiich is covered by the hill.The site is composed of habitation hollows believed to have been inhabited by a pastrol group thatproceeded the present Maasai in Kenya.The summit of the hill rises to altitude of 1900Metres above sea level.The site was proclaimed a monument in 1943 having being discovered by a local farmer in the 1920s,it was then opened to the Public in the year 1965 and since then it has remained under the care of National museums of Kenya.
+=====Archaeology in Kenya=====
+[https://abiri.home.blog/archaeological-sites-in-kenya-2/ by Abiri Kenya]
+million years there was a portentous wend in the paradigm of the evolution of species, as the foremost ancestor of humankind set about evolving the features unique to its kind. Homo sapiens, the à la mode and only extant human species, belongs to a group of over 180 divergent species, some extanct, others that have disappeared, and is not per-se a direct descendant of the monkey species as the modest like to simplify.
+=====Earliest human remains in eastern Africa dated to more than 230,000 years ago=====
+[https://popular-archaeology.com/article/earliest-human-remains-in-eastern-africa-dated-to-more-than-230000-years-ago/#google_vignette by Popular Archaeology 12/1/22]
+ An international team of scientists, led by the University of Cambridge, has reassessed the age of the Omo I remains – and Homo sapiens as a species. Earlier attempts to date the fossils suggested they were less than 200,000 years old, but the new research shows they must be older than a colossal volcanic eruption that took place 230,000 years ago. The results* are reported in the journal Nature.
+=====Louis Leakey=====
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Leakey by WIKIPEDIA]
+ Louis Seymour Bazett Leakey (7 August 1903 – 1 October 1972) was a Kenyan-British palaeoanthropologist and archaeologist whose work was important in demonstrating that humans evolved in Africa, particularly through discoveries made at Olduvai Gorge with his wife, fellow palaeoanthropologist Mary Leakey. Having established a programme of palaeoanthropological inquiry in eastern Africa, he also motivated many future generations to continue this scholarly work. Several members of the Leakey family became prominent scholars themselves.[1]
+=====The use of mortality patterns in archaeological studies of hominid predatory adaptations
+Author links open overlay panel=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/027841659090010B by Mary C. Stiner 12/1990 ScienceDirect]
+ Mortality patterns in archaeofaunas can be informative of prehistoric human foraging habits, land use, and, ultimately, evolutionary changes in hominid sociality and ecological niche. The analytical value of mortality patterns is only as great, however, as archaeologists' understanding of the full range of possible causes for patterns in these data.
+=====Olorgesailie Drilling Project=====
+[https://humanorigins.si.edu/research/east-african-research-projects/olorgesailie-drilling-project by Smithsonian]
+ In the Oct. 21 issue of the journal Science Advances, an interdisciplinary team of scientists led by Richard Potts, director of the Human Origins Program at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, describes the prolonged period of instability across the landscape in this part of Africa (now Kenya) that occurred at the same time humans in the region were undergoing a major behavioral and cultural shift in their evolution.