Agroforestry

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Agroforestry: Foundations and Overviews

Agroforestry: A Primer | CIFOR-ICRAF | FAO Family Farming Knowledge Platform | 2022

Explains agroforestry design and management principles and how tree-based farming can contribute to yields, income, soil health, water management, and resilience.

Agroforestry: Enhancing Resiliency in U.S. Agricultural Landscapes Under Changing Conditions | Michele Schoeneberger, Gary Bentrup and Toral Patel-Weynand | USDA Forest Service | 2017

Synthesizes evidence on how agroforestry can increase the resilience of American agriculture while providing soil, water, climate, wildlife, and production benefits.

Overview | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | FAO | n.d.

Defines agroforestry and explains how integrating trees with crops and livestock can improve production, resilience, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability.

Agroforestry | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | FAO | n.d.

Introduces agroforestry as a multifunctional land-use approach capable of strengthening resilient agrifood systems while maintaining tree cover on agricultural land.

Agroforestry | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox | n.d.

Provides practical guidance on designing, establishing, managing, and supporting agroforestry systems within sustainable forest and land management.

Frequently Asked Questions About Agroforestry | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | FAO | n.d.

Answers common questions about agroforestry benefits, climate mitigation, adaptation, implementation barriers, and its relationship with agroecology.

Agroforestry Activities | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | FAO | n.d.

Describes FAO efforts to promote agroforestry through technical assistance, monitoring, policy development, capacity building, and support for farmers.

Agroforestry Systems | USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service | USDA | n.d.

Introduces major agroforestry practices including alley cropping, silvopasture, forest farming, windbreaks, and riparian forest buffers.

Agroforestry | USDA Climate Hubs | United States Department of Agriculture | n.d.

Explains how agroforestry can help agricultural producers adapt to climate change while storing carbon, protecting water, and diversifying farm income.

Agroforestry Helps Protect Crops and the Environment | USDA Agricultural Research Service | USDA | n.d.

Discusses research showing how trees incorporated into farms can moderate microclimates, protect water quality, store carbon, and provide wildlife and pollinator habitat.

Global Research, Climate, and Multifunctionality

Global Bias-Aware Synthesis of Meta-Analyses Reveals Agroforestry's Potential for Improving Soil Health | Camille Manon Rubeaud et al. | Global Change Biology | 2026-06-18

Synthesizes 26 meta-analyses and finds broad improvements in soil carbon, soil properties, nutrient cycling, and water regulation under agroforestry.

Scientific Trends on Agroforestry and Climate Change: A Scientometric Analysis (2014–2024) | Elen Raquel Ferreira Maciel et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-05-28

Maps a decade of agroforestry and climate-change research, identifying major themes, geographic patterns, scientific networks, and remaining knowledge gaps.

Global Agroforestry Adoption: A Meta-Analysis of Econometric-Based Studies | K. Stubblefield, Z. Cai, M.M. Smith et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-05-26

Synthesizes econometric research to identify socioeconomic, institutional, farm-level, and demographic factors influencing agroforestry adoption worldwide.

Enhancement of Agroecosystem Multifunctionality by Agroforestry: A Global Quantitative Summary | Antoine Mathieu, Marc-Olivier Martin-Guay and David Rivest | Global Change Biology | 2025-05-14

Synthesizes thousands of comparisons and finds that agroforestry generally improves ecosystem services and biodiversity relative to simpler agricultural systems.

Reduction of Deforestation by Agroforestry in High Carbon Stock Forests of Southeast Asia | Hoong Chen Teo, Aakash Lamba, Sean J.W. Ng, Anh Tuan Nguyen, Adrian Dwiputra et al. | Nature Sustainability | 2025-03-11

Uses regional evidence and causal analysis to investigate whether agroforestry expansion can reduce deforestation in high-carbon landscapes of Southeast Asia.

The Ecological and Socioeconomic Sustainability of Organic Agroforestry: A Systematic Review | Aaron Willmott et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-09-20

Reviews evidence on systems combining agroforestry and organic agriculture and evaluates their ecological, economic, and social sustainability.

The Ties That Bind: Agroforestry as a Transformative Approach Towards Agroecological Transitions | Marney E. Isaac et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-08-03

Examines how trees can connect ecological processes, agricultural production, communities, and institutions during transitions toward agroecological farming.

What Challenges Impede the Adoption of Agroforestry Practices? A Global Perspective Through a Systematic Literature Review | Margherita Tranchina, Bert Reubens, Marco Frey et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-04-26

Reviews economic, institutional, land-tenure, knowledge, labor, and market barriers that prevent wider adoption of agroforestry.

Priority Science Can Accelerate Agroforestry as a Natural Climate Solution | Drew E. Terasaki Hart et al. | Nature Climate Change | 2023-09-28

Identifies priority research needed to expand agroforestry as a natural climate solution and estimates substantial potential for additional carbon sequestration.

Agroforestry for Ecosystem Services and Environmental Benefits: An Overview | Shibu Jose | Agroforestry Systems | 2009-04-07

Reviews agroforestry's ability to sequester carbon, conserve biodiversity, enrich soils, and improve air and water quality.

Soil, Biodiversity, Carbon, and Ecosystem Services

Evidence on Agroforestry Practices for Climate Change Adaptation in Africa from a Systematic Review | Silas Uwumborge Takal, Abdul-Wahab Tahiru, Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere and Samuel Jerry Cobbina | Discover Environment | 2026-07-06

Reviews African evidence showing agroforestry can support climate adaptation through soil improvement, water management, productivity, food security, and livelihood diversification.

Potential of Agroforestry Practices to Improve Biodiversity and Carbon Sequestration in Africa | Gemechis B. Mosisa, Tessema Toru, Nega Tassie and Kabuyene Kakundane Joel | Discover Agriculture | 2026-07-06

Reviews research across African countries and highlights agroforestry's largely underused potential for simultaneously conserving biodiversity and storing carbon.

Do Multistrata Agroforestry, Improved Fallow, and Woodlot Systems Enhance Agricultural Productivity and Soil Fertility Compared to Shifting Cultivation in Tropical Drylands? | Armenio Cangela, Armindo Cambule, Gert Nyberg and Ulrik Ilstedt | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-03-19

Reports a four-year Mozambique experiment in which multistrata agroforestry increased overall land productivity, although soil-fertility responses were more limited in the short term.

Long-Term Agroforestry Enhances Soil Organic Carbon Pools and Deep Soil Carbon Sequestration in the Indian Himalayas | Swarnashree Barman, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Charan Singh, A.C. Rathore et al. | Frontiers in Environmental Science | 2025-06-12

Finds that long-established agroforestry systems can increase carbon storage not only near the surface but also in deeper Himalayan soils.

Identifying Agroforestry Characteristics for Enhanced Nutrient Cycling Potential in Brazil | Various authors | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2024-03-01

Examines which structural and management characteristics of Brazilian agroforestry systems are most closely associated with improved nutrient cycling.

Agroforestry Enhances Biological Activity, Diversity and Soil-Based Ecosystem Functions in Mountain Agroecosystems of Latin America: A Meta-Analysis | Anna M. Visscher, Paula Meli, Steven J. Fonte, Gianmaria Bonari, Stefan Zerbe and Camilla Wellstein | Global Change Biology | 2023-12-08

Finds that agroforestry generally strengthens soil biological activity, biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and other ecosystem functions in Latin American mountain agriculture.

Meta-Analysis Unveils Differential Effects of Agroforestry on Soil Properties in Different Zonobiomes | Mbezele Junior Yannick Ngaba et al. | Plant and Soil | 2023-11-22

Shows that agroforestry effects on soil carbon, nutrients, physical properties, and fertility differ substantially among climate and ecological zones.

Agroforestry Boosts Soil Health in the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics: A Meta-Analysis | Mary N. Muchane et al. | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2020-06-15

Finds significant improvements in several indicators of soil health when trees are integrated into tropical agricultural systems.

Agroforestry Delivers a Win-Win Solution for Ecosystem Services in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Meta-Analysis | Shem Kuyah, Cory W. Whitney, Mattias Jonsson, Gudeta W. Sileshi, Ingrid Öborn, Catherine W. Muthuri and Eike Luedeling | Agronomy for Sustainable Development | 2019-09-09

Finds that agroforestry can improve multiple ecosystem services in sub-Saharan African farming landscapes without necessarily sacrificing agricultural production.

Can Agroforestry Systems Enhance Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Provision in Agricultural Landscapes? A Meta-Analysis for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest | Pedro Zanetti Freire Santos, Renato Crouzeilles and Jerônimo Boelsums Barreto Sansevero | Forest Ecology and Management | 2019-02-15

Evaluates whether agroforestry can reconcile agricultural land use with biodiversity conservation and ecosystem-service restoration in Brazil's Atlantic Forest.

Adoption, Economics, Policy, and Farmer Decision-Making

Agroforestry and Smallholder Farmers' Welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | Sileshi Abebe Jemaneh, Mesfin Tilahun, Jessica P.R. Thorn, Zenebe Girmay Siyum and Martin Dallimer | Agricultural Systems | 2026

Reviews how agroforestry affects income, consumption, yields, food security, resilience, and other dimensions of smallholder welfare across sub-Saharan Africa.

Kenya's Agroforestry Strategy to Boost Agricultural Productivity, Improve Livelihoods and Restore Landscapes | Irene Sinoya | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2025-12-15

Describes Kenya's National Agroforestry Strategy 2025–2035 and its goals for farm productivity, livelihoods, restoration, climate resilience, and increased tree cover.

The Adoption of Agroforestry Practices: The Determinants and Constraints Among Smallholder Farmers in Juba County, South Sudan | Joseph Mayindo Mayele and Takeshi Sakurai | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-09-29

Identifies factors encouraging or constraining agroforestry adoption among smallholders in South Sudan.

Cross-Sectoral Coordination in the Implementation of Agroforestry in Malawi | Nicholas P. Ndlovu | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change | 2025-06-24

Investigates how coordination among agriculture, forestry, environmental, and development institutions affects implementation of agroforestry policy in Malawi.

Beyond Cocoa Agroforestry in Ghana: Agroforestry Knowledge, Practices and Adoption Among Smallholder Food Crop Farmers in Rural Ghana | Various authors | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-05-21

Shifts attention beyond cocoa to examine how Ghanaian food-crop farmers understand and adopt agroforestry practices.

Farmer Perceptions Toward the Adoption of Agroforestry Practices: A Case Study of Northwestern Ethiopia | M.Y. Gashu, D. Mesfin and T.A. Dessie | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems | 2025-01-31

Examines how farmers perceive agroforestry benefits and constraints and how those perceptions influence adoption decisions in northwestern Ethiopia.

Exploring the Transition to Agroforestry for Smallholder Farmers: A Feasibility Study for the Ashanti Region of Ghana | Youp Dumas, Jolien Ubacht, Ellen van Andel and Lily Akorfa Keledorme | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems | 2025-01-08

Evaluates technical, economic, institutional, and farmer-level conditions affecting a transition toward agroforestry in Ghana's Ashanti region.

What Influences Farmers to Grow Trees for Climate Change Mitigation or Adaptation? | D. Wakaba, A. Kuria, B. Chiputwa and C. Muthuri | CIFOR-ICRAF / Agroforestry Systems | 2025

Examines motivations and household characteristics influencing Kenyan farmers' decisions to plant trees for climate mitigation, adaptation, or both.

Adoption of Agroforestry Systems by Smallholders' Farmers in the Sudano-Sahelian Zones of Mali and Burkina Faso, West Africa | S. Fané, D.K. Agbotui, S. Graefe, L. Sanou, S. Sanogo, A. Buerkert et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-09-20

Examines household and farm characteristics associated with adoption of tree-based farming practices in the dry Sudano-Sahelian region.

Challenges in Adoption and Wide Use of Agroforestry Technologies in Africa and Pathways for Improvement: A Systematic Review | Various authors | Trees, Forests and People | 2024

Identifies recurring barriers to African agroforestry adoption and discusses extension, policy, financing, land-tenure, and market reforms that could encourage wider use.

Agroforestry and Smallholder Farming in Africa

Understanding Gendered Aspirations, Decision-Making, and Fruit Tree Preferences in Makueni County, Kenya | Michelle Cohen, Mary Crossland, Eefke Mollee, Geneviève Laroche et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-08-22

Examines how gender, household decision-making, aspirations, and preferences influence which fruit trees farmers want to establish in eastern Kenya.

Nature in Kenya: Country Report 2022–2024 | CGIAR Initiative on Nature-Positive Solutions | CGIAR | 2025-02-20

Reviews nature-positive agricultural work in Kenya, including tree-based approaches intended to improve biodiversity, livelihoods, soils, and landscape resilience.

Agroforestry's Contribution to Livelihoods and Carbon Sequestration in East Africa: A Systematic Review | Various authors | Trees, Forests and People | 2023

Reviews East African evidence linking agroforestry with food, fodder, firewood, household income, biomass carbon, and soil-carbon storage.

Farmers' Perceptions of Climate Change and Adoption of Agroforestry in Malawi | S. Moyo and P.W. Chirwa | Agroforestry Systems | 2015

Examines relationships between farmers' perceptions of changing climate conditions and their willingness to adopt agroforestry practices.

Photo Story: Responding to Climate-Related Risks to Address Food Insecurity in Nyando, Kenya | CGIAR CCAFS | CGIAR | 2015

Shows how farmers in western Kenya combined agroforestry with other climate-smart practices to respond to weather risks and food insecurity.

Farm Size and Distance to Markets Determine On-Farm Tree Richness and Diversity in Machakos County, Eastern Kenya | C. Mutunga, N. Dharani, K. Njogu and K. Kehlenbeck | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2014

Finds that farm size, market access, and household circumstances help explain variation in tree richness and diversity on farms in eastern Kenya.

Farmers Should Use Trees to Cushion Their Farms from Degradation | John Recha, Philip Kimeli and Vivian Atakos | CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security | 2013-08-12

Describes how integrating trees into Kenyan farms can help reduce land degradation while providing fodder, fuel, soil fertility, and climate-resilience benefits.

Gender and Agroforestry in Africa: A Review of Women's Participation | Esther Kiptot and Steven Franzel | Agroforestry Systems | 2011

Reviews gender differences in access to land, tree products, labor, markets, knowledge, and decision-making that shape women's participation in African agroforestry.

Tree Establishment and Management on Farms in the Drylands: Evaluation of Different Systems Adopted by Small-Scale Farmers in Mutomo District, Kenya | Various authors | CIFOR-ICRAF | n.d.

Examines farmer-developed methods for establishing and managing trees under the difficult rainfall and soil conditions of Kenya's drylands.

Fruit Crops in the Cashew-Coconut System of Kenya: Their Use, Management and Agroforestry Potential | Various authors | CIFOR-ICRAF | n.d.

Investigates fruit-tree diversity and management within coastal Kenyan cashew-coconut farming systems and their potential for agroforestry development.

Livelihoods, Gender, Knowledge, and Food Systems

Critical Agroforestry: A Conceptual and Analytical Approach for Reclaiming Agroforestry's Emancipatory Origins | Eric Mensah Kumeh | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-08-21

Argues that agroforestry should be examined not only as a technical land-use system but also through power, justice, ownership, and social transformation.

Agroforestry for Pollinator Support and Food Security: A Review | Santosh Paudel, Sudha Bhandari and Suraj Upadhaya | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems | 2025-11-21

Reviews how diverse tree-based farming systems can provide nesting sites, forage, and habitat for pollinators while contributing to crop production and food security.

Food Forests and Forest Gardens: Definition, Practical Application and Role in Sustainable Development | Various authors | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-09-20

Reviews definitions, design principles, practical applications, and sustainability claims associated with multilayer food forests and forest gardens.

A Systematic Scoping Literature Review into Temperate Food Forests: An Overview of the Current Knowledge and a Research Agenda | Jorie Knook, Chrystal Te Ohorere O'Connor, Hiraina Tangiora et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-09-20

Maps existing research on temperate food forests and identifies major evidence gaps requiring further ecological, economic, and social study.

Homegarden Agroforestry System: A Medicinal Hub in East Kameng District, Arunachal Pradesh, India | Ajum, Rido, Pokhaw, Tonlong Wangpan and Sumpam | Indian Journal of Agroforestry | 2025

Documents medicinal plant diversity within homegarden agroforestry systems and highlights their role in preserving useful plant resources and traditional knowledge.

Interaction Between Agroforestry and Women's Land Tenure Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Matrilocal Perspective | Emmanuel O. Benjamin, Oreoluwa Ola, Johannes Sauer and Gertrud Buchenrieder | Forest Policy and Economics | 2021-12

Explores how agroforestry investment and women's land-tenure security interact within matrilocal communities in sub-Saharan Africa.

Opportunities and Challenges of Adopting Home Garden Agroforestry Practices in Ethiopia: A Review | Various authors | Cogent Food & Agriculture | 2019

Reviews the food, income, biodiversity, and livelihood benefits of Ethiopian homegardens as well as constraints limiting their wider adoption.

Turning Local Knowledge on Agroforestry into an Online Decision-Support Tool: The 'Which Tree Where' Approach | CGIAR CCAFS | CGIAR | 2016

Shows how local ecological knowledge can be combined with scientific information to improve decisions about which tree species to plant and where.

Land Ownership and Its Impact on Adoption of Agroforestry Practices Among Rural Households in Kenya: A Case of Busia County | Agnes Mugure, Peter Gutwa Oino and Benard Mwori Sorre | International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies | 2013-11

Examines how different forms of land ownership and tenure influence household willingness to establish trees and adopt agroforestry in western Kenya.

Climate Change and Tree Genetic Resource Management: Maintaining and Enhancing the Productivity and Value of Smallholder Tropical Agroforestry Landscapes – A Review | Various authors | CIFOR-ICRAF | n.d.

Reviews why conserving and managing genetic diversity in useful tree species is important for productive and climate-resilient smallholder agroforestry.

Cocoa, Coffee, Rubber, and Tropical Perennial Crops

Multifunctional Sustainability Benefits of Rubber Agroforestry: Evidence from Rubber–Alpinia oxyphylla Systems in Tropical China | Dongling Qi, Chuan Yang, Jianan Liu, Bangqian Chen et al. | Trees, Forests and People | 2026-05

Finds that diversified rubber agroforestry can improve carbon storage and other ecological functions compared with conventional rubber monoculture.

The Unrealized Potential of Agroforestry for an Emissions-Intensive Agricultural Commodity | Alexander Becker et al. | Nature Sustainability | 2025-08-06

Uses cocoa production as a case study to quantify opportunities for shade trees and agroforestry to reduce the climate footprint of an emissions-intensive commodity.

Beyond the Canopy: Mapping Cocoa Fields in Cameroon's Agroforestry Systems for a Deforestation-Free Cocoa | FAO Investment Centre | FAO | 2025-05-19

Describes efforts to map Cameroon's cocoa agroforestry landscapes to improve traceability and support compliance with deforestation-free commodity requirements.

Cocoa Agroforestry Systems in Cameroon: Understanding Management, Diversity and Farmer Strategies | Isabelle Michel, Julien Blanco, François Manga Essouma and Stéphanie M. Carrière | Agricultural Systems | 2024

Examines the diversity of cocoa agroforestry systems in Cameroon and how farmers manage shade trees in response to production, livelihood, and ecological objectives.

Rubber-Based Agroforestry Systems Associated with Food Crops: A Solution for Sustainable Rubber and Food Production? | Various authors | Agriculture | 2024

Reviews the potential for food crops grown with rubber trees to diversify production, strengthen food security, and improve the sustainability of rubber landscapes.

Cocoa Agroforestry in West Africa: Experiences from the Private Sector and Opportunities for Collaborative Action | Tropenbos International, Tropenbos Ghana and Nitidae | Tropenbos International | 2023

Reviews private-sector cocoa agroforestry initiatives in West Africa and identifies opportunities for collaboration, improved incentives, and landscape-scale action.

Cocoa Agroforestry Systems in Africa – The Art of Reconciling Sustainable Production and Ecological Services | Patrick Jagoret, Stéphane Saj and Aurélie Carimentrand | CIRAD Perspective | 2020

Explains how diversified cocoa agroforests can combine cocoa production with carbon storage, biodiversity conservation, soil fertility, and livelihood benefits.

Climate-Smart Sustainable Agriculture in Low-to-Intermediate Shade Agroforests | W.J. Blaser, J. Oppong, S.P. Hart, J. Landolt, E. Yeboah, J. Six et al. | Nature Sustainability | 2018-05-15

Finds that low-to-intermediate shade in West African cocoa agroforestry can provide favorable trade-offs among cocoa production, carbon storage, biodiversity, and ecosystem services.

Shade Tree Diversity Enhances Coffee Production and Quality in Agroforestry Systems in the Western Ghats | Various authors | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2017-09-01

Examines how diverse shade-tree communities can influence coffee yields, bean quality, microclimate, and ecological functions in India's Western Ghats.

Afforestation of Savannah with Cocoa Agroforestry Systems: A Small-Farmer Innovation in Central Cameroon | Various authors | FAO Family Farming Knowledge Platform | n.d.

Describes a farmer-led approach in Cameroon in which cocoa agroforestry is used to establish productive tree cover on former savannah land.

Silvopasture, Restoration, and Tree-Crop Integration

Silvopasture in the United States: Results from the National Agroforestry Producer Survey | Matthew M. Smith, Kristin Floress, Mark Batcheler, Gary Bentrup, Katherine MacFarland, Todd Kellerman and Lord Ameyaw | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-05-26

Uses responses from U.S. producers to examine silvopasture management, motivations, benefits, challenges, products, and market outlets.

Leucaena-Based Alley Cropping System: An Approach for Reclaiming Degraded Land, Reducing the Use of Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizer, and Improving Crop Productivity | Various authors | Agro | 2025-04-11

Examines nitrogen-fixing Leucaena alley cropping as a way to rehabilitate degraded land while reducing fertilizer demand and increasing crop productivity.

Effect of Silvopasture, Paddock Trees and Linear Agroforestry Systems on Agricultural Productivity: A Global Quantitative Analysis | Thomas P. Baker, Jacqueline R. England, Shaun T. Brooks, Stephen B. Stewart and Daniel Mendham | Agricultural Systems | 2025-03

Quantifies global evidence on how tree density, configuration, climate, and management influence pasture, livestock, and crop productivity in tree-based agricultural systems.

Tree Crop Interactions, Productivity and Physiological Efficiency of Understorey Crops in Alnus nepalensis and Gmelina arborea Based Agroforestry Systems in Eastern Himalayas | Krishnappa Rangappa, Nongmaithem Raju Singh, Rajappa Janyanaik Joga, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra et al. | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems | 2025-02-25

Measures how different overstory tree species influence the productivity and physiological performance of crops grown beneath them in Himalayan agroforestry.

Silvopasture: An Agroforestry Practice | Katherine MacFarland, Samuel Feibel, Mark Batcheler, Annabelle Moore, Matthew M. Smith and Aaron Joslin | USDA Forest Service National Agroforestry Center | 2025

Provides practical guidance on combining trees, forage, and livestock to produce multiple products while improving animal comfort and environmental conditions.

The Transition from Shifting Cultivation to Indigenous Agroforestry as Nature-Based Solution for Land Restoration in the Indian Eastern Himalayas | Various authors | Ecological Indicators | 2024-05

Examines indigenous agroforestry as an alternative to shifting cultivation for restoring degraded landscapes while maintaining agricultural livelihoods.

Integrative Cultivation Pattern, Distribution, Yield and Potential Benefit of Rubber Based Agroforestry System in China | Dongling Qi, Zhixiang Wu, Bangqian Chen, Xicai Zhang, Chuan Yang and Qingmao Fu | Industrial Crops and Products | 2024

Maps rubber-based agroforestry patterns in China and evaluates their production potential and economic and ecological benefits.

Sustainable Integration of Rubber Plantations Within Agroforestry Systems in China: Current Research and Future Directions | Ruilong Zou, Lixiao Nie, Ye Tao, Zhenrui Cao, Jingyun Tian et al. | Plant Science Today | 2024

Reviews research on diversifying Chinese rubber plantations and identifies future priorities for ecological restoration, productivity, and sustainable management.

Mulberry Based Agroforestry System and Canopy Management Practices to Combat Soil Erosion and Enhancing Carbon Sequestration in Degraded Lands of Himalayan Foothills | Various authors | Environmental and Sustainability Indicators | 2024

Evaluates mulberry-based agroforestry and canopy management as strategies for reducing erosion, rehabilitating degraded soils, and storing carbon.

Economic Outcomes of Rubber-Based Agroforestry Systems: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis | Various authors | Agroforestry Systems | 2022

Synthesizes evidence on whether diversified rubber agroforestry can improve profitability, reduce financial risks, and provide more stable household income.

Silvopasture, Forest Farming, and Alley Cropping

Orchardgrass Yields More Forage Mass Than Mixes Containing Legumes in Silvopasture by Subtraction in Wisconsin, USA | Stefania Cartoni-Casamitjana, Alison J. Duff and Mark J. Renz | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-02-19

Compares forage mixtures under silvopasture conditions and provides evidence for selecting productive understory species in temperate tree-livestock systems.

Silvopastoral Systems Reduce Soil CO2 Emissions, Enhance Carbon Stocks, and Regulate the Micro-Environment in Tropical Grazing Lands | Various authors | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2025-11-01

Finds that tropical silvopastoral systems can increase carbon stocks, moderate microclimates, and reduce soil carbon dioxide emissions compared with open pasture.

Alley Cropping | USDA Forest Service National Agroforestry Center | USDA Forest Service | 2025-05-14

Provides an introduction to growing agricultural crops between rows of trees or shrubs and links to research and management resources.

The Potential of Silvopasture in the Mid-Atlantic USA: Insights from Land Managers on Motivations, Challenges, and Production Features | Sanjok Poudel, Kristine Ely and John Fike | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-02-19

Surveys land managers to identify why they establish silvopasture, how systems are managed, and what practical barriers hinder wider adoption.

Forest Farming: An Agroforestry Practice | Samuel Feibel, J.L. Chamberlain, Katherine Favor, Annabelle Moore and Katherine MacFarland | USDA Forest Service National Agroforestry Center | 2024

Explains how high-value crops such as medicinal plants, mushrooms, foods, and decorative materials can be cultivated beneath an existing forest canopy.

Is Alley Cropping Competitive in the Southeast United States? | Gregory E. Frey and Michael A. Cary | Agroforestry Systems | 2020

Evaluates the economic competitiveness of alley cropping relative to conventional agricultural and forestry land-use alternatives in the southeastern United States.

Alley Cropping as an Alternative Under Changing Climate and Risk Scenarios: A Monte-Carlo Simulation Approach | Michael A. Cary and Gregory E. Frey | Agricultural Systems | 2020

Uses economic simulation to assess how climate uncertainty and financial risk may alter the attractiveness of alley cropping relative to conventional farming.

Alley Cropping: Global Patterns of Species Composition and Function | Kevin J. Wolz and Evan H. DeLucia | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2018-01-15

Analyzes alley-cropping systems worldwide to identify common tree-crop combinations, geographic patterns, functions, and design characteristics.

Forest Farming Practices | James L. Chamberlain, D. Mitchell, T. Brigham, T. Hobby, L. Zabek and J. Davis | North American Agroforestry | 2009

Reviews forest-farming production systems and the management of specialty crops beneath forest canopies.

Alley Cropping: An Agroforestry Practice | Sandra Hodge, H.E. Garrett and Jerry Bratton | USDA National Agroforestry Center | 1999-01

Explains the basic design, management, benefits, and economic considerations of alley-cropping systems.

Temperate Agroforestry, Buffers, Windbreaks, and Regional Applications

The Early-Stage Effect of Alley Cropping System on the Soil Moisture and Temperature of Drought-Prone Silt-Loam Soil in European Temperate Transitional Climate | Helena Chalupecká, Lukáš Jačka, Marta Kuželková, Martin Kovář, Jiří Rous, Hossein Abbasizadeh et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-02-19

Investigates whether newly established tree rows can alter soil moisture and temperature in drought-prone European cropland.

Tree-Crop Combinations and Their Variable Effects on Agroecosystem Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Temperate Silvoarable Agroforestry in the Northern Hemisphere | Various authors | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2026-02-01

Synthesizes evidence showing that the benefits and trade-offs of temperate silvoarable systems depend strongly on tree species, crop combinations, climate, and management.

Analytical Work Supporting the Establishment of Agroforestry Systems | EU CAP Network | European Union | 2023

Examines how Common Agricultural Policy strategic plans in selected EU member states support the establishment and maintenance of agroforestry.

Establishing and Managing Riparian Forest Buffers | University of Missouri Extension | University of Missouri | 2022

Provides practical guidance for using streamside trees and shrubs to intercept pollutants, stabilize banks, improve water quality, and create wildlife habitat.

Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation Within Four Black Walnut Alley Cropping Sites Across Missouri and Arkansas, USA | Andrew L. Thomas, Robert Kallenbach, Thomas J. Sauer, David K. Brauer, David M. Burner, Mark V. Coggeshall et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2020-01-24

Measures carbon and nitrogen accumulation in long-term black walnut alley-cropping sites and documents their capacity to store nutrients and organic matter.

Agroforestry in the European Union | European Parliamentary Research Service | European Parliament | 2020

Reviews the extent, environmental benefits, policy treatment, and development prospects of agroforestry within the European Union.

Temperate Agroforestry Systems and Insect Pollinators: A Review | Various authors | USDA National Agroforestry Center | 2019

Reviews evidence that agroforestry practices can provide floral resources, nesting habitat, connectivity, and refuge for insect pollinators in agricultural landscapes.

Frontiers in Alley Cropping: Transformative Solutions for Temperate Agriculture | Kevin J. Wolz, Sarah T. Lovell, Bruce E. Branham et al. | Global Change Biology | 2017-12-08

Argues that modern alley cropping can transform temperate agriculture by combining perennial woody crops with annual production and ecological services.

Do European Agroforestry Systems Enhance Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services? A Meta-Analysis | Mario Torralba, Nora Fagerholm, Paul J. Burgess, Gerardo Moreno and Tobias Plieninger | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2016-08-16

Finds that European agroforestry generally improves biodiversity and multiple regulating ecosystem services compared with conventional agriculture or forestry.

Windbreaks | University of Wisconsin Extension | University of Wisconsin–Madison | n.d.

Explains how strategically planted rows of trees and shrubs can reduce wind erosion, protect crops and livestock, conserve moisture, and provide habitat.

Agroforestry: Emerging Research and System Design

Storying a Responsive Agroforestry Technical Assistance and Training Landscape in the US | H.L. Hemmelgarn et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-06-30

Examines how farmers, educators, agencies, and practitioners experience the U.S. agroforestry technical-assistance system and where support remains inadequate.

Designing Perennial Crop-Based Agroforestry Systems: Specificities, Challenges, and Opportunities | Anne Merot et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-05-26

Examines how long-lived perennial crops require agroforestry designs that account for changing interactions, shocks, management needs, and productivity across decades.

Place Attachment and Agroforestry Adoption | A.R. Ramirez, S. Castle and C.B. Wardropper | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-05-26

Investigates how farmers' emotional and cultural connections to land influence their willingness to establish agroforestry practices.

Enhancing Ecosystem Services to Mitigate Agro-Environmental Pressures: Integrating Participatory Mapping and Land Suitability Analysis for Crop-Livestock Mixed Farming and Agroforestry Systems | Alberto Mantino et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-02-24

Combines farmer knowledge and spatial analysis to identify locations where agroforestry and mixed farming can best improve ecosystem services.

English Farmers' Views on Agroforestry and Agroforestry Scheme Characteristics: A Qualitative Analysis of Drivers and Facilitators of Engagement | Beth Clark et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-02-06

Identifies characteristics of agroforestry programs that English farmers consider important when deciding whether to participate.

Understanding Adoption Risks of Peat-Adapted Agroforestry Options in South Sumatra Through Decision Analysis | Erlangga Erlangga et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-10-04

Uses decision analysis to evaluate the uncertainties farmers face when considering agroforestry systems designed for Indonesia's peatlands.

When Considering Uncertainty, Agroforestry Can Reduce Trade-Offs Between Economic and Ecological Benefits | Thomas Knoke et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-06-06

Shows how incorporating uncertainty into farm planning can make diversified agroforestry more attractive than decisions based only on expected financial returns.

Markets and Incentives Strongly Drive Agroforestry Adoption: Insights from Ethnic Minority Smallholders in Son La, Vietnam | Hoa Do et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-06-06

Finds that markets, financial incentives, technical support, and evolving household circumstances strongly influence fruit-tree agroforestry adoption pathways.

Guidelines for Improved Quantification and Reporting of Carbon Stocks and Additional Carbon Storage in Agroforestry Systems | Rémi Cardinael et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-04-05

Proposes improved standards for measuring and reporting biomass and soil carbon so agroforestry carbon estimates can be compared more reliably among studies.

The Role of Drivers of Change in the Transition to Agroforestry | S. van der Meulen and D.J. Stobbelaar | Agroforestry Systems | 2023-11-02

Explores social, economic, ecological, and farm-level forces that influence farmers moving from conventional agriculture toward agroforestry.

Farmer Adoption, Economics, and Social Dimensions

Agroforestry as a Pathway to Climate-Smart Agribusiness: Challenges and Opportunities for Smallholder Farmers in Developing Countries | Getahun Kassa | Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems | 2026-07-03

Reviews opportunities for turning agroforestry into viable climate-smart enterprises while identifying financing, markets, tenure, knowledge, and infrastructure constraints.

Connections to Trees in the Countryside: Exploring Public Perceptions of Agroforestry as a Future Land Management System in England | Sophie Tindale et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-08-19

Examines public attitudes toward tree-rich agricultural landscapes and the social acceptability of expanding agroforestry across England.

Role of Exposure in Adoption and Intensity of Tree Planting Practices Among Smallholder Households in Rwanda | Hilda Kegode et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-05-13

Finds that sustained exposure to agroforestry programs increases tree planting, with training, seedlings, and gender-sensitive outreach affecting results.

Can Homegarden Commercialization Contribute to Food Security in Sahel? Case Study from Northern Ghana | W. Nkomoki et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-03-15

Investigates whether greater commercialization of products from homegardens contributes to household food security in northern Ghana.

Factors Affecting Missouri Land Managers' Willingness-to-Adopt Agroforestry Practices | Kelsi Stubblefield et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-12-27

Finds that knowledge, technical assistance, environmental benefits, establishment costs, and farm characteristics affect willingness to adopt different agroforestry practices.

Aspirations, Ambitions and the Adoption of Diverse Fruit Trees – A Case Study of the Livelihood Effects in Kenya | Various authors | Trees, Forests and People | 2024-06

Shows that household aspirations and ambitions help explain fruit-tree adoption and that adoption can improve food security and income.

Factors Influencing Adoption and Intensity of Agroforestry Systems for Mitigating Land Degradation in Gilgel Gibe I Catchment, Southwestern Ethiopia | Various authors | Cogent Food & Agriculture | 2024

Identifies household, institutional, economic, and land-management variables influencing both agroforestry adoption and the intensity of its use.

Ecosystem Services in Coffee Agroforestry: Their Potential to Improve Labour Efficiency Amongst Smallholder Coffee Producers | G.M. Tilden, J.N. Aranka and G.N. Curry | Agroforestry Systems | 2023-10-27

Explores how shade trees could reduce labor and external-input requirements while strengthening livelihoods among coffee smallholders in Papua New Guinea.

Carbon Revenue in the Profitability of Agroforestry Relative to Monocultures | Pirjetta Waldén, Markku Ollikainen and Helena Kahiluoto | Agroforestry Systems | 2019-02-19

Evaluates whether payments for stored carbon could make Ethiopian agroforestry systems financially more attractive than agricultural monocultures.

The Economic Potential of Fruit Trees as Shade in Blue Mountain Coffee Agroecosystems of the Yallahs River Watershed, Jamaica | Various authors | Agroforestry Systems | 2017-11-09

Shows that fruit trees used for coffee shade can produce economically significant additional products and diversify farm income.

Africa: Traditional Systems, Restoration, and Soil Fertility

Agroforestry and Degraded Croplands Restoration in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review | Tlou Elizabeth Mogale et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-06-25

Reviews evidence that tree-crop integration can restore soil fertility, organic carbon, productivity, and erosion control on degraded African croplands.

Towards Transdisciplinary Identification of Suitable Woody Perennials for Resilient Agro-Silvopastoral Systems in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of West Africa | Various authors | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-01-11

Combines research evidence and stakeholder knowledge to identify tree and shrub species suited to crops, livestock, and soils in Sahelian parklands.

Intervention of Smallholder Homegarden Agroforestry Enhanced Soil Fertility Status and Soil Organic Carbon Stock in Tigray Lowlands, Northern Ethiopia | Kiros Abay, Sarah Tewolde-Berhan and Kassa Teka | Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry | 2024-08-12

Finds improved soil fertility and soil-carbon storage associated with established homegarden agroforestry in northern Ethiopia.

Investigation of Woody Species Composition, Diversity, and Carbon Stock Under Agroforestry Practices in Oromia National Region State, Central Ethiopia | Meseret Setota, Wakshum Shiferaw and Daba Misgana | International Journal of Ecology | 2024-03-21

Documents tree diversity, structure, and carbon stocks in Ethiopian parkland and homegarden agroforestry systems across several agroecological zones.

Parkland Trees on Smallholder Farms Ameliorate Soil Physical-Chemical Properties in the Semi-Arid Area of Tigray, Ethiopia | Selam Ljalem et al. | Journal of Arid Land | 2024-02-12

Finds higher moisture, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other fertility indicators beneath established parkland trees than in adjacent open soils.

Progress, Challenges and Prospects of the Modified Taungya System in Ghana | John Narh | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-01-19

Reviews Ghana's modified Taungya approach, which combines tree plantation establishment with farmer cultivation as a forest-restoration strategy.

Agroforestry Practices Impacts on Soil Properties in the Drylands of Eastern Kenya | Various authors | Trees, Forests and People | 2023-12

Compares dryland agroforestry practices in Makueni and finds important differences in soil carbon, nitrogen, and other soil properties.

The Potential of Traditional Agroforestry Practices as Nature-Based Carbon Sinks in Ethiopia | Various authors | Nature-Based Solutions | 2023

Compares multistory systems, woodlots, and parklands and finds substantial biomass and soil-carbon storage across traditional Ethiopian agroforestry systems.

Farmer-Led Approaches to Increasing Tree Diversity in Fields and Farmed Landscapes in Ethiopia | Abayneh Derero et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2020-07-17

Shows that Ethiopian farmers often desire a much greater diversity of useful tree species than conventional nursery and planting programs provide.

Contribution of Agroforestry to Climate Change Mitigation and Livelihoods in Western Kenya | Saskia Reppin et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2019-03-16

Links farm-tree carbon stocks with household livelihoods and demonstrates how agroforestry can contribute simultaneously to mitigation and rural welfare.

Ethiopia and East African Agroforestry

Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics Across Coffee–Enset-Based Agroforestry Systems in Sidama, Southern Ethiopia | Galfato Gabiso et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-08-08

Examines how vegetation structure and species diversity influence carbon allocation between biomass and soils in coffee–enset agroforestry.

Interactive Effects of Agroforestry Systems and Slope Gradient on Soil Fertility in Smallholder Landscapes of Central Ethiopia | Kebamo Taye et al. | Discover Sustainability | 2026-06-22

Finds that agroforestry type and topographic position interact to influence soil organic carbon and fertility across Ethiopian farms.

Coffee Agroforestry, Soil Carbon, and Restoration of a Tropical Afromontane Rainforest | Various authors | Frontiers in Soil Science | 2026

Compares coffee agroforestry with fallow land, regenerating forest, and mature forest to assess how far tree-based coffee farming restores soil-carbon processes.

Climate-Smart Agriculture and Natural Forests: Synergistic Approaches for Climate Change Resilience and Combating Hunger in Ethiopia | Habtamu Achenef Tesema and Antensay Mekoya | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-09-15

Reviews opportunities for combining climate-smart farming, tree-based agriculture, and natural-forest conservation to strengthen Ethiopian food security.

Perennial Species Diversity, Ecosystem Carbon Stocks and Carbon Income in Coffee-Based Agroforestry Systems Along an Elevation Gradient in South-Eastern Ethiopia | Various authors | Geoderma Regional | 2024-12

Examines how altitude and shade-tree diversity affect vegetation, soil carbon, total ecosystem carbon, and potential carbon income in Ethiopian coffee systems.

The Impact of Household Wealth on Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks in Enset-Based Farming Systems in Southern Ethiopia | Various authors | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research | 2024-06

Shows that household wealth influences manure inputs and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks within enset-centered agroforestry farming systems.

Carbon Sequestration Potential of Coffee Based Agro-Forestry Systems in Nono Sale Forest, Southwest Ethiopia | Various authors | International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy | 2024

Measures biomass and soil carbon in different coffee agroforest types and finds substantial carbon storage associated with shade-tree vegetation.

Tropical Agroforestry Supports Insect Pollinators and Improves Bean Yield | Various authors | Journal of Applied Ecology | 2024

Finds that Tanzania's Chagga homegarden agroforestry supports richer pollinator communities and can improve pollination and common-bean production.

The Potential of Agroforestry Systems in Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation for Livelihood Improvement in Tana River Sub-County, Kenya | Anulisa Claire A. Okinyi | University of Nairobi | 2024

Examines agroforestry as a livelihood and climate-adaptation strategy in an arid and semi-arid region vulnerable to land degradation and climate variability.

The Effect of Shade Tree Species on Bird Communities in Central Kenyan Coffee Farms | Various authors | Bird Conservation International | 2022

Shows that shade-tree species selection influences habitat value for insectivorous birds within Kenyan coffee agroforestry.

Coffee Agroforestry and Climate Resilience

Carbon Storage, Climate Resilience, and Livelihoods in Coffee Agroforestry Systems: A Systematic Review | Altyeb Ali Abaker Omer et al. | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change | 2026-06-19

Synthesizes evidence linking shade coffee with carbon storage, climate resilience, income diversification, and other livelihood benefits.

Soil Structure and Organic Carbon Dynamics from Agroforestry and Conventional Coffee Systems in a Clayey Oxisol | Various authors | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2026-02-28

Finds improved porosity and water retention under coffee agroforestry while comparing soil-carbon dynamics with conventionally managed coffee.

Quantifying Tree Species Effects on Soil Organic Carbon Using Machine Learning Algorithm: A Case Study in Tropical Agroforestry System of Gayo Coffee, Indonesia | Various authors | Trees, Forests and People | 2026-01

Uses machine learning to identify vegetation characteristics associated with soil-carbon patterns in complex Indonesian coffee agroforestry.

Infrared Thermography Reveals Agroforestry Systems Mitigate Soil Thermal Stress in Coffee Cultivation | Various authors | Agroforestry Systems | 2026

Finds that integrating coffee with rubber trees reduces soil-temperature extremes and creates a more stable microclimate.

Light-Driven Genotype–Environment Interactions in Coffee: Comparing Hybrids and Parental Lines Under a Controlled Shade Gradient | A. Koutouleas et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-11-04

Demonstrates that different coffee genotypes respond differently to shade, emphasizing the importance of matching varieties with agroforestry light conditions.

Soil Organic Carbon in Tropical Shade Coffee Agroforestry Following Land-Use Changes in Mozambique | Various authors | Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment | 2025

Finds soil-carbon recovery over time after establishment of coffee agroforestry on previously cultivated land near Gorongosa National Park.

Variation of Shade Tree Composition and Carbon Stock of Smallholder Coffee Agroforestry Systems Along an Elevation Gradient in Northern Thailand | Lamthai Asanok et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-10-03

Documents changes in shade-tree species, stand structure, and carbon storage across elevation zones in northern Thai coffee farms.

The Potential of Agroforestry to Buffer Climate Change Impacts on Suitability of Coffee and Banana in Uganda | Various authors | Agroforestry Systems | 2024

Models future crop suitability and finds that shade trees may partly buffer climate impacts on Robusta coffee, although benefits vary by crop and location.

The Importance of Shade Trees in Promoting Carbon Storage in Coffee Agroforest Systems | Various authors | Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment | 2023

Finds substantially greater farm carbon storage where Puerto Rican coffee plantations retain shade and fruit trees.

Cooperative Management and Its Effects on Shade Tree Diversity, Soil Properties and Ecosystem Services of Coffee Plantations in Western El Salvador | V. Ernesto Méndez, Elizabeth N. Shapiro and Gregory S. Gilbert | Agroforestry Systems | 2009-03-10

Compares cooperatively managed coffee systems and shows how management decisions influence shade-tree diversity, soils, carbon, and farm products.

Coffee Agroforestry and Biodiversity

The Multi-Scale Role of Biodiversity in Shaping Cocoa Agroforestry System Performance | Nubia Carolina Higuera-Mora et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-05-26

Links farm structure, surrounding landscape configuration, plant diversity, and production performance across Colombian cocoa agroforestry systems.

Secondary Tree Crops Boost Butterfly Diversity and Abundance in Oil Palm Alley-Cropping Systems | Mohamad Ashraf et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-02-19

Shows that diversifying oil-palm plantations with secondary tree crops can increase butterfly richness and abundance.

The Role of Shade-Grown Coffee Agroforestry Systems in Conserving Bird Diversity in the Sumatran Highlands | Regi Fernandez, Eddy Silamat and Caroline Eide | Journal of Selvicoltura Asean | 2025-12-23

Reports higher bird richness and functional diversity in structurally complex shade-grown coffee compared with simplified coffee systems.

Biodiversity in Agroforestry Systems Implemented in Tropical Ecoregions: A Systematic Review | Various authors | Journal of Environmental Management | 2025-05

Reviews tropical studies and finds that agroforestry design, crop type, surrounding landscapes, and management intensity strongly affect biodiversity outcomes.

Effect of Local Habitat and Landscape Attributes on Bird Communities in Shade Coffee Plantations in the Colombian Andes | Catalina Gonzalez et al. | Global Ecology and Conservation | 2024-11

Finds that both farm-level shade-tree diversity and surrounding forest cover influence bird conservation value in Colombian coffee landscapes.

Bird Assemblages in Coffee Agroforestry Systems and Other Human Modified Habitats in Indonesia | Various authors | Biology | 2022

Finds that complex coffee polycultures in Java can support bird abundance and diversity approaching that found in forest-associated agroforestry.

Tradeoffs and Synergies Among Ecosystem Services, Biodiversity Conservation, and Food Production in Coffee Agroforestry | Various authors | Frontiers in Forests and Global Change | 2022

Examines Puerto Rican coffee farms and identifies relationships among shade management, carbon storage, food crops, hurricane resilience, and animal biodiversity.

Generating Best Management Practices for Avian Conservation with a Land-Sparing Agricultural System | Jeffrey D. Ritterson et al. | Agroforestry Systems / USDA Forest Service | 2021

Identifies forest-area and basal-area thresholds relevant to conserving forest-dependent birds within Costa Rican coffee-producing landscapes.

Avian Diversity and Abundance in Three Different Vegetative Landscapes Around a Shade-Grown Coffee Plantation in Panama | Samantha Myers | SIT Digital Collections | 2018

Compares shaded coffee, unshaded agricultural land, and forest and documents the capacity of small agroforestry farms to provide bird habitat.

Coffee Agroforests Remain Beneficial for Neotropical Bird Community Conservation Across Seasons | Various authors | PLOS ONE | 2013

Shows that shaded coffee agroforests provide important seasonal habitat for diverse bird communities in tropical agricultural landscapes.

Amazonian and Latin American Agroforestry

Agroforestry Systems as a Climate Resilience Strategy in Family Farming in Minas Gerais, Brazil | Elizângela Aparecida dos Santos and Dênis Antônio da Cunha | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-07-16

Examines how agroforestry affects the capacity of Brazilian family farms to cope with climatic shocks and changing production conditions.

Meta-Analysis of Woody Plant Diversity and Aboveground Biomass Stock Co-Benefits Across Amazon Agroforestry Systems | Thamires Campos de Almeida et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-06-25

Finds important relationships between tree-species richness and aboveground biomass across Amazonian agroforestry systems.

Soil Fertility and Carbon Stocks in Contrasting Tropical Grazing Systems on Oxisols of the Colombian Llanos Piedmont | Juan Manuel Trujillo-González, Amanda Silva-Parra and Marco Aurelio Torres-Mora | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-05-13

Compares conventional and tree-based grazing systems to determine how management affects soil fertility and carbon storage in tropical cattle landscapes.

Long-Term Agroforestry Effects on Soil CO2 and NO Emissions in the Brazilian Semiarid Region | Various authors | Journal of Arid Environments | 2026-05

Compares agroforestry, silvopastoral, traditional agricultural, and natural Caatinga systems to evaluate greenhouse gases, carbon, and soil resilience.

The Landscape of Agroforestry in Brazil: A Synthesis of Research Trends, Implementation Patterns, and Policy Implications | J.V. Martinelli et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-02-24

Reviews Brazilian agroforestry research and implementation and identifies geographic, institutional, and policy patterns shaping its development.

Age-Driven Shifts in Functional Composition and Diversity Shape Ecosystem Service Provision in Agroforestry Systems | Various authors | Science of the Total Environment | 2026-02-20

Finds that ecological traits and ecosystem-service delivery change as agroforestry systems mature in the eastern Amazon.

Agroforestry Dialogues: CIFOR-ICRAF Methodology Strengthens Agroforestry Systems Planning | Vitória Alves | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2024-10-10

Describes the PLANTSAFS methodology for jointly evaluating farms and designing agroforestry interventions around the needs and aspirations of farming families.

Can Oil Palm Agroforestry Serve Smallholders in the Brazilian Amazon? | CIFOR-ICRAF | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2024-05-28

Explores whether diversified oil-palm agroforestry can reconcile smallholder production with restoration, biodiversity, and livelihood goals in Amazonia.

Biodiversity and Carbon Sequestration in Chakra-Type Agroforestry Systems and Humid Tropical Forests of the Ecuadorian Amazon | Thony Huera-Lucero et al. | Forests | 2024-03-19

Compares Indigenous-style chakra agroforestry, secondary forests, and monoculture cocoa for woody diversity and ecosystem carbon storage.

A Slash-And-Mulch Improved-Fallow Agroforestry System: Growth and Nutrient Budgets over Two Rotations | Various authors | Forests | 2019

Examines tree growth, crop production, mulch, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium cycling in an eastern Amazon improved-fallow system.

Asia and Traditional Tropical Agroforestry

Agroforestry Emerges as a Climate-Smart Pathway for Transforming Nepal's Landscapes | CIFOR-ICRAF | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2025-12-18

Describes efforts to expand agroforestry in Nepal as a strategy for climate resilience, land restoration, and livelihood diversification.

From Fire to Food: Farmers in Perigi Pioneer Corn on Peatland | CIFOR-ICRAF | CIFOR-ICRAF / Forests News | 2025-11-14

Describes farmer efforts in South Sumatra to replace fire-dependent peatland practices with more sustainable production and land-management approaches.

Sweet Returns: How Cacao and Oil Palm Farmers in Southeast Asia Are Reshaping Their Landscapes | CIFOR-ICRAF | CIFOR-ICRAF / Forests News | 2025-10-24

Shows how diversified cacao and oil-palm systems can alter farm economics while increasing tree cover and ecological functions.

Traditional Agroforestry Systems in Timor-Leste Can Store Large Amounts of Carbon in Both Soil and Biomass | Camille Piponiot et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-06-24

Measures carbon in fallow cropping, silvopasture, young agroforests, homegardens, and forest gardens and finds high total stocks in traditional systems.

Cultivating Change and Resilience in Tropical Agroforestry | CIFOR-ICRAF | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2025-01-28

Highlights tropical agroforestry approaches intended to diversify farms, strengthen resilience, and improve relationships between agricultural production and ecosystems.

Rubber-Based Agroforestry Ecosystems Enhance Soil Enzyme Activity but Exacerbate Microbial Nutrient Limitations | Wenxian Xu et al. | Forests | 2024-10-19

Compares rubber monoculture with several rubber agroforestry combinations and finds major effects on soil enzymes and microbial nutrient limitation.

Agroforestry: Opportunities and Challenges in Timor-Leste | Various authors | Forests | 2022

Reviews traditional agroforestry, farmer livelihoods, ecological benefits, development constraints, and opportunities for expanding tree-based farming in Timor-Leste.

Silvopasture, Windbreaks, Buffers, and Farm Landscape Design

Windbreaks in the United States: Results from the National Agroforestry Producer Survey | Matthew M. Smith et al. | Agroforestry Systems / USDA Forest Service | 2026

Reports how thousands of U.S. producers use farmstead, livestock, field, boundary, and other windbreaks for production and conservation.

Riparian Forest Buffers in the United States: Results from the National Agroforestry Producer Survey | Matthew M. Smith et al. | Agroforestry Systems / USDA Forest Service | 2026

Documents buffer establishment, management, benefits, costs, products, and future intentions among more than 2,400 U.S. agroforestry producers.

Livestock Farmer-Reported Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Agroforestry Planning and Management | Karolini Tenffen De-Sousa et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2025-01-15

Examines livestock farmers' knowledge, experiences, motivations, and concerns regarding establishment and management of agroforestry.

Riparian Forest Buffers | USDA Forest Service National Agroforestry Center | USDA Forest Service | 2025

Reviews water-quality, flood-control, habitat, recreation, and potential income benefits associated with wooded riparian buffers.

Silvopastoral Transitions in Latin America: Toward Diverse Perennial Systems | V. Picasso and D. Pizarro | Agroforestry Systems | 2024-06-18

Discusses pathways from simplified grazing toward more diverse and perennial silvopastoral systems capable of delivering production and ecosystem services.

Wisconsin Agroforestry Demonstration Farm Network | USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service | USDA | 2024

Describes a producer network demonstrating alley cropping, silvopasture, riparian buffers, and other agroforestry systems through farmer-to-farmer education.

Field Windbreak | USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service | USDA | n.d.

Explains how windbreak placement and vegetation density can reduce wind erosion, improve crop production, conserve water, and control snow deposition.

Livestock Windbreak | USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service | USDA | n.d.

Describes how tree and shrub barriers can reduce livestock exposure to wind and cold while improving feed efficiency and farm conditions.

Farmstead Windbreak | USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service | USDA | n.d.

Provides design guidance for using shelterbelts to reduce energy losses, control drifting snow, and protect farm buildings and work areas.

Riparian Forest Buffer | USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service | USDA | n.d.

Explains how streamside trees and shrubs filter sediment and nutrients, stabilize banks, and improve aquatic and terrestrial habitat.

Temperate Agroforestry, Carbon, and New Production Systems

A Scoping Review of Temperate Food Forestry Research: Key Themes, Methodological Considerations and Research Priorities | Anna M. Roodhof et al. | Agroforestry Systems | 2026-02-10

Reviews temperate food-forest research and identifies major gaps concerning ecology, productivity, economics, governance, and long-term system development.

National Agroforestry Survey | USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service | USDA | 2025

Provides national data and definitions covering U.S. windbreaks, silvopasture, riparian forest buffers, alley cropping, and forest farming.

Forest Farming | USDA Forest Service National Agroforestry Center | USDA Forest Service | 2025

Reviews production of mushrooms, medicinal plants, foods, decorative materials, and other non-timber products beneath managed forest canopies.

The Effects of Tree Shade on Vineyard Microclimate and Grape Production: A Novel Approach to Sun Radiation Modelling as a Response to Climate Change | Isilda Cunha Menezes et al. | Land | 2024-11-20

Models vitiforestry and shows how strategically placed trees may modify vineyard temperatures, radiation, disease risk, phenology, and grape production.

Carbon Sequestration in the Aboveground Living Biomass of Windbreaks—Climate Change Mitigation by Means of Agroforestry in Hungary | Éva Király et al. | Forests | 2024

Quantifies carbon stored in Hungarian agricultural windbreaks and evaluates their contribution to climate mitigation.

The Future Is Green: Integrating Short Rotation Woody Crops, Agroforestry, and Ecosystem Services for Sustainable, Productive Landscapes | Ryan Vinhal et al. | USDA Forest Service / IUFRO | 2024

Reviews research linking fast-growing woody crops with agroforestry, bioenergy, forest products, and landscape ecosystem services.

Forest Farming | USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service | USDA | n.d.

Explains the design of multistory farming systems in which specialty crops, forage, or other products are intentionally produced under managed tree canopies.

Agroforestry at Global and Landscape Scales

Going with the Grain: How Restoring Biodiversity Led One Farmer Back to Heritage Wheat | Phoebe Weston | The Guardian | 2026-08-25

Profiles an English farm combining tens of thousands of trees, heritage grains, livestock, market gardening, and biodiversity restoration within a diversified agricultural system.

Agroforestry Systems: A Nature-Based Solution and Ecosystem Approach Empowering Rural Communities to Tackle Climate Change | Various authors | Nature-Based Solutions | 2026-06

Examines agroforestry as a climate, livelihood, soil-restoration, and women's-empowerment strategy in rural communities near Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo.

Gedeo's Agroforestry Legacy: Farming Without Losing Forests | CIFOR-ICRAF | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2025-12-26

Highlights Ethiopia's Gedeo farming landscape, where dense multilayer agroforestry has sustained food production, tree cover, biodiversity, and cultural traditions for generations.

What Regenerative Coffee Farming Looks Like in East Africa | CIFOR-ICRAF | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2025-09-11

Explores regenerative coffee approaches that integrate trees, soil restoration, biodiversity, and farmer livelihoods in East African coffee landscapes.

Adaptation to Climate Change with Forests, Trees and Agroforestry | CIFOR-ICRAF / CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry | CIFOR-ICRAF | 2021

Synthesizes research on how forests, farm trees, agroforestry, and landscape restoration can reduce climate vulnerability.

Trees on Farms: An Update and Reanalysis of Agroforestry's Global Extent and Socio-Ecological Characteristics | Robert J. Zomer et al. | World Agroforestry Centre | 2014

Estimates tree cover across global agricultural lands and shows that agroforestry-like tree cover occurs across more than a billion hectares.

Global Tree Cover and Biomass Carbon on Agricultural Land | Robert J. Zomer et al. | World Agroforestry | 2014

Provides spatial data used to assess the distribution and change of tree cover on agricultural land around the world.

Creating an Evergreen Agriculture in Africa | Dennis Garrity et al. | World Agroforestry Centre | 2010

Reviews fertilizer-tree systems, conservation agriculture with trees, and farmer-managed regeneration as pathways toward more resilient African agriculture.

Agroforestry for Food Security and Healthy Ecosystems | World Agroforestry Centre | ICRAF | 2008

Reviews agroforestry research and development intended to improve food security, ecosystem health, farmer incomes, and land productivity.

Agroforestry and Evergreen Agriculture | World Agroforestry Centre | ICRAF | n.d.

Describes evergreen agriculture using fertilizer trees and other perennial vegetation to improve soil fertility, crop yields, and resilience in African farming.