Christian Nationalism and Voting Rights
Christian Nationalism and Voting Rights
Christian nationalism and voting rights intersect in a growing body of research examining religion, national identity, political participation, election administration, and attitudes toward democratic inclusion in the United States. Christian nationalism is generally studied as an ideology that connects American national identity with Christianity and holds that Christianity should occupy a privileged position in the nation's public institutions, culture, or political life.
Research gathered on this subject covers both direct studies of Christian nationalism and voting as well as the broader institutional context in which disputes over voting rights occur. The literature includes studies of voter access, voter-identification requirements, perceptions of election fraud, felony disenfranchisement, racial inequality, election legitimacy, political violence, voter registration, turnout, and the administration of elections.
The research does not suggest that religious participation itself is equivalent to Christian nationalism. Religious communities have long participated in American civic and political life across the ideological spectrum. Rather, scholars generally treat Christian nationalism as a particular way of combining religious and national identity and investigate whether adherence to that ideology is associated with distinctive political attitudes.
Christian Nationalism and the Right to Vote
One of the most direct areas of research concerns whether voting should be understood as a broadly shared democratic right or as a privilege that can legitimately be restricted.
A 2022 study by Samuel L. Perry, Andrew L. Whitehead, and Joshua B. Grubbs examined Christian nationalism and attitudes toward voter access in the United States. Using national survey data, the researchers studied attitudes concerning voter suppression, perceived voter fraud, voting access, civics tests, and disenfranchisement. The study found associations between stronger Christian-nationalist beliefs and greater support for several restrictions on electoral participation.
Related research has examined how Christian nationalism relates to broader ideas about citizenship and civil rights. Some studies find that stronger Christian-nationalist identification is associated with a greater tendency to describe voting as a privilege rather than an inherent right of citizenship.
These findings form part of a larger scholarly debate about political inclusion: who is understood as belonging to the national community, whose participation is considered legitimate, and what conditions governments may impose before citizens participate in elections.
Elections and Political Behavior
Christian nationalism has also been extensively studied as a factor in American electoral behavior.
Research following the 2016 presidential election found a relationship between Christian-nationalist beliefs and support for Donald Trump. Later studies examined the persistence of this relationship during the 2020 and 2024 elections.
Researchers have investigated several possible mechanisms behind these voting patterns, including attitudes about national identity, perceptions of threats to Christianity, racial and cultural change, immigration, gender, political partisanship, and beliefs about the proper relationship between religion and government.
State-level studies and national surveys have likewise compared the prevalence of Christian-nationalist beliefs with presidential voting patterns. These studies demonstrate a substantial overlap between Christian nationalism and contemporary partisan politics, although Christian nationalism and political party identification are analytically distinct concepts.
Christian-nationalist beliefs also vary substantially among racial, denominational, geographic, and political groups. Research therefore cautions against treating Christians, evangelicals, conservatives, or Republican voters as interchangeable with Christian nationalists.
Election Legitimacy and Democratic Norms
Another major area of research concerns election legitimacy and adherence to democratic rules.
Researchers have examined whether Christian-nationalist attitudes are associated with willingness to tolerate actions that violate established democratic norms. Studies have considered acceptance of political leaders disregarding institutional constraints, refusal to recognize election outcomes, restrictions on political opponents, and support for political violence.
Research concerning the January 6, 2021 attack on the United States Capitol has received particular attention. Studies have examined relationships among Christian nationalism, perceived victimhood, racial identity, conspiracy beliefs, election denial, and support for the Capitol attack.
Religious symbols and language were visible among some participants in January 6, leading scholars to investigate the role of Christian-nationalist ideas within the broader coalition that attempted to prevent or delay certification of the 2020 presidential election.
Researchers also emphasize that January 6 involved multiple political, ideological, and social movements. Christian nationalism represents one subject of analysis rather than a complete explanation of the event.
Christian Nationalism and Authoritarianism
Research has also explored possible relationships between Christian nationalism and authoritarian political attitudes.
Survey studies examine questions such as whether citizens are willing to permit political leaders to disregard democratic procedures during emergencies, whether strong leaders should be constrained by democratic institutions, and whether political opponents should retain equal rights and opportunities for participation.
Some studies report associations between Christian-nationalist beliefs and greater acceptance of certain authoritarian attitudes or violations of democratic norms. Other research examines how these relationships differ across racial, partisan, and religious groups.
The broader question is not simply whether individuals hold conservative or religious views, but how citizens balance desired political outcomes against procedural principles such as competitive elections, political equality, constitutional limits, and peaceful transfers of power.
Voter Identification and Election Fraud
Debates over voter-identification requirements occupy a substantial portion of the voting-rights literature.
Supporters of voter-ID requirements commonly argue that identification rules strengthen election security, discourage fraud, and increase confidence in elections. Critics argue that stringent identification requirements can create unnecessary barriers for eligible voters who lack qualifying documents.
Research has therefore examined both the frequency of voter impersonation and the effects of identification requirements on participation.
Studies have investigated whether identification requirements affect racial and ethnic groups differently, whether voters possess acceptable forms of identification at equal rates, and whether voter-ID laws change turnout.
The empirical literature has produced continuing debate over the magnitude of turnout effects. Results can depend on the state, election, population studied, type of identification requirement, implementation procedures, and research methodology.
Christian-nationalism research intersects with this debate because perceived voter fraud and support for restrictive voting policies appear among the attitudes examined in studies of Christian-nationalist political behavior.
Race and Voting Rights
Race is central to the history of American voting rights.
After Reconstruction, numerous states adopted poll taxes, literacy tests, registration restrictions, white primaries, and other measures that sharply limited Black political participation. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 became the principal federal statute addressing racial discrimination in voting.
Modern research examines how contemporary election rules interact with longstanding racial and socioeconomic inequalities.
Studies of voter identification, registration requirements, polling access, felony disenfranchisement, and other election policies have investigated whether burdens fall disproportionately on particular racial or socioeconomic groups.
Research on Christian nationalism is relevant because scholars have repeatedly examined its relationship with racial identity, perceptions of national belonging, immigration attitudes, and ideas about who represents the nation's cultural core.
This literature does not establish that every supporter of a restrictive voting policy shares the same racial, religious, or partisan motivations. Instead, researchers attempt to determine statistically which attitudes and identities are associated with support for particular policies.
The Voting Rights Act and Federal Protection
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 transformed federal involvement in protecting access to the ballot.
Among its provisions, the Act prohibited voting practices that discriminated on the basis of race and established mechanisms through which the federal government could oversee election practices in jurisdictions with histories of discrimination.
The Supreme Court significantly altered enforcement of the Act in Shelby County v. Holder in 2013 by invalidating the coverage formula that determined which jurisdictions were subject to federal preclearance.
Later cases, including Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, addressed how Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act applies to challenges involving state election laws.
These legal developments form an important institutional background for contemporary disputes over voter identification, registration procedures, early voting, mail voting, redistricting, polling locations, and election administration.
Registration, Early Voting, and Mail Voting
Voting access is influenced by procedures that govern how citizens register and cast ballots.
States differ substantially in their election rules. Some permit same-day voter registration, while others impose registration deadlines before Election Day. Some states conduct extensive early voting or mail voting, while others rely more heavily on Election Day voting.
Research has examined automatic voter registration, same-day registration, absentee voting, early in-person voting, polling-place availability, ballot procedures, and waiting times.
These studies attempt to determine how administrative rules affect participation and whether particular reforms increase turnout or reduce barriers.
Because election administration in the United States is highly decentralized, voters can encounter considerably different procedures depending on the state and locality in which they live.
Felony Disenfranchisement
Felony disenfranchisement represents another significant limitation on voting eligibility.
State policies vary considerably. Some jurisdictions restore voting rights automatically after release from incarceration, some require completion of parole or probation, and others impose additional conditions.
Research has documented the number of Americans affected by felony-disenfranchisement laws and the racial disparities associated with these policies.
Scholars have also studied public opinion toward restoring voting rights to people with criminal convictions. Research included in this collection examines whether religious identity and other political attitudes influence support for reenfranchisement.
Because criminal-justice involvement is unequally distributed among racial and socioeconomic groups, felony disenfranchisement also intersects with broader debates concerning political representation and equality.
Election Administration and Public Confidence
The integrity of elections depends not only on laws governing eligibility but also on the institutions responsible for administering elections.
Election officials maintain registration databases, prepare ballots, operate polling places, process absentee ballots, count votes, conduct recounts where required, and certify election results.
Research organizations and government agencies study voting technology, cybersecurity, ballot design, polling-place wait times, provisional ballots, mail voting, election-worker recruitment, and voter confidence.
Public confidence in elections has become an increasingly important research subject, particularly following widespread disputes surrounding the 2020 presidential election.
Researchers distinguish between documented administrative errors or illegal conduct and generalized claims that an election was fraudulent. Confidence in democratic institutions can be influenced both by actual administrative performance and by political rhetoric or misinformation concerning election procedures.
Political Violence and Democratic Participation
The voting-rights literature increasingly overlaps with research on political violence.
Studies involving Christian nationalism examine whether perceived threats to religious or national identity are associated with greater acceptance of violence for political purposes.
Researchers have investigated how Christian nationalism may interact with conspiracy beliefs, perceptions of persecution, racial identity, gun ownership, and authoritarian attitudes.
Political violence represents an extreme departure from ordinary democratic participation because democratic systems depend on political conflicts being resolved through elections, law, negotiation, protest, litigation, and other institutional processes rather than coercive violence.
At the same time, researchers distinguish between statistical associations and claims that Christian-nationalist beliefs alone cause violent behavior. Political violence has multiple causes and involves only a small portion of the population.
Religion and Democratic Participation
The broader literature on religion and American politics provides important context for understanding Christian nationalism.
Religious congregations have historically served as important institutions of civic participation. Churches and religious networks can encourage voting, volunteering, political discussion, community organization, and social activism.
Religious movements have participated on multiple sides of major American political conflicts, including abolition, women's suffrage, civil rights, prohibition, antiwar movements, abortion politics, and campaigns concerning marriage and sexuality.
Christian nationalism therefore should not be equated with religious political participation generally.
The distinction is important because research on Christian nationalism focuses specifically on beliefs linking Christianity with American national identity and political authority rather than simply measuring church attendance, religious devotion, or participation by Christians in politics.
Competing Views of Voting Restrictions
Disagreements about voting policy often reflect competing democratic priorities.
Advocates of stricter election regulations emphasize election security, accurate voter rolls, prevention of illegal voting, uniform procedures, and public confidence.
Opponents of restrictive measures emphasize universal participation, the relatively low incidence of certain forms of voter fraud, unequal access to identification and registration, and the danger that unnecessary barriers can disenfranchise eligible citizens.
Empirical research attempts to move beyond these competing political arguments by measuring fraud, turnout, administrative burdens, voter experiences, demographic disparities, and the effects of particular election rules.
The Christian-nationalism literature adds another dimension by asking whether beliefs about religion and national identity help explain why individuals prefer more inclusive or more restrictive approaches to democratic participation.
Research Limitations
Several limitations should be considered when interpreting this research.
Much of the scholarship relies on observational survey data. Statistical associations can demonstrate that Christian-nationalist attitudes correlate with particular political beliefs, but correlations alone do not establish that Christian nationalism directly causes those beliefs.
Definitions and measurements of Christian nationalism also differ among researchers. Some studies use multi-question scales, while public surveys may rely on individual questions concerning whether the United States should be a Christian nation or whether government should promote Christian values.
Voting laws likewise differ substantially among states, making broad national generalizations difficult.
Political attitudes are influenced simultaneously by religion, race, education, geography, social class, age, party identification, media consumption, and many other factors. Separating these influences is a continuing challenge for researchers.
The literature therefore provides evidence about patterns and relationships rather than a single explanation for disputes over voting rights.
Conclusion
Research on Christian nationalism and voting rights connects debates about religion and national identity with fundamental questions about democratic participation.
The most direct studies find relationships between Christian-nationalist beliefs and attitudes toward voter access, disenfranchisement, election legitimacy, and democratic norms. A wider body of research places those findings within longstanding disputes over voter identification, racial inequality, registration requirements, felony disenfranchisement, election security, and the administration of elections.
The historical context is equally important. American voting rights have repeatedly expanded and contracted, and disagreements about who should participate and under what conditions long predate the contemporary Christian-nationalist movement.
Christian nationalism adds a distinctive religious and national-identity dimension to these debates. Research suggests that ideas about Christianity, national belonging, political authority, race, and cultural change can become intertwined with views about elections and democratic participation.
At the same time, Christian nationalism should be distinguished from Christianity generally, from ordinary religious participation in politics, and from any single political party or voting policy. The available scholarship instead treats it as one ideological factor among many shaping contemporary attitudes toward political membership, electoral participation, and American democracy.
Christian Nationalism, Voting Access, Elections, and Democratic Participation
1. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | September 24, 2026
Survey: New Report Analyzes the Two-Thirds of Americans Who Resist Christian Nationalism. Examines the relationship between opposition to Christian nationalism and support for democratic principles across the United States.
2. [David E. Campbell and Geoffrey C. Layman | Politics and Religion | July 13, 2026]
Backlash to Christian Nationalism: The Impact of the January 6th Insurrection on Americans’ Religiosity and Political Partisanship. Uses longitudinal survey evidence to examine how public recognition of Christian-nationalist symbolism during January 6 affected religious identification, partisan identification, and attitudes toward political actors.
3. | Chip Rotolo and Gregory A. Smith | Pew Research Center | May 14, 2026
How Americans Feel About Religion’s Influence in Government and Public Life. Surveys attitudes about Christian nationalism, church involvement in elections, government promotion of Christianity, and church-state separation.
4. [Ilkka Koiranen, Tuomas Äystö, Jere Kyyrö, Talvikki Ahonen, and Titus Hjelm | Social Compass | April 24, 2026]
Christian Nationalism Divided: Exploring the Transferability of an American Concept to a Secularized Nordic Multi-Party Democracy. Tests whether dimensions of Christian nationalism developed in U.S. research operate similarly in Finland's electoral system.
5. | John Ishiyama | Politics and Religion | September 15, 2025
Christian Nationalism and Attitudes About Democracy in Africa. Extends research beyond the United States by examining Christian-nationalist attitudes toward democracy and authoritarian alternatives in African countries.
6. [Allyson Shortle and Michael R. Fisher Jr. | Public Religion Research Institute | August 12, 2025]
How Christian Nationalist Rhetoric Can Influence Elections Across Race. Reports experimental evidence concerning how Christian-nationalist campaign rhetoric can influence stated turnout intentions among racial groups.
7. | Andrew L. Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry | Nations and Nationalism | June 3, 2025
Christian Nationalism and the Vote for Donald Trump in the 2024 Presidential Election: A State-Level Analysis. Examines state-level Christian nationalism and presidential vote patterns in the 2024 election.
8. [Joshua B. Grubbs et al. | Public Opinion Quarterly | May 13, 2025]
White or Woke Christian Nationalists? How Race Moderates the Link Between Christian Nationalism and Progressive Identities. Examines important racial differences within populations holding Christian-nationalist beliefs.
9. [Richard T. Hughes and Christina Littlefield | University of Illinois Press | February 25, 2025]
Christian Nationalism: Since January 6. Reviews Christian-nationalist political organizing after January 6 and its presence in subsequent election campaigns.
10. [Richard T. Hughes and Christina Littlefield | University of Illinois Press | February 25, 2025]
What Now? Concluding chapter of Christian America and the Kingdom of God connecting the historical development of white Christian nationalism with January 6 and contemporary democratic conflict.
11. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 4, 2025
Across All 50 States, New Survey Finds Strong Correlation Between Support for Christian Nationalism and Voting for Trump in 2024 Election. Summarizes PRRI survey findings on Christian nationalism, voting behavior, political violence, religion, and partisanship.
12. [PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 4, 2025]
Christian Nationalism Across All 50 States: Insights from PRRI’s 2024 American Values Atlas. Examines Christian nationalism by state and relates it to presidential voting, election confidence, democratic attitudes, political violence, and religion.
13. | Hannah Criser | Sigma: Journal of Political and International Studies | 2025
Holy Disregard: Christian Nationalists More Likely to Accept Democratic Norm Violations from Fellow Citizens. Studies Christian nationalism in relation to voter suppression, refusal to accept election results, and tolerance of political violence.
Christian Nationalism and Democracy: Attitudes Toward Democratic Participation and Representation. Examines support for universal voting rights and democratic representation among respondents who favor declaring the United States a Christian nation.
15. | Samuel L. Perry and Joshua B. Grubbs | Politics and Religion | September 19, 2024
Christian Nationalism and Support for Leaders Violating Democratic Norms During National Emergencies. Examines whether Christian-nationalist beliefs are associated with willingness to permit political leaders to violate democratic norms.
16. | Chip Rotolo, Gregory A. Smith, and Jonathan Evans | Pew Research Center | March 15, 2024
Christianity’s Place in Politics, and “Christian Nationalism.” Surveys public attitudes toward Christian nationalism, establishment of religion, Christian values in government, and church-state relations.
Christian Nationalism’s Impact on Democracy. Academic and religious leaders discuss Christian nationalism, religious freedom, democratic norms, pluralism, and political participation.
18. | Nilay Saiya | The Review of Faith & International Affairs | May 12, 2023
Christian Nationalism’s Threat to Global Democracy. Places Christian nationalism within international research on democratic institutions, political pluralism, and religious nationalism.
19. | Samuel L. Perry, Joshua B. Grubbs, and Andrew L. Whitehead | Sociology of Religion | May 8, 2023
Liberty for Us, Limits for Them: Christian Nationalism and Americans’ Views on Citizens’ Rights. Finds that Christian nationalism is strongly associated with viewing voting as a privilege rather than a right and examines broader understandings of constitutional and civil rights.
20. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | October 27, 2022
Views of the U.S. as a Christian Nation and Opinions About Christian Nationalism. Examines how Americans understand the idea of a Christian nation and how these attitudes vary across political and religious groups.
21. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | October 27, 2022
In Their Own Words: How Americans Describe “Christian Nationalism.” Provides qualitative responses showing competing public understandings of Christian nationalism and its relationship to government.
22. | Samuel L. Perry, Andrew L. Whitehead, and Joshua B. Grubbs | Sociological Forum | January 3, 2022
“I Don’t Want Everybody to Vote”: Christian Nationalism and Restricting Voter Access in the United States. Using nationally representative survey data, the authors examine relationships between Christian nationalism and attitudes toward voter suppression, voter fraud, voting access, civics tests, and criminal disenfranchisement.
Open-access manuscript of the study examining Christian nationalism, voter access, voter suppression, perceived voter fraud, and disenfranchisement.
24. | Samuel L. Perry et al. | Nations and Nationalism | August 31, 2021
Christian Nationalism, Perceived Anti-Christian Discrimination, and Prioritising “Religious Freedom” in the 2020 Presidential Election. Examines how Christian nationalism and perceptions of discrimination affected voters’ issue priorities.
25. | Samuel L. Perry and Andrew L. Whitehead | Time | June 1, 2021
The Growing Threat of Christian Nationalism in the U.S. The authors discuss their survey research connecting Christian-nationalist beliefs with restrictive attitudes about political participation and voting.
The Devil That You Know: Christian Nationalism and Intent to Change One’s Voting Behavior For or Against Trump in 2020. Uses longitudinal survey evidence to examine how Christian nationalism related to voter choice between 2016 and 2020.
Make America Christian Again: Christian Nationalism and Voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election. A foundational quantitative study of the relationship between Christian-nationalist ideology and presidential voting behavior.
Election Legitimacy, January 6, Authoritarianism, and Democratic Norms
28. [Samuel L. Perry | University of Oklahoma | 2021–2026]
Research program examining Christian nationalism, voting restrictions, election behavior, democratic rights, and political violence.
29. [PRRI | Public Religion Research Institute | 2023–2026]
Survey series examining Christian nationalism, election denial, authoritarianism, QAnon beliefs, and support for political violence.
30. [Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | 2022–2026]
Survey series documenting Americans’ views of Christian nationalism, Christianity in government, church political involvement, and democratic institutions.
An Army for God: Gun Ownership, Christian Nationalism, and Support for Political Violence. Examines relationships among Christian nationalism, perceived political threat, gun identity, and support for political violence.
32. [David E. Campbell and Geoffrey C. Layman | Politics and Religion | 2026]
Backlash to Christian Nationalism. Shows that January 6 also produced negative reactions toward Christian nationalism among some Republicans and independents.
33. [Andrew L. Whitehead | Indiana University Indianapolis | 2021–2025]
Scholarship examining Christian nationalism, political identity, democratic participation, and reactions to January 6.
34. [Michael R. Fisher Jr. | Public Religion Research Institute | June 18, 2025]
Understanding Authoritarianism and Christian Nationalism by Race. Examines the intersection of racial identity, authoritarianism, and Christian-nationalist attitudes.
35. [Richard T. Hughes and Christina Littlefield | University of Illinois Press | 2025]
Christian America and the Kingdom of God: White Christian Nationalism from the Puritans Through January 6, 2021. Historical study tracing ideas about Christian America into twenty-first-century political mobilization.
36. [Ruth Braunstein | Academic Research on Religion and Politics | 2021–2024]
Research examining the religious narratives, civil-religious language, and political identity surrounding January 6 and American nationalism.
37. [Matthew D. Taylor | Institute for Islamic, Christian, and Jewish Studies | 2022–2024]
Research documenting networks of religious leaders, prophetic movements, and Christian-nationalist ideas connected with efforts to overturn the 2020 election.
38. [Bradley Onishi | Academic and Public Scholarship | 2021–2024]
Research examining white Christian nationalism, election denial, January 6, and religious narratives about American political authority.
39. [PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | December 13, 2024]
Analyzing the 2024 Presidential Vote: PRRI’s Post-Election Survey. Examines religion, Christian nationalism, authoritarianism, vote choice, confidence in elections, and attitudes toward democracy after the 2024 election.
40. [PRRI and Meanings of Democracy Lab | Public Religion Research Institute | October 30, 2024]
Resistance to Christian Nationalism in All 50 States. Maps opposition to Christian nationalism and analyzes its relationship with democratic values across states.
41. [PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | October 2024]
Challenges to Democracy: The 2024 Election in Focus. Examines political violence, armed poll watchers, election legitimacy, authoritarian attitudes, Christian nationalism, and confidence in democracy.
42. [PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | September 10, 2024]
One Leader Under God: The Connection Between Authoritarianism and Christian Nationalism in America. National survey examining Christian nationalism alongside multiple measures of authoritarian attitudes.
43. | Nilay Saiya and Stuti Manchanda | Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | September 2, 2024
Christian Nationalism and Violence Against Religious Minorities in the United States: A Quantitative Analysis. Studies state-level Christian-nationalist political rhetoric in relation to violence against religious minorities.
44. | PRRI | Public Religion Research Institute | 2024
Threats to American Democracy Ahead of an Unprecedented Presidential Election. Survey research addressing election legitimacy, political violence, authoritarianism, and democratic norms.
45. | PRRI | Public Religion Research Institute | 2024
Research examining confidence in elections, political violence, democracy, partisanship, and religious identity in the 2024 electoral environment.
46. [Philip S. Gorski, Samuel L. Perry, and Jemar Tisby | Oxford University Press | April 21, 2022]
This Is Our Nation, Not Theirs. Presents survey evidence concerning the demographic composition and political attitudes of white Christian nationalists.
47. | Miles T. Armaly, David T. Buckley, and Adam M. Enders | Political Behavior | January 4, 2022
Christian Nationalism and Political Violence: Victimhood, Racial Identity, Conspiracy, and Support for the Capitol Attacks. Studies Christian nationalism, conspiracy beliefs, racial identity, perceived victimhood, and support for the January 6 Capitol attack.
48. | Miles T. Armaly, David T. Buckley, and Adam M. Enders | Political Behavior / PubMed Central | 2022
Open-access version of research investigating Christian nationalism and public support for the January 6 Capitol attack.
49. | International Centre for Counter-Terrorism | ICCT | 2022
Analysis of Christian-nationalist ideas, religious symbolism, political mobilization, and January 6.
50. [Philip S. Gorski and Samuel L. Perry | Oxford University Press | 2022]
The Flag and the Cross: White Christian Nationalism and the Threat to American Democracy. Examines the history, social composition, racial dimensions, political behavior, and democratic implications of white Christian nationalism.
51. | William A. Galston | Brookings Institution | January 2021
Analysis of white Christian nationalism, political extremism, democratic institutions, and concerns arising from the January 6 attack.
52. | Religion & Politics | Washington University in St. Louis | January 2021
Examination of religious ideas, symbols, and political movements represented during the January 6 Capitol attack.
Christian Nationalism, Race, Religion, and Political Exclusion
53. | Andrew L. Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry | Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | 2019
Research examining Christian nationalism as a cultural ideology that intersects with racial, religious, and political boundaries.
54. | Samuel L. Perry and Andrew L. Whitehead | Socius | 2019
Research examining Christian nationalist ideology and its relationship to political and social attitudes.
55. | Korie L. Edwards | Politics and Religion | 2019
Discusses how race, religion, and political inequality intersect, providing context for studies of Christian nationalism and political participation.
56. [Matt A. Barreto, Stephen Nuño, Gabriel R. Sanchez, and Hannah L. Walker | American Politics Research | November 9, 2018]
The Racial Implications of Voter Identification Laws in America. Examines racial and ethnic disparities in possession of identification accepted for voting.
57. | Darren E. Sherkat and Derek Lehman | Sociology of Religion | 2018
Research on religion, nationalism, racial attitudes, and political identity relevant to later Christian-nationalism studies.
58. | Andrew L. Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry | Social Forces | 2018
Research connecting Christian nationalism with attitudes concerning national belonging, social hierarchy, and political identity.
59. | Carol Anderson | Russell Sage / Bloomsbury | 2018
One Person, No Vote: How Voter Suppression Is Destroying Our Democracy. Historical and contemporary analysis of voting restrictions, race, and voter suppression in the United States.
60. [Justin Grimmer et al. | Journal of Politics | 2018]
Research reexamining claims concerning the effects of strict voter-identification laws on minority turnout.
61. [Zoltan Hajnal, Nazita Lajevardi, and Lindsay Nielson | Journal of Politics | January 5, 2017]
Voter Identification Laws and the Suppression of Minority Votes. Uses validated voting data to examine whether strict voter-ID laws have differential effects across racial and ethnic groups.
62. [Antoine J. Banks and Heather M. Hicks | Political Psychology | September 1, 2015]
Fear and Implicit Racism: Whites’ Support for Voter ID Laws. Examines the role of racial attitudes and emotional responses in white Americans’ support for voter-identification requirements.
63. [Lonna Rae Atkeson, R. Michael Alvarez, Thad E. Hall, and J. Andrew Sinclair | Social Science Quarterly | 2014]
Balancing Fraud Prevention and Electoral Participation: Attitudes Toward Voter Identification. Studies how citizens weigh preventing fraud against ensuring voter access.
64. [John S. Ahlquist, Kenneth R. Mayer, and Simon Jackman | Election Law Journal | 2014]
Research testing voter-ID effects and methodological challenges involved in estimating turnout consequences.
65. [Keith G. Bentele and Erin E. O’Brien | Perspectives on Politics | December 2013]
Jim Crow 2.0? Why States Consider and Adopt Restrictive Voter Access Policies. Analyzes state adoption of voter ID, proof-of-citizenship, registration, absentee-voting, and early-voting restrictions between 2006 and 2011.
66. [Rachael V. Cobb, D. James Greiner, and Kevin M. Quinn | Quarterly Journal of Political Science | 2012]
Can Voter ID Laws Be Administered in a Race-Neutral Manner? Evidence from the City of Boston in 2008. Uses polling-place evidence to study racial differences in requests for voter identification.
67. [M. V. Hood III and Charles S. Bullock III | State Politics & Policy Quarterly | 2012]
Much Ado About Nothing? An Empirical Assessment of the Georgia Voter Identification Statute. Examines turnout and implementation following Georgia's voter-identification requirement.
68. | Eric L. McDaniel, Irfan Nooruddin, and Allyson Faith Shortle | American Politics Research | 2011
Divine Boundaries: How Religion Shapes Citizens’ Attitudes Toward Immigrants. Provides important background on religion, national identity, social boundaries, and political exclusion.
69. | Stephen Ansolabehere and Nathaniel Persily | Harvard Law Review / Election Law Research | 2008
Vote Fraud in the Eye of the Beholder. Examines perceptions of election fraud and their relationship to debates over voter-identification requirements.
70. [Stephen Ansolabehere and Nathaniel Persily | Harvard Law Review | 2008]
Vote Fraud in the Eye of the Beholder: The Role of Public Opinion in the Challenge to Voter Identification Requirements. Examines beliefs about voter fraud and their connection with voter-ID debates.
71. | Jeff Manza and Christopher Uggen | Oxford University Press | 2006
Locked Out: Felon Disenfranchisement and American Democracy. Major study of criminal disenfranchisement and its effects on American democratic participation.
72. | Jeff Manza, Clem Brooks, and Christopher Uggen | Public Opinion Quarterly | 2004
Public Attitudes Toward Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States. Examines when Americans support or oppose restrictions on voting rights for people convicted of crimes.
Voter Identification, Fraud Claims, and Electoral Access
73. [Brennan Center for Justice | New York University School of Law | 2006–2026]
Research collection synthesizing empirical studies concerning voter identification, access, election integrity, and disparate burdens.
74. | National Conference of State Legislatures | NCSL | 2025
Voter Identification Requirements. State-by-state overview of identification requirements for voting.
75. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | February 7, 2024
Survey research on Americans’ expectations for elections, confidence in voting systems, and political participation.
76. | Brennan Center for Justice | Brennan Center | 2024
Voter ID. Overview of voter-identification laws, litigation, access issues, and research on their effects.
77. | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency | CISA | 2024
Federal resources concerning election-related misinformation and false claims that can affect public confidence in voting systems.
78. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | January 15, 2021
Voters’ Reflections on the 2020 Election. Examines voters’ perceptions of election administration, fairness, turnout, and election legitimacy.
79. | Seth C. McKee | Research & Politics | 2015
Politics Is Local: State Legislator Voting on Restrictive Voter Identification Legislation. Studies factors associated with state lawmakers’ votes on restrictive voter-ID laws.
80. | U.S. Government Accountability Office | GAO | September 2014
Elections: Issues Related to State Voter Identification Laws. Reviews voter-ID requirements, implementation, and available evidence concerning turnout.
81. [U.S. Government Accountability Office | GAO | September 2014]
Issues Related to State Voter Identification Laws. Reviews implementation and turnout evidence from states adopting voter-identification requirements.
82. [Jack Citrin, Donald P. Green, and Morris Levy | Political Research | 2014]
The Effects of Voter ID Notification on Voter Turnout: Results from a Large-Scale Field Experiment. Tests whether information about voter-identification requirements affects turnout.
83. [Michael J. Pitts | Election Law Journal | March 2013]
Photo ID, Provisional Balloting, and Indiana’s 2012 Primary Election. Studies provisional ballots and voter-identification rules in Indiana.
84. [Jon C. Rogowski and Cathy J. Cohen | Black Youth Project | March 2013]
Black and Latino Youth Disproportionately Affected by Voter Identification Laws in the 2012 Election. Examines identification possession and possible barriers among young minority voters.
85. [Jessica A. Gonzalez | National Council of La Raza | April 2012]
New State Voting Laws: A Barrier to the Latino Vote? Reviews voting restrictions and their potential implications for Latino electoral participation.
86. [Robert A. Pastor, Robert Santos, Alison Prevost, and Vassia Stoilov | American University | July 2010]
Voting and ID Requirements: A Survey of Registered Voters in Three States. Surveys registered voters concerning identification requirements and access to accepted documents.
87. | Lorraine C. Minnite | Cornell University Press | 2010
The Myth of Voter Fraud. Empirical examination of allegations of voter fraud and the political use of fraud claims in debates over voting restrictions.
88. [Atiba R. Ellis | Denver University Law Review | 2010]
The Cost of the Vote: Poll Taxes, Voter Identification Laws, and the Price of Democracy. Places modern voter-ID requirements in historical and constitutional context.
89. | Jason D. Mycoff, Michael W. Wagner, and David C. Wilson | PS: Political Science & Politics | 2009
The Empirical Effects of Voter-ID Laws: Present or Absent? Evaluates evidence about whether voter-identification requirements affect participation.
90. [Richard Sobel | Harvard Law School / Charles Hamilton Houston Institute | 2009]
Research examining the financial and administrative burdens associated with obtaining identification needed to vote.
91. | Justin Levitt | Brennan Center for Justice | 2007
The Truth About Voter Fraud. Reviews documented cases of voter impersonation and evaluates fraud claims commonly used in voting-law debates.
92. [Spencer Overton | Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review | 2007]
Scholarship examining voter-identification policies, election integrity claims, and unequal access to required documentation.
Voting Rights Law, History, Race, and Democratic Inclusion
93. | U.S. Department of Justice | Civil Rights Division | 2025
The Voting Rights Act of 1965. Federal overview of the law prohibiting racial discrimination in voting and the Justice Department’s enforcement responsibilities.
94. | Brennan Center for Justice | Brennan Center | 2025
Ensure Every American Can Vote. Research collection covering registration, voter suppression, election administration, redistricting, and voting rights.
95. | Brennan Center for Justice | Brennan Center | 2025
Vote Suppression. Research and legal analysis concerning policies that may reduce or burden electoral participation.
96. | American Civil Liberties Union | ACLU | 2025
Voting Rights. Collection of litigation, reports, and analyses concerning voter access and election law.
97. | League of Women Voters | League of Women Voters | 2025
Voting Rights. Resources addressing access to voting, registration, election administration, and voting legislation.
98. | NAACP Legal Defense Fund | LDF | 2025
Voting Rights. Research and litigation concerning racial discrimination, voter suppression, redistricting, and ballot access.
99. | Democracy Docket | Democracy Docket | 2025
Election-law analyses concerning voting restrictions, voter registration, mail voting, election administration, and litigation.
100. | National Archives | National Archives | 2025
Voting Rights Act of 1965. Historical background and primary-document resources concerning federal voting-rights protections.
101. | Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights | Leadership Conference | 2025
Research and advocacy resources concerning racial equality, voting access, election administration, and voter suppression.
102. | Library of Congress | Library of Congress | 2024
Historical materials concerning the struggle for voting rights during the civil-rights era.
103. | History.com Editors | History | 2024
Overview of the Voting Rights Act, its historical background, enforcement, and subsequent legal challenges.
104. | Supreme Court of the United States | Cornell Legal Information Institute | July 1, 2021
Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee. Supreme Court decision interpreting Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act in challenges to Arizona voting regulations.
105. [Richard L. Hasen | Yale University Press | 2020]
Election Meltdown. Examines voter suppression, administrative failures, misinformation, and declining public confidence in elections.
106. [Charles S. Bullock III, Ronald Keith Gaddie, and Justin J. Wert | University of Oklahoma Press | 2016]
The Rise and Fall of the Voting Rights Act. Examines the development, implementation, and judicial treatment of federal voting-rights protections.
107. | Smithsonian Magazine | Smithsonian | 2015
Historical examination of the campaign that produced the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
108. [Ari Berman | Farrar, Straus and Giroux | 2015]
Give Us the Ballot: The Modern Struggle for Voting Rights in America. Historical account of conflicts over voting rights following passage of the Voting Rights Act.
109. | Supreme Court of the United States | Cornell Legal Information Institute | June 25, 2013
Shelby County v. Holder. Supreme Court decision invalidating the Voting Rights Act’s coverage formula used to determine which jurisdictions required federal preclearance.
110. [Gary May | Basic Books | 2013]
Bending Toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy. Historical account of the struggle for passage and implementation of the Voting Rights Act.
111. [Richard M. Valelly | University of Chicago Press | 2004]
The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement. Examines federal power, race, and voting rights during Reconstruction and the civil-rights era.
112. [Laughlin McDonald | Cambridge University Press | 2003]
A Voting Rights Odyssey: Black Enfranchisement in Georgia. Historical and legal study of voting-rights litigation and racial discrimination.
113. [Alexander Keyssar | Basic Books | 2000; updated editions]
The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. Comprehensive history of the expansion and contraction of the American electorate.
114. [Chandler Davidson and Bernard Grofman | Princeton University Press | 1994]
Quiet Revolution in the South: The Impact of the Voting Rights Act, 1965–1990. Assesses changes in political participation and representation after the Voting Rights Act.
115. [J. Morgan Kousser | Yale University Press | 1974]
The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South. Historical analysis of poll taxes, literacy tests, and other mechanisms used to restrict voting.
116. | United States Congress | Congress.gov | August 6, 1965
Voting Rights Act of 1965. Primary legislative source for one of the central federal statutes governing voting discrimination.
Registration, Turnout, and Structural Barriers
117. [Joshua A. Douglas | University of Kentucky College of Law | 2014–2025]
Scholarship examining the constitutional right to vote, election administration, and expanding participation.
118. | National Conference of State Legislatures | NCSL | 2025
Same-Day Voter Registration. State-by-state information concerning registration rules that permit voters to register and vote on or near Election Day.
119. | National Conference of State Legislatures | NCSL | 2025
Early In-Person Voting. Overview of state laws governing voting before Election Day.
120. | National Conference of State Legislatures | NCSL | 2025
State comparison of absentee and mail-voting policies.
121. | U.S. Election Assistance Commission | EAC | 2025
Federal information concerning voter registration procedures and the National Mail Voter Registration Form.
122. | U.S. Election Assistance Commission | EAC | 2025
Election Administration and Voting Survey materials documenting registration, turnout, provisional ballots, mail voting, and election administration.
123. | U.S. Census Bureau | Census Bureau | 2025
Voting and Registration. National data on turnout and registration broken down by age, race, education, income, and other characteristics.
124. [Michael P. McDonald | Election Law Journal | 2008–2024]
Research documenting voter eligibility, turnout, registration, and differences between voting-age and voting-eligible populations.
125. [Daniel P. Tokaji | Michigan Law Review / Ohio State Election Law | 2006–2024]
Legal scholarship examining voter registration, election administration, provisional ballots, and voting rights.
126. | Brennan Center for Justice | Brennan Center | 2024
Research on automatic voter registration and its potential effects on registration and participation.
127. | MIT Election Data + Science Lab | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 2024
Research concerning mail voting, absentee ballots, election administration, and voter participation.
128. | MIT Election Data + Science Lab | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 2024
Research collection on voter registration systems and barriers to participation.
129. | MIT Election Data + Science Lab | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 2024
Studies of voters’ experiences with registration, polling places, wait times, and ballot procedures.
130. [Jan E. Leighley and Jonathan Nagler | Princeton University Press | 2014]
Who Votes Now? Demographics, Issues, Inequality, and Turnout in the United States. Comprehensive study of inequality in American political participation.
131. [Barry C. Burden et al. | American Journal of Political Science | 2014]
Election Laws, Mobilization, and Turnout: The Unanticipated Consequences of Election Reform. Examines early voting, Election Day registration, and mobilization.
132. [Jan E. Leighley and Jonathan Nagler | Princeton University Press | 2013]
The Legal Context of Turnout: Voter Registration and Voting Innovations. Examines registration deadlines, Election Day registration, absentee voting, early voting, and turnout between 1972 and 2008.
133. [R. Michael Alvarez, Stephen Ansolabehere, and Catherine H. Wilson | Election Administration Research | 2002–2010]
Studies examining registration systems, election administration, and barriers affecting voter participation.
134. [David C. Kimball and Michael Kropf | Political Research Quarterly | 2008]
Research examining election administration, ballot procedures, and voter participation.
135. [James M. Avery and Mark Peffley | State Politics & Policy Quarterly | 2005]
Voter Registration Requirements, Voter Turnout, and Welfare Eligibility Policy. Examines relationships among registration requirements, social policy, and voter participation.
136. [Raymond E. Wolfinger and Steven J. Rosenstone | Yale University Press | 1980]
Who Votes? Foundational analysis of institutional barriers to registration and turnout.
Felony Disenfranchisement and Voting-Rights Restoration
137. | National Conference of State Legislatures | NCSL | 2025
Felon Voting Rights. State-by-state comparison of voting-rights restoration policies following criminal convictions.
138. | American Civil Liberties Union | ACLU | 2025
Resources addressing restoration of voting rights for people with felony convictions.
139. | Campaign Legal Center | Campaign Legal Center | 2025
Restore Your Vote. Information about varying state laws governing voting rights after criminal convictions.
140. | Brennan Center for Justice | Brennan Center | 2025
Research and legal analysis concerning felony disenfranchisement and restoration of voting rights.
141. | The Sentencing Project | The Sentencing Project | 2024
Locked Out 2024. Estimates the number and demographic distribution of Americans unable to vote because of felony-disenfranchisement laws.
142. [The Sentencing Project | The Sentencing Project | 2024]
Locked Out 2024: Four Million Denied Voting Rights Due to a Felony Conviction. Updates national estimates of felony disenfranchisement.
143. [Brenda K. Savage, M. N. Barringer, and Michael M. Binder | Sociological Inquiry | 2022]
A Second Chance in the Sunshine State: Religious Identity and Voter Support for Re-Enfranchisement in Florida. Examines religious identity, particularly evangelical Protestant identification, and support for Florida's Amendment 4.
144. [Christopher Uggen, Ryan Larson, Sarah Shannon, and Robert Stewart | The Sentencing Project | 2020]
Locked Out 2020. Estimates the number and characteristics of Americans disenfranchised because of felony convictions.
145. [Marc Mauer | The Sentencing Project | 2002–2018]
Research examining the racial consequences and democratic implications of felony-disenfranchisement laws.
146. [Alec C. Ewald | Cambridge University Press | 2009]
Research examining the history and political development of criminal disenfranchisement in the United States.
147. [Erika Wood | Brennan Center for Justice | 2009]
Research reviewing state laws governing restoration of voting rights after criminal convictions.
148. [Pamela S. Karlan | Stanford Law Review | 2004]
Legal analysis of felony disenfranchisement and constitutional voting-rights doctrine.
149. [Christopher Uggen and Jeff Manza | American Sociological Review | 2002]
Democratic Contraction? Political Consequences of Felon Disenfranchisement in the United States. Estimates the electoral consequences of felony-disenfranchisement laws.
Election Administration, Confidence, and Legitimacy
150. [Charles Stewart III | MIT Election Data + Science Lab | 2012–2026]
Research program documenting election administration, voter experiences, ballot processing, wait times, and confidence in elections.
151. [MIT Election Data + Science Lab | Massachusetts Institute of Technology | 2016–2026]
Research collection on voter registration, election administration, mail voting, polling places, voter experience, and election performance.
152. [U.S. Election Assistance Commission | Federal Election Administration Research | 2004–2026]
Election Administration and Voting Survey data covering voter registration, turnout, mail ballots, provisional ballots, and election administration.
153. | U.S. Election Assistance Commission | EAC | 2025
Resources explaining the work of local election officials, voting systems, election security, and administration.
154. | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency | CISA | 2025
Election Security. Federal resources concerning election infrastructure, cybersecurity, and election administration.
155. | National Conference of State Legislatures | NCSL | 2025
Election Administration at State and Local Levels. Describes the decentralized structure of American election administration.
156. | MIT Election Data + Science Lab | MIT | 2025
Academic research on voting technology, ballot administration, election officials, turnout, and electoral procedures.
157. | Protect Democracy | Protect Democracy | 2025
Research concerning attempts to interfere with lawful election administration and certification.
158. | States United Democracy Center | States United Democracy Center | 2025
Research concerning election administration, election denial, threats against election officials, and democratic institutions.
159. | Bipartisan Policy Center | Bipartisan Policy Center | 2025
Bipartisan election-policy research addressing administration, voter access, counting procedures, and public confidence.
160. | R Street Institute | R Street Institute | 2025
Election-policy research covering administration, election security, access, and public trust from a center-right policy organization.
161. | Carter Center | Carter Center | 2025
Comparative democracy and election-observation resources useful for placing U.S. voting-rights debates in a broader democratic context.
162. [Lonna Rae Atkeson | University of New Mexico | 2005–2024]
Research examining voter confidence, election administration, voter identification, and perceptions of election fairness.
163. [Paul Gronke | Reed College / Early Voting Information Center | 2008–2024]
Research examining early voting, mail ballots, election reform, and voter confidence.
164. [David C. Kimball | University of Missouri-St. Louis | 2004–2024]
Research examining ballot design, election administration, voter confidence, and institutional performance.
165. | Pew Charitable Trusts | Pew | 2024
Research and policy information concerning election administration, voter registration, and election performance.
166. [Michael D. Cobb, James H. Greiner, and Kevin M. Quinn | Election Law Research | 2010–2012]
Empirical work examining voter identification, polling-place administration, and claims concerning election integrity.
167. [R. Michael Alvarez, Thad E. Hall, and Susan D. Hyde | Brookings Institution Press | 2008]
Election Fraud: Detecting and Deterring Electoral Manipulation. Collection examining how election irregularities can be identified and prevented.
Religion, Democracy, and Political Mobilization
168. | Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty | BJC | 2025
Christian Nationalism. Educational research and resources distinguishing Christian nationalism from ordinary religious participation in democratic politics.
169. | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | BJC | 2025
Religious coalition resources addressing Christian nationalism, pluralism, democracy, and church-state separation.
170. | Public Religion Research Institute | PRRI | 2025
Survey research on Christian nationalism, religion, partisanship, democracy, elections, political violence, and American identity.
171. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | 2025
Nonpartisan survey research on religion, politics, churches, elections, national identity, and public attitudes toward Christian nationalism.
172. | Washington University in St. Louis | Religion & Politics | 2025
Scholarly journalism examining religion, elections, nationalism, democracy, political mobilization, and voting.
173. | Religion in Public | Religion in Public | 2025
Academic analyses by political scientists studying religion, Christian nationalism, elections, public opinion, and democratic behavior.
174. | Cambridge University Press | Politics and Religion | 2025
Peer-reviewed research on religion, democratic institutions, nationalism, elections, voting behavior, and political participation.
175. | Association for the Sociology of Religion / Oxford University Press | Sociology of Religion | 2025
Peer-reviewed scholarship containing several important empirical studies of Christian nationalism, citizens’ rights, and electoral politics.
176. | Wiley | Nations and Nationalism | 2025
Scholarly journal publishing research on Christian nationalism, national identity, political behavior, and presidential voting.
177. | Springer | Political Behavior | 2025
Peer-reviewed research on elections, political attitudes, democratic norms, conspiracy beliefs, political violence, and Christian nationalism.
178. [Anthea Butler | University of North Carolina Press | 2021]
White Evangelical Racism: The Politics of Morality in America. Historical study connecting white evangelical political activism, race, party politics, and contemporary nationalism.
179. [Robert P. Jones | Simon & Schuster | 2020]
White Too Long: The Legacy of White Supremacy in American Christianity. Examines the historical relationship between white Christianity, racial hierarchy, and contemporary political attitudes.
180. [Andrew L. Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry | Oxford University Press | 2020]
Taking America Back for God: Christian Nationalism in the United States. Foundational empirical treatment of Christian nationalism examining its measurement, social composition, racial attitudes, political behavior, and implications for American democratic life.
181. [Lydia Bean | Princeton University Press | 2014]
The Politics of Evangelical Identity. Comparative research showing how churches and religious networks contribute to political identity and partisan behavior.
182. [Clyde Wilcox and Carin Robinson | Westview Press | 2011]
Onward Christian Soldiers? The Religious Right in American Politics. Examines political mobilization, elections, organizations, and policy activity associated with the Christian Right.
183. [Robert D. Putnam and David E. Campbell | Simon & Schuster | 2010]
American Grace: How Religion Divides and Unites Us. Major study of religion, political participation, civic involvement, polarization, and social networks.
184. [Corwin E. Smidt, Lyman A. Kellstedt, and James L. Guth | Oxford University Press | 2009]
The Oxford Handbook of Religion and American Politics. Research collection on religion, elections, voting behavior, political mobilization, and democratic participation.
185. [David E. Campbell | Cambridge University Press | 2006]
Why We Vote: How Schools and Communities Shape Our Civic Life. Examines institutions, social networks, and civic environments that influence voting participation.
186. [Geoffrey C. Layman | Columbia University Press | 2001]
The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. Historical and empirical study of religion’s role in partisan realignment and electoral behavior.
187. [Kenneth D. Wald and Allison Calhoun-Brown | Rowman & Littlefield | Multiple editions]
Religion and Politics in the United States. Broad study of religious political participation, voting, parties, social movements, and church-state politics.
