Everyday Life Under Segregation: Difference between revisions

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[https://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/remembering/public.html Water fountains labeled white and colored | Mary Sive | American RadioWorks / American Public Media | Undated; recalls summer 1947]
[https://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/remembering/public.html Water fountains labeled white and colored | Mary Sive | American RadioWorks / American Public Media | Undated; recalls summer 1947]
  Sive, a white traveler from the North, recalls encountering racially labeled drinking fountains during a cross-country rail journey. She explains how this ordinary act of drinking water made segregation's pervasive reach tangible to her.
  Sive, a white traveler from the North, recalls encountering racially labeled drinking fountains during a cross-country rail journey. She explains how this ordinary act of drinking water made segregation's pervasive reach tangible to her.
=== Shopping, Travel, and Public Spaces ===
'''63. Clara Maddox — Buying a Banana Split but Being Forbidden to Sit Down'''
[https://www.nps.gov/kemo/learn/historyculture/claramaddox.htm Interview with Clara Maddox | Clara Maddox | National Park Service | October 18, 2017]
Maddox remembers everyday restrictions in Marietta, Georgia: buying ice cream but being unable to eat inside, using separate drinking fountains, and entering businesses through back doors. She also describes standing on buses when white passengers occupied the rear seats, alongside memories of school routines and neighbors sharing food.
'''64. Lamuriel Adams — Childhood Friendships, Segregated Buses, and Klan Intimidation'''
[https://www.nps.gov/kemo/learn/photosmultimedia/lamurieladams.htm Interview with Lamuriel Adams | Lamuriel Adams | National Park Service | October 18, 2017]
Adams recalls accompanying her grandmother to domestic work, playing with white children, and later moving to the Black side of town. Her account includes crowded segregated buses, long walks to school, and instructions to close windows and extinguish lights when the Ku Klux Klan drove through the neighborhood.
'''65. Herbert Cross — Waiting Until Every White Customer Had Been Served'''
[https://crbb.tcu.edu/clips/2387/childhood-memories-3 Childhood Memories | Herbert Cross | Civil Rights in Black and Brown, Texas Christian University | June 20, 2016]
Cross describes growing up in Mineral Wells, Texas, where Black employment centered on hotel service, laundry, and domestic work. He remembers a small school serving all twelve grades and stores that made him wait while white customers received service first, even when he had arrived before them.
'''66. Nathaniel Washington — Restaurant Rules and Bus Seating in Charlotte'''
[https://goldmine.charlotte.edu/record/26471 Nathaniel Washington Oral History Interview | Nathaniel Washington | University of North Carolina at Charlotte | November 14, 2006]
Washington recalls separate ordering procedures for Black restaurant customers, segregated bus seating, and the destruction of Black neighborhoods through urban renewal. His account also follows his working life, including advancement to a restaurant management position supervising white employees.
'''67. Billy Taylor — Music, Shopping, and Exclusion in Washington, D.C.'''
[https://www.pbs.org/ellingtonsdc/interviewTaylor.htm Interview with Dr. Billy Taylor | Billy Taylor | PBS, Duke Ellington's Washington | Undated transcript]
Taylor remembers a neighborhood sustained by Black doctors, businesses, churches, and musicians. He describes being excluded from downtown theaters and lunch counters while enjoying concerts at Howard University and music in family homes. His childhood memories reveal both the restrictions of segregation and the community's rich cultural life.
=== Teachers and Everyday School Life ===
'''68. Anna McCright — Teaching in a One-Room School and Becoming a Principal'''
[https://mds.marshall.edu/oral_history/581/ Interview with Anna McCright | Anna McCright | Marshall University | 1999, catalog publication year]
McCright discusses a teaching career beginning in a one-room school in 1942 and extending into school leadership in West Virginia. Her recollections cover segregated education, changes accompanying desegregation, racial and gender barriers, childhood celebrations, and experiences living in a white neighborhood.
'''69. Mary M. Elston — Family, Recreation, and a Teaching Career'''
[https://mds.marshall.edu/oral_history/573/ Interview with Mary M. Elston | Mary M. Elston | Marshall University | 1997, catalog publication year]
Elston recalls childhood recreation, family relationships, education at Genoa High School and Bluefield State, and her later teaching career. She discusses segregation and desegregation alongside marriage, children, sorority membership, and social differences within Black communities.
'''70. B. W. Browne — From a One-Room School to Lincoln High School'''
[https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/oh-education/6/ Interview with B. W. Browne | Birdius William Browne | Murray State University | July 2, 1979]
Browne remembers attending a one-room school in Warsaw, Kentucky, and later teaching in segregated schools. As a former principal of Lincoln High School in Paducah, he describes educational life, relationships with parents and the community, and the consolidation of schools in 1965. The archive provides a recorded interview.
'''71. Walter Banks White — Growing Up Around a Segregated Community School'''
[https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/oralhistoryprogram/562/ Interview with Reverend Walter Banks White | Walter Banks White | Winthrop University | July 11, 2012, archive publication date]
White recalls childhood in Rock Hill, South Carolina, during the 1930s and 1940s and attending Emmett Scott High School, graduating in 1947. His account connects schooling with community life, his subsequent teaching and ministry, and the difficulties that accompanied school integration.
'''72. Hazel Harvey Peace — Teaching, Theater, and Unequal Access to Libraries'''
[https://oralhistory.unt.edu/oh-1504 Oral History Interview, OH 1504 | Hazel Harvey Peace | University of North Texas | February 2003–March 2004]
Peace discusses growing up under segregation and teaching at I. M. Terrell High School in Fort Worth. Her recollections include student theater and debate, obstacles to using Texas Christian University's library, and summers spent in New York. This link is a catalog description; consult the archive for the full interview.
=== Family and Community in South Carolina and Oklahoma ===
'''73. Eva Armstrong — Farm Life and Long Walks to School'''
[https://immutable.library.sc.edu/fairfieldhighschool/eva-armstrong/index.html Eva Armstrong Oral History | Eva Armstrong | University of South Carolina | October 26, 2017]
Armstrong remembers growing up in a large family near Ridgeway, South Carolina, raising food and walking miles to school. She describes cold hands, teachers helping children warm up, and teachers boarding with her family. Her account links household survival, landownership, and education under segregation.
'''74. Fannie Ford, Charlie Belton, and Easter Samuels — Teachers' Home Visits and the Loss of a School'''
[https://immutable.library.sc.edu/fairfieldhighschool/fannie-ford-charlie-belton-easter-samuels/index.html Joint Oral History Interview | Fannie Ford, Charlie Belton, and Easter Samuels | University of South Carolina | October 26, 2017]
In this joint interview, three former students recall Fairfield County schools, family conversations about integration, teachers visiting homes, and the closing of Fairfield High School. They discuss curriculum differences and limited extracurricular opportunities for Black students at Winnsboro High School, as well as class rings and reunions.
'''75. Carl Jackson Jr. — Family, School, and Work in Winnsboro'''
[https://crdl.usg.edu/record/suc_fairfieldhs_carl-jackson-jr Carl Jackson Jr. Oral History | Carl Jackson Jr. | University of South Carolina, via Civil Rights Digital Library | October 26, 2017]
Jackson recalls growing up in Winnsboro, relationships with his grandparents, and attending Gordon and Fairfield schools before integration. His account follows his movement through textile work, military service, college, and teaching, connecting childhood education with the opportunities available to him later.
'''76. Edwinda Goodman — Teachers Boarding at Home and Growing Family Responsibilities'''
[https://crdl.usg.edu/record/suc_fairfieldhs_edwinda-goodman Edwinda Goodman Oral History | Edwinda Goodman | University of South Carolina, via Civil Rights Digital Library | October 26, 2017]
Goodman remembers a close-knit Winnsboro community, teachers boarding in her family home, and attending Fairfield and Winnsboro high schools during integration. She discusses classroom life, influential educators, becoming head of her family at eighteen, and integration's effects on Black teachers.
'''77. Okla Hicks — Moving So the Children Could Continue Their Education'''
[https://cdm17279.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/attucks/id/2 Oral History Interview with Okla Hicks | Okla Hicks | Oklahoma State University | August 9, 2014]
Hicks recalls her family's move from Murphy to Vinita, Oklahoma, after her older sister exhausted the schooling available locally. A 1953 graduate of Attucks School, she describes her childhood home, teachers, working while attending school, and the lasting community connections maintained through reunions.
=== Housing, Homeownership, and Neighborhood Life ===
'''78. Joseph R. Williams — Practicing Medicine and Finding a Home'''
[https://oralhistory.unt.edu/oh-0871 Oral History Interview, OH 0871 | Joseph R. Williams | University of North Texas | August 24 and 30, 1990]
Williams recalls childhood in Dallas, medical training, discrimination against Black physicians, and restricted housing opportunities. He discusses building a home in Hamilton Park and concerns about schools and zoning. This catalog record identifies a 132-page interview; consult the archive for the full narrative.
'''79. Freddie M. Nance — Buying a House and Building a Social Life'''
[https://oralhistory.unt.edu/oh-0895 Oral History Interview, OH 0895 | Freddie M. Nance | University of North Texas | August 31–September 9, 1990]
Nance discusses segregated schooling in Dallas, employment, housing choices, and her decision to buy a home in Hamilton Park. Her recollections include home improvements, church activities, social life, and school desegregation. This link provides the archive's description of the interview rather than its complete text.
'''80. Edward L. and Mary A. Newhouse — Raising a Family in Hamilton Park'''
[https://oralhistory.unt.edu/oh-0956 Oral History Interview, OH 0956 | Edward L. and Mary A. Newhouse | University of North Texas | December 6–14, 1990]
The Newhouses remember segregated education in East Texas and the housing difficulties Black families faced in Dallas. Their joint account covers home improvements, neighborhood social life, school activities, flooding, and the closing of Hamilton Park's secondary schools. This is a catalog record for the 108-page interview.
'''81. Vivian T. Starks — Teaching, Transportation, and Homeownership'''
[https://oralhistory.unt.edu/oh-1005 Oral History Interview, OH 1005 | Vivian T. Starks | University of North Texas | April 23 and May 8, 1991]
Starks recalls segregated schooling in Bryan, attending Wiley College, and teaching in Dallas's segregated schools. She discusses buying a home in Hamilton Park, transportation difficulties, church life, and changes in her teaching employment during desegregation. The linked page is an interview catalog record.
'''82. Ona B. Smith — Shopping, Transportation, and Pride in a Home'''
[https://oralhistory.unt.edu/oh-1032 Oral History Interview, OH 1032 | Ona B. Smith | University of North Texas | April 30 and May 7, 1991]
Smith remembers childhood as a sharecropper's daughter, segregated education, and Dallas housing conditions during the 1940s and 1950s. She discusses homeownership, shopping, transportation, drainage problems, and involvement in school and neighborhood organizations. This catalog record describes an 86-page oral history.
=== Education, Work, and Crossing Racial Boundaries ===
'''83. Euvester Simpson — Leaving Mississippi for a Better Education'''
[https://www.loc.gov/item/2015669171/ Euvester Simpson Oral History Interview | Euvester Simpson | Civil Rights History Project, Library of Congress and Smithsonian Institution | March 12, 2013]
Simpson recalls growing up in Itta Bena, Mississippi, and her parents' decision to send her to Racine, Wisconsin, because of the education available under segregation. Her account connects family decisions and interrupted schooling with her return to Mississippi and subsequent involvement in the civil rights movement.
'''84. Cynthia Plair Roddey — Everyday Life as Winthrop's First Black Graduate Student'''
[https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/oralhistoryprogram/630/ Interview with Cynthia Plair Roddey | Cynthia Plair Roddey | Winthrop University | September 4, 1994]
Roddey discusses family encouragement, influential teachers, and her preparation at a historically Black college before entering Winthrop. Recalling her graduate studies from 1964 to 1967, she describes limited social integration despite an absence of overt hostility, offering a personal account of life after formal admission barriers fell.
'''85. Robert Ramsey Jr. — Childhood at Attucks School and the Arrival of Integration'''
[https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/attucks/id/20/ Oral History Interview with Robert Ramsey Jr. | Robert Ramsey Jr. | Oklahoma State University | August 9, 2014]
Ramsey remembers childhood in Vinita's segregated community and attending Attucks School before integration. He describes the school and reactions to the transition, then reflects on his later career and ministry. His account adds a younger student's perspective to memories of Oklahoma's separate school system.
'''86. Josetta Walker — College Bus Journeys and a Family's Experience of Desegregation'''
[https://www.nps.gov/kemo/learn/historyculture/josettawalker.htm Interview with Josetta Walker | Josetta Walker | National Park Service | October 18, 2017]
Walker recalls traveling between home and Tuskegee, including a segregated waiting room at the Montgomery bus station. She also remembers her father preparing to pay his poll tax and discusses her family's experience when her husband became one of the Black teachers desegregating Marietta High School.
'''87. Ledell Goodson Randle — From Sharecropping to Domestic and Factory Work'''
[https://oralhistory.unt.edu/oh-1600 Oral History Interview, OH 1600 | Ledell Goodson Randle | University of North Texas | October 7, 2006]
Randle recalls childhood in a sharecropping family near Hawkins, Texas, attending all-Black schools, and moving to Dallas in 1941 for domestic and factory work. She discusses marriage, relocation to Eastland, church life, and her children's schooling. This link is a catalog description of the interview.
[[Category:First-person narratives]]
[[Category:Everyday life under segregation]]
[[Category:Oral histories]]
[[Category:African American history]]


[[Category:Racial segregation]]
[[Category:Racial segregation]]
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