Christian Nationalism by Religious Affiliation
Christian Nationalism by Religious Affiliation
Christian nationalism is not distributed evenly across American religious traditions. National surveys, denominational studies, journalism, and academic research show substantial differences in how religious communities understand the relationship between Christianity, American identity, government, and political power.
The strongest levels of support generally appear among white evangelical Protestants and some Hispanic Protestant communities. Other Christian groups, including Catholics, Black Protestants, mainline Protestants, Latter-day Saints, and members of historically Reformed traditions, display more mixed attitudes. Jewish Americans, members of many non-Christian religions, atheists, agnostics, and other religiously unaffiliated Americans are generally among the groups least supportive of Christian-nationalist ideas.
At the same time, religious affiliation alone does not fully explain Christian nationalism. Political identity, race, ethnicity, theological tradition, views of religious authority, attitudes toward national identity, and beliefs about the proper relationship between church and government all interact with religious affiliation.
National Surveys and Religious Differences
Large national surveys demonstrate pronounced differences in Christian-nationalist attitudes among religious communities.
Public Religion Research Institute surveys have repeatedly found the highest levels of Christian-nationalist adherence and sympathy among white evangelical Protestants. Hispanic Protestants also frequently show relatively high levels of support. Black Protestants occupy a more intermediate position, while Catholics and white mainline Protestants generally display lower levels of support.
Religiously unaffiliated Americans, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, Unitarian Universalists, atheists, and agnostics tend to show especially low levels of support for Christian nationalism.
Pew Research Center studies similarly find major religious differences regarding whether the United States should be understood as a Christian nation, whether Christianity should receive special government recognition, and how much influence religion should exercise over political institutions.
Survey findings therefore indicate that Christian nationalism is strongly associated with certain forms of Christianity, but it is neither universal among Christians nor absent from every non-evangelical Christian community.
White Evangelical Protestantism
White evangelical Protestants are the religious group most consistently associated with Christian nationalism in the available survey research.
Studies frequently find that substantial majorities or large pluralities of white evangelicals express beliefs associated with Christian nationalism, including the idea that the United States has a special Christian identity or divine purpose and that Christianity should exercise a significant role in public institutions.
Scholars and religious writers emphasize, however, that evangelical Christianity is not ideologically uniform. Some evangelicals explicitly support Christian-nationalist political projects, while others reject nationalism as incompatible with Christian discipleship.
Evangelical critics argue that nationalism can transform Christianity from a religious faith into a political identity and can place loyalty to nation alongside or above loyalty to Christian teaching.
Other evangelical writers caution against applying the Christian-nationalist label too broadly, arguing that conventional conservative Christian political participation should not automatically be classified as nationalism.
This internal disagreement demonstrates that evangelical affiliation is strongly associated with Christian nationalism at the population level while still containing significant theological and political diversity.
Hispanic Protestant Christianity
Hispanic Protestants emerge in several surveys as one of the religious groups with comparatively high levels of Christian-nationalist sympathy.
PRRI research has found substantial differences between Hispanic Protestants and Hispanic Catholics. Hispanic Protestants often display significantly greater support for Christian nationalism, while Hispanic Catholics tend to resemble other Catholic populations more closely.
Evangelical and Pentecostal identity may help explain part of this difference. Hispanic Protestant communities may combine conservative theological beliefs, evangelical religious identity, and conservative political attitudes in ways that increase affinity with Christian-nationalist ideas.
At the same time, Hispanic Protestant politics remain complex. Support for Christian-nationalist ideas does not necessarily produce uniform views on immigration, ethnicity, or political candidates.
The evidence therefore illustrates why racial or ethnic categories alone are insufficient for understanding Christian nationalism. Religious tradition can produce major differences within the same ethnic population.
Black Protestant Christianity
Black Protestants occupy a distinctive position in research on Christian nationalism.
Survey data indicate that meaningful minorities of Black Protestants express beliefs that researchers classify as Christian-nationalist. Support is generally lower than among white evangelical Protestants but higher than among many religious minorities and unaffiliated Americans.
This complicates interpretations that treat Christian nationalism exclusively as a form of white Christianity.
At the same time, the historical and political traditions of Black Christianity differ substantially from those associated with white Christian nationalism. Black churches have played central roles in abolitionism, civil rights activism, voting-rights campaigns, and struggles against racial inequality.
Many Black Christian leaders strongly oppose white Christian nationalism and interpret it as a threat to racial equality, democratic participation, and the prophetic traditions of Black Christianity.
Christian-nationalist attitudes within Black Protestantism therefore cannot simply be assumed to carry the same racial, partisan, or historical meaning that similar survey responses may have among white evangelical Protestants.
Catholicism, Integralism, and Postliberalism
Catholic attitudes toward Christian nationalism are generally more divided and less supportive than those of white evangelical Protestants.
Survey research typically finds Catholics occupying a middle position between strongly supportive evangelical communities and strongly rejecting secular or non-Christian groups.
Hispanic Catholics generally show substantially less Christian-nationalist support than Hispanic Protestants.
At the same time, a distinct Catholic intellectual and political tradition overlaps with certain forms of Christian nationalism. Catholic integralism, radical traditionalism, postliberalism, and related movements question liberal assumptions about the separation of religious and political authority.
These Catholic movements differ significantly from Protestant evangelical nationalism. Their theological foundations, institutional traditions, and views of church authority are distinct.
Some Catholic commentators and organizations strongly reject Christian nationalism, arguing that nationalist approaches to immigration, religious pluralism, democracy, or political power conflict with Catholic social teaching.
The Catholic case therefore demonstrates that Christian nationalism contains multiple theological traditions rather than representing a single Protestant ideology.
Mainline Protestantism
White mainline and other non-evangelical Protestants generally express lower levels of Christian-nationalist support than white evangelical Protestants.
Mainline denominations have frequently issued educational materials, resolutions, sermons, workshops, and theological statements warning against the fusion of Christianity with national identity.
Presbyterian, Lutheran, Methodist, Episcopal, United Church of Christ, and other mainline leaders have increasingly examined Christian nationalism as both a theological and political problem.
Some historians nevertheless argue that older forms of Protestant civil religion helped create cultural conditions later used by Christian nationalists. Mainline Protestantism historically played a major role in American institutions and in shaping public ideas about national religious identity.
Contemporary mainline denominations therefore occupy a complicated position: many strongly oppose modern Christian nationalism while also confronting their own historical participation in forms of Protestant-centered American civil religion.
Presbyterian and Reformed Traditions
Presbyterian and Reformed denominations have become particularly active in debates over Christian nationalism.
The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has examined white Christian nationalism through committees, educational programs, worship resources, General Assembly deliberations, and theological statements. Some Presbyterian bodies have described white Christian nationalism as a theological error incompatible with Christian teaching.
Other Reformed denominations have taken a more deliberative approach.
The Christian Reformed Church has established processes to study Christian nationalism and determine its relationship to Reformed theology, confessional identity, civil government, and church-state separation.
Conservative Presbyterian and Reformed Christians also debate whether some forms of Christian political influence are being incorrectly labeled Christian nationalism.
These discussions demonstrate that Reformed Christianity contains competing understandings of national identity, political authority, religious liberty, and the relationship between church and government.
Baptist Traditions
Baptist responses to Christian nationalism are shaped by the denomination's historic emphasis on religious liberty and the separation of church and state.
Organizations such as the Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty have become prominent critics of Christian nationalism. The Christians Against Christian Nationalism initiative brings together Christian leaders from numerous traditions in opposition to merging Christianity with American national identity.
The Baptist World Alliance has also rejected religious nationalism as inconsistent with religious freedom.
Baptist journalists, pastors, and theologians frequently argue that coercive religious politics undermine both Christianity and democratic government.
Yet Baptist communities are internally divided. Some Southern Baptist and conservative evangelical leaders have expressed more sympathetic views toward Christian nationalism or toward political programs that Christian-nationalism critics regard as closely related.
The Baptist debate therefore illustrates the tension between historic Baptist commitments to religious liberty and contemporary conservative Christian political activism.
Methodist, Episcopal, Lutheran, and Anabaptist Responses
Several other Protestant traditions have developed organized responses to Christian nationalism.
United Methodist materials often portray Christian nationalism as a distortion of Christian discipleship and warn against transforming national loyalty into a form of religious devotion.
Episcopal organizations have connected discussions of Christian nationalism with concerns about radicalization, extremism, racial hierarchy, and threats to religious pluralism.
Lutheran institutions have produced theological and ethical resources examining nationalism through Lutheran understandings of church, state, vocation, and political authority.
Anabaptist and Mennonite institutions generally approach nationalism with particular skepticism because of their traditions of Christian pacifism, separation from coercive state power, and emphasis on allegiance to the Christian community rather than national identity.
These denominational responses show that Christian opposition to Christian nationalism often arises from theological commitments rather than from secular opposition to religion.
Latter-day Saints
Latter-day Saints often occupy an intermediate position in survey research.
Studies generally find more Christian-nationalist support among Latter-day Saints than among secular or many non-Christian groups, but less support than among white evangelical Protestants.
Research from Utah also demonstrates that political conservatism does not automatically produce Christian-nationalist identification.
Latter-day Saint history may contribute to this complexity. The tradition combines strong religious community identity and political conservatism with a historical memory of persecution by government institutions and continuing concern about religious liberty.
The result is a religious community in which conservative political beliefs can coexist with significant resistance to explicit Christian nationalism.
Jews, Muslims, and Other Religious Minorities
Jewish Americans and members of many other non-Christian religious traditions generally express low levels of support for Christian nationalism.
Pew and PRRI research consistently finds strong skepticism toward proposals that would grant Christianity privileged status within American government.
For religious minorities, Christian nationalism raises direct questions about equal citizenship, religious freedom, and whether non-Christian Americans would receive the same political and cultural standing as Christians.
Jewish participation in broader national-conservative political movements demonstrates that conservative politics and Christian nationalism are not identical. Some Jewish conservatives cooperate with Christian conservatives on political issues while remaining wary of explicit Christian establishment.
Muslim Americans and other religious minorities similarly have strong reasons to distinguish ordinary Christian political participation from systems that formally privilege Christianity over other religions.
Religiously Unaffiliated and Secular Americans
Religiously unaffiliated Americans are among the groups most consistently opposed to Christian nationalism.
Atheists and agnostics display especially strong resistance to government promotion of Christianity.
Secular organizations such as the Freedom From Religion Foundation and Americans United for Separation of Church and State interpret Christian nationalism primarily through the lens of constitutional religious liberty, public education, and church-state separation.
For many secular Americans, the central concern is not Christianity itself but the use of government power to privilege Christianity or restrict equal treatment of citizens with different religious or nonreligious identities.
The rapid growth of the religiously unaffiliated population also increases the political importance of debates over whether American identity should be defined in explicitly Christian terms.
Christian Opposition to Christian Nationalism
A major theme throughout the source material is that opposition to Christian nationalism is not limited to secular or non-Christian organizations.
Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Catholics, Mennonites, evangelical writers, Black church leaders, and other Christian communities have developed theological arguments against Christian nationalism.
These critiques often emphasize several themes: Christianity should not be reduced to national identity; political power should not determine religious truth; religious liberty applies to all people; patriotism is distinct from religious nationalism; and Christian allegiance should not be subordinated to political parties or nations.
This internal Christian debate is important because it demonstrates that the controversy cannot accurately be described simply as Christianity versus secularism.
Instead, substantial disagreement exists within Christianity over the proper relationship between religious faith, national identity, democracy, political authority, and government.
Academic Research and Interpretation
Peer-reviewed research increasingly treats Christian nationalism as a distinct social and political orientation rather than simply another measure of religiosity.
Studies find that Christian nationalism can predict political attitudes independently of conventional measures of religious affiliation or church attendance.
Researchers have connected Christian-nationalist beliefs with attitudes toward immigration, racial and national identity, perceived social threat, political victimhood, conspiracy beliefs, punitive social policies, political violence, and willingness to tolerate violations of democratic norms.
Other studies emphasize that Christian nationalism itself is internally diverse.
Researchers distinguish between Christian statism, religious traditionalism, charismatic dominionism, Calvinist nationalism, Catholic integralism, civil religion, and other ways of connecting Christianity with national political authority.
Academic research also cautions against assuming that religious affiliation alone determines political behavior. Race, ethnicity, party identification, ideology, theology, social identity, and political elite messaging all influence how people interpret Christian nationalism.
Conclusion
Christian nationalism varies dramatically by religious affiliation.
White evangelical Protestants consistently show the highest levels of support in national surveys, while Hispanic Protestants also frequently display comparatively high levels of sympathy. Black Protestants, Catholics, Latter-day Saints, mainline Protestants, and other Christian traditions tend to occupy more intermediate or internally divided positions.
Jewish Americans, members of many non-Christian religions, atheists, agnostics, and other religiously unaffiliated Americans generally show the strongest opposition.
Religious affiliation, however, does not tell the whole story. Christian nationalism crosses denominational, racial, ethnic, and theological boundaries, and substantial opposition comes from within Christianity itself.
The broader evidence therefore suggests that Christian nationalism is best understood not as Christianity in general, nor simply as conservative religious belief, but as a particular way of combining religious identity, national identity, political authority, and ideas about America's historical or divine purpose.
Understanding Christian nationalism by religious affiliation reveals both the communities in which it has its strongest support and the extensive religious diversity among Americans who reject, reinterpret, or actively oppose it.
National Surveys and Religious-Affiliation Comparisons
1. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | August 2026
Examines Christians who reject Christian nationalism and finds rejection especially associated with Hispanic Catholics, white Catholics and white mainline or non-evangelical Protestants.
2. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | June 2026
Compares favorable views of Christian nationalism among white evangelical Protestants, Hispanic Protestants, Latter-day Saints, white mainline Protestants, Catholics, Black Protestants, Jews, non-Christian religions and unaffiliated Americans.
3. | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | June 17, 2026
Reports changing views of Christian nationalism across religious groups, including evangelicals, Hispanic Protestants, Black Protestants, Catholics and religious minorities.
4. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | May 14, 2026
Examines attitudes toward Christian nationalism, Bible-based government and religion in public life among white evangelicals, white nonevangelical Protestants, Black Protestants, Catholics and religiously unaffiliated Americans.
5. | Jack Panyard | Christianity Today | May 14, 2026
Summarizes Pew findings showing white evangelical Protestants as substantially more favorable toward Christian nationalism than Catholics, Black Protestants and unaffiliated Americans.
6. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 17, 2026
Provides one of the newest nationwide breakdowns of Christian nationalism by religious affiliation, finding particularly high support among white evangelical Protestants and Hispanic Protestants and much lower support among non-Christian and religiously unaffiliated Americans.
7. | Greg Carey | Word&Way | September 10, 2025
Emphasizes that Christian nationalism is religiously diverse, including charismatic, Reformed and Catholic-integralist versions.
8. | Nilay Saiya | Politics and Religion | May 13, 2025
Identifies multiple theological varieties of American Christian nationalism, including charismatic dominionism, Calvinist nationalism and Catholic integralism.
9. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 4, 2025
Shows large differences among religious traditions, including white evangelical Protestants, Hispanic Protestants, Black Protestants, Latter-day Saints, Catholics, mainline Protestants, Jews, Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus and unaffiliated Americans.
10. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | January 28, 2025
Places American Christian nationalism within a broader international comparison of religious nationalism and examines the relationship between national identity and historically predominant religions.
11. | The Conversation / Religion News Service | Religion News Service | January 23, 2025
Discusses research showing that Christian-nationalist sympathies occur among white, Black and Hispanic Christians and explores moral values that help explain variation beyond simple religious affiliation.
12. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | 2025
Focuses on Hispanic Americans and shows the striking divide between Hispanic Protestants, Hispanic Catholics and religiously unaffiliated Hispanics in support for Christian nationalism.
13. | Chip Rotolo, Gregory A. Smith and Jonathan Evans | Pew Research Center | March 15, 2024
Compares opinions about Christianity in government among evangelical Protestants, Black Protestants, Hispanic Protestants, Catholics, Jews, atheists, agnostics and other Americans.
14. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | March 15, 2024
Provides detailed tables showing favorable and unfavorable views of Christian nationalism across numerous religious affiliations.
15. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 28, 2024
Finds that roughly two-thirds of white evangelical Protestants and a majority of Hispanic Protestants qualified as Christian-nationalism supporters, compared with substantially smaller shares of other religious groups.
16. | Robert P. Jones | Baptist News Global | February 28, 2024
Uses PRRI data to illustrate the sharply different levels of Christian-nationalist support among major religious communities.
17. | Bob Smietana | Religion News Service | May 17, 2023
Surveys competing definitions of Christian nationalism and describes the religious movements and congregations most associated with the ideology.
18. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 8, 2023
Establishes a four-category Christian-nationalism scale and compares adherents, sympathizers, skeptics and rejecters across major religious traditions.
19. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 8, 2023
Highlights the especially strong relationship between evangelical or born-again identity and Christian-nationalist beliefs across white, Black and Hispanic Christians.
20. | Bob Smietana | Religion News Service | January 6, 2023
Provides a taxonomy of contemporary Christian nationalism that distinguishes evangelical, charismatic, Reformed and other strands rather than treating supporters as a single religious bloc.
21. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | October 27, 2022
Examines who believes the United States should be a Christian nation and provides extensive religious-affiliation comparisons.
22. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | October 27, 2022
Finds especially strong Christian-nation sentiment among white evangelical Protestants while documenting substantially different attitudes among Catholics and religious minorities.
23. | Pew Research Center | Pew Research Center | October 27, 2022
Uses open-ended responses from people of different religious affiliations to show how Americans understand the phrase Christian nationalism.
24. | Baylor Religion Survey | Baylor University | 2021
Presents Baylor Religion Survey findings dividing Americans into strong Christian nationalists, moderates and strong rejecters.
Evangelicals and Conservative Protestants
25. | Russell Moore | Christianity Today | May 20, 2026
Critiques contemporary efforts to merge evangelical prayer, American national identity and political power.
26. | Chris Butler | Christianity Today | May 5, 2026
Offers an evangelical argument for distinguishing actual Christian nationalism from ordinary conservative Christian political involvement.
27. | George Yancey | Christianity Today | January 22, 2026
Argues that some behavior attributed to evangelical Christian nationalism is better understood as conservative identity politics and warns against treating evangelicals as ideologically uniform.
28. | Russell Moore | Christianity Today | June 29, 2026
Explores how evangelical churches can acknowledge patriotism without merging American identity with Christian worship.
29. | Russell Moore | Christianity Today | June 15, 2026
Addresses how evangelical congregations can respond when Christian-nationalist beliefs become sources of division inside churches.
30. | David Sikkink and Michael Emerson | Sociology of Religion | November 3, 2025
Examines divisions inside American evangelicalism and estimates that Christian-nationalist orientations characterize a large but far from unanimous portion of evangelicals.
31. | Ralph C. Wood | Christianity Today | September 25, 2024
Reviews an evangelical theological critique of Christian nationalism and its influence on evangelical identity.
32. | Jessica Wai-Fong Wong | Religions | August 29, 2024
Investigates why white evangelical theology and historical narratives can make Christian nationalism particularly attractive within portions of evangelical Christianity.
33. | Nilay Saiya | Frontiers in Social Psychology | 2024
Finds that affiliation with religious traditions other than evangelicalism, or having no religious affiliation, predicts substantially weaker Christian-nationalist attitudes.
34. | Laura Barrón-López and Sam Lane | PBS NewsHour | February 1, 2024
Interviews former evangelical minister Brad Onishi about Christian nationalism's roots in portions of American evangelical culture.
35. | Paul D. Miller | Christianity Today | September 13, 2023
Explores differences between moderate religious nationalism and more radical Christian-nationalist political projects.
36. | Paul D. Miller | Christianity Today | March 3, 2023
Discusses measurement problems while arguing that Christian nationalism remains particularly important for understanding white evangelical political culture.
37. | Yonat Shimron | Religion News Service | January 24, 2023
Profiles Bradley Onishi's account of how Southern California evangelical culture contributed to contemporary white Christian nationalism.
38. | Andrew Whitehead and Samuel L. Perry | Religion News Service | January 19, 2023
Examines how white Christian nationalism differs from generic evangelical opposition to abortion by emphasizing social hierarchy and moral order.
39. | Bob Smietana and Emily McFarlan Miller | Religion News Service | December 23, 2022
Investigates evangelical and fundamentalist homeschooling curricula that teach narratives of America as a divinely covenanted Christian nation.
40. | Daniel Silliman | Christianity Today | October 31, 2022
Describes disagreement among American evangelicals over whether Christian nationalism represents legitimate Christian political participation or a distortion of the faith.
41. | Russell Moore | Christianity Today | September 29, 2022
Argues from an evangelical perspective that nationalism can substitute national identity for genuine Christian discipleship.
42. | Bonnie Kristian | Christianity Today | June 2022
Reviews evangelical arguments concerning folk religion, Protestant identity and American Christian nationalism.
43. | Mike Cummings | Yale News | March 15, 2022
Discusses Philip Gorski's research on white Christian nationalism and its strong historical connections to white Protestant political identity.
44. | Samuel L. Perry | Religion News Service | January 28, 2022
Connects Christian-nationalist beliefs among white Christians to religious and political dogmatism.
45. | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | January 26, 2022
Documents the adoption of Christian-nationalist rhetoric among evangelical-adjacent and far-right political networks following January 6.
46. | Paul D. Miller | Christianity Today | February 3, 2021
Offers an evangelical critique distinguishing Christianity, patriotism and political Christian nationalism.
47. | Matthew Lee Anderson | Christianity Today | 2020
Discusses the complicated relationship between white evangelical identity and Christian nationalism from within evangelical Christianity.
Baptist Traditions
48. | Jeff Brumley | Baptist News Global | September 25, 2024
Reports Baptist Joint Committee arguments linking Christian nationalism with restrictions on political participation and voting rights.
49. | Ronald S. Cava | Baptist News Global | July 2, 2024
Evaluates Christian nationalism using Baptist theology, ecclesiology and the tradition's historic defense of religious liberty.
50. | Baptist World Alliance | Baptist World Alliance | July 11, 2024
Formally rejects religious nationalism while grounding its opposition in the historic Baptist defense of church-state separation and religious liberty.
51. | Ron Duncan Hart | Baptist News Global | June 16, 2024
Recounts evangelical preaching in the American South that connected opposition to desegregation, feminism and secular government with demands to restore a Christian nation.
52. | Jeff Brumley | Baptist News Global | March 7, 2024
Discusses Anthea Butler's argument that Christian nationalists remain Christians even when their theology becomes intertwined with nationalism and white supremacy.
53. | Cooperative Baptist Fellowship of North Carolina | CBFNC | 2024
Provides a Baptist educational resource examining Christian nationalism as both a theological and democratic problem.
54. | Mark Wingfield | Baptist News Global | April 14, 2025
Amanda Tyler distinguishes traditional conservative Baptist or evangelical beliefs from the ideology that merges Christianity with national identity.
55. | Jeff Brumley | Baptist News Global | September 22, 2026
Reports a Baptist-hosted interfaith discussion of white Christianity, racism and Christian nationalism.
56. | Michael Chancellor | Baptist News Global | June 29, 2026
Presents a Baptist theological rejection of Christian nationalism and its fusion of political loyalty with Christian discipleship.
57. | Juan Garcia | Baptist News Global | June 29, 2026
A Latino Baptist pastor reflects on Christian nationalism's influence within Puerto Rican and mainland American churches.
58. | Richard Conville | Baptist News Global | June 25, 2026
Traces the historical connections between white Protestant culture, racial hierarchy and contemporary Christian nationalism.
59. | Baptist News Global Staff | Baptist News Global | June 10, 2026
Discusses how Protestant congregations can address Christian-nationalist sympathies through theological education and pastoral engagement.
60. | Will McCorkle | Baptist News Global | March 24, 2026
Considers whether adherence to orthodox Christian creeds alone is sufficient to distinguish Christian faith from nationalist political behavior.
61. | Mark Silk | Religion News Service | September 11, 2026
Examines Southern Baptist leader Albert Mohler's increasingly positive treatment of Christian nationalism and the tension with historic Baptist church-state principles.
62. | Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty | BJC | 2026
Describes a Baptist-led movement bringing Christians from numerous denominations together against Christian nationalism.
63. | Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty | BJC | 2026
Presents the principles of Christians Against Christian Nationalism and emphasizes religious freedom across denominational and religious boundaries.
64. | Christians Against Christian Nationalism | BJC | 2019-2026
Demonstrates opposition to Christian nationalism from Baptist, Catholic, Quaker and other Christian leaders across a broad denominational spectrum.
Documents the role of Christian-nationalist beliefs, organizations and religious symbols in the January 6 attack on the Capitol.
Presbyterian and Reformed Traditions
66. | Westminster John Knox Press | Presbyterian News Service | September 29, 2026
Highlights historian John Fea's effort to distinguish actual American religious history from Christian-nationalist historical narratives.
67. | Alissa Vernon | The Banner | September 18, 2026
Reports appointment of the Christian Reformed Church committee assigned to study Christian nationalism through 2028.
68. | Matthew J. Tuininga | The Banner | September 14, 2026
Examines nationalism through Reformed political theology and asks whether any form of nationalism is compatible with Christian allegiance.
69. | Mike Ferguson | Presbyterian News Service | September 3, 2026
Explores how Presbyterian pastors can preach about Christian nationalism without allowing partisan identity to substitute for Christian theology.
70. | Megan Fowler | Christianity Today | July 30, 2026
Reports that Lutheran, Presbyterian, Christian Reformed and other denominations have begun formal study of Christian nationalism.
71. | Matthew B. Warren | Presbyterian Outlook | July 15, 2026
Explores how Presbyterian patriotism can be distinguished from Christian nationalism.
72. | John A. Bolt | Presbyterian Outlook | July 1, 2026
Reports the PC(USA)'s decision to label white Christian nationalism a theological error incompatible with the teachings of Jesus.
73. | The Banner Staff | The Banner | July 1, 2026
Explains why Christian Reformed leaders believe clearer definitions are needed before the denomination adopts a formal theological judgment.
74. | Presbyterian News Service | Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) | June 30, 2026
Reports General Assembly deliberations over white Christian nationalism and Presbyterian identity.
75. | Layton Williams Berkes | Presbyterian News Service | June 28, 2026
Covers Robert P. Jones's presentation to Presbyterian leaders concerning white Christianity and Christian nationalism.
76. | Liam Adams | Sojourners | June 26, 2026
Explores opposition to the Christian-nationalist label among conservative Presbyterian and Reformed Christians who nevertheless favor significant Christian influence over civil government.
77. | Cindy Corell | Presbyterian News Service | June 24, 2026
Reports Presbyterian deliberations over Christian nationalism within a committee specifically concerned with Reformed identity.
78. | Noah Dodd | Currents in Theology and Mission | June 17, 2026
Examines how Christian nationalism appropriates Reformed ideas of divine election and proposes a Trinitarian theological alternative.
79. | Brian Kaylor | Word&Way | June 16, 2026
Compares Reformed Church in America, Presbyterian, Methodist, Lutheran, Episcopal, Disciples and Baptist denominational responses to Christian nationalism.
80. | Ethan Meyers | The Banner | June 15, 2026
Reports the Christian Reformed Church's decision to establish a study committee on Christian nationalism.
81. | Cindy Corell | Presbyterian News Service | June 11, 2026
Describes proposals asking the PC(USA) to reject Christian nationalism and acknowledge its historical relationship with ethnic supremacy.
82. | Amy Cerniglia | Covenant Network of Presbyterians | June 9, 2026
Summarizes Presbyterian proposals to repudiate white Christian nationalism and reaffirm church-state separation.
83. | Mike Ferguson | The Christian Century | May 29, 2026
Covers Presbyterian-led liturgical resistance to Christian nationalism and the role worship plays in shaping political loyalties.
84. | Mike Ferguson | Presbyterian News Service | May 26, 2026
Describes Presbyterian pastors and hymnwriters developing worship resources that resist the fusion of Christian and national identity.
85. | Presbyterian News Service | Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) | May 7, 2026
Reports a Presbyterian educational program examining definitions of Christian nationalism and the theological difference between nationalism and patriotism.
86. | Mike Ferguson | Presbyterian News Service | March 26, 2026
Describes Presbyterian efforts to understand Christian nationalism and distinguish Christian faith from national political identity.
87. | Presbyterian Church in Canada | Presbyterian Church in Canada | 2026
Describes the denomination's formal consideration of a statement rejecting Christian nationalism.
88. | Christian Reformed Church in North America | CRCNA | 2026
Includes proposals asking the Christian Reformed Church to clarify the relationship between Reformed theology, national identity and Christian nationalism.
89. | Christian Reformed Church in North America | CRCNA | 2026
Summarizes proposals before the CRC Synod, including a request to condemn or formally study Christian nationalism.
90. | Christian Reformed Church in North America | CRCNA | 2026
Reports the denomination's decision to study Christian nationalism and provide eventual pastoral guidance.
91. | South-Central Synod of Wisconsin | Evangelical Lutheran Church in America | 2025-2026
Provides Lutheran resources responding to Christian nationalism and discussing its implications for Lutheran theology.
92. | Mike Ferguson | Presbyterian News Service | April 4, 2025
Reports on a Presbyterian-hosted presentation by Baptist religious-liberty advocate Amanda Tyler about confronting Christian nationalism.
93. | Haley Ballast | Presbyterian Outlook / Seattle Presbytery | August 2024
Describes three Presbyterian congregations studying Christian nationalism through the denomination's confessional tradition.
94. | Presbyterian News Service | Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) | August 23, 2023
Explains why Presbyterian leaders regard Christian nationalism as inconsistent with Reformed theology and religious liberty.
Mainline Protestantism
95. | Steven Waldman | The Christian Century | June 16, 2026
Examines the historically Protestant character of American public religion and challenges simplistic claims that the United States was founded according to contemporary evangelical theology.
96. | Jeremy Fuzy | Word&Way | July 15, 2025
Reports United Church of Christ leaders explicitly rejecting Christian nationalism at the denomination's General Synod.
97. | Stephen Healey | The Christian Century | April 2025
Reviews evidence that mainline Protestant institutions contributed to the religious civil culture from which later Christian nationalism developed.
98. | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | March 8, 2023
Profiles religious and secular opponents of Christian nationalism, including Episcopal Bishop Gretchen Rehberg.
99. | Religion News Service | Religion News Service | July 12, 2021
Describes an ecumenical curriculum featuring Episcopal, Lutheran and Baptist leaders opposed to Christian nationalism.
100. | Emily McFarlan Miller and Adelle M. Banks | Word&Way / Religion News Service | January 29, 2021
Reports Episcopal, Lutheran, Baptist and other Christian leaders discussing how churches should confront nationalist ideology within their congregations.
Methodist, Episcopal and Anabaptist Traditions
101. | Lovett H. Weems Jr. | United Methodist Insight | July 2, 2026
Discusses church-state relations and Christian nationalism from a Methodist perspective.
102. | Episcopal Church in Connecticut | ECCT | February 25, 2026
Describes Episcopal efforts to study how white Christian nationalism appears in congregations and national politics.
103. | United Methodist Communications | United Methodist Church | 2025
Connects Methodist concerns about Christian nationalism with authoritarianism, exclusion and inequality.
104. | Don Plummer | Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta | October 9, 2024
Presents an Episcopal bishop's theological argument against conflating Christianity with American national identity.
105. | Dan White | Episcopal Church in Minnesota | August 21, 2024
Describes Episcopal congregational education about Christian nationalism and the effort to understand rather than stereotype its supporters.
106. | Lovett H. Weems Jr. | United Methodist Insight | June 26, 2024
Examines how United Methodist leaders can respond pastorally to Christian nationalism and American civil religion.
107. | United Methodist Communications | United Methodist Church | 2024
Explains Christian nationalism from a United Methodist perspective and distinguishes Christian discipleship from nationalist identity.
108. | Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary | AMBS | 2024-2026
Defines Christian nationalism from an Anabaptist perspective and presents church resources for resisting political idolatry and extremism.
109. | Episcopal Church Office of Government Relations | The Episcopal Church | 2022
Places Christian nationalism within a broader Episcopal discussion of radicalization, white supremacy and political extremism.
Lutheran Traditions
110. | Journal of Lutheran Ethics | Evangelical Lutheran Church in America | 2026
Includes a bibliography, podcast and theological materials examining Christian nationalism from Lutheran ethical perspectives.
Catholicism, Integralism and Postliberalism
111. | America Magazine Staff | America Magazine | June 25, 2026
Examines Catholic integralism, reactionary masculinity and Catholic participation in contemporary Christian-nationalist movements.
112. | Mathew N. Schmalz | National Catholic Reporter | February 11, 2026
Contrasts Christian-nationalist approaches to immigration with Catholic social teaching articulated by Pope Leo XIV.
113. | Jack Jenkins | National Catholic Reporter / Religion News Service | September 8, 2025
Examines efforts by national conservatives to bridge Protestant, Catholic and Jewish divisions within a broader Christian-nationalist coalition.
114. | Katherine Kelaidis | Sojourners | April 2025
Argues that excessive focus on white evangelicalism can obscure Christian-nationalist currents within conservative Catholicism and Orthodoxy.
115. | Jack Jenkins | National Catholic Reporter | April 3, 2024
Examines Catholic integralism, radical traditionalism and other Catholic political ideologies that overlap with Christian nationalism.
116. | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | April 3, 2024
Examines Catholic integralism and other Catholic variants of Christian nationalism, emphasizing their differences from Protestant evangelical nationalism.
Hispanic Protestants and Latino Christianity
117. | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | March 26, 2026
Shows the complexity of Hispanic Protestant politics: a group with relatively high Christian-nationalist support but growing opposition to some immigration policies associated with its political allies.
118. | Jack Jenkins | Religion News Service | October 22, 2025
Features Pentecostal leader Tony Suárez discussing why some Hispanic evangelicals embrace conservative and Christian-nationalist politics.
Black Christianity
119. | Adelle M. Banks | Religion News Service | January 28, 2025
Reports Black ministers condemning white Christian nationalism and framing resistance to it through the historical Black church tradition.
120. | William J. Barber II et al. | Sojourners | September-October 2024
Includes Black Christian and multiracial theological perspectives on resisting white Christian nationalism without removing religion from public life.
121. | Sojourners Staff | Sojourners | 2024
Provides congregational material designed for Christians from multiple racial and denominational traditions responding to Christian nationalism.
Latter-day Saints and Other Christian Traditions
122. | Jana Riess | Religion News Service | September 24, 2026
Uses Utah and Latter-day Saint survey data to show that political conservatism does not automatically translate into Christian-nationalist support.
123. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 2025
Shows Latter-day Saints occupying a middle position between strongly supportive white evangelicals and strongly rejecting religious minorities.
124. | PRRI Staff | Public Religion Research Institute | February 2023
Finds Latter-day Saints divided between Christian-nationalist sympathizers and skeptics while showing comparatively few in the strongest adherent category.
Jews, Muslims and Other Religious Minorities
125. | Christianity Today Staff | Christianity Today | September 2026
Contrasts international religious-freedom principles with Christian-nationalist systems that privilege Christians over non-Christian citizens.
126. | Liz Hayes | Americans United for Separation of Church and State | August 3, 2026
Discusses how Christian-nationalist policies may affect Jews, Muslims, non-Christian faiths and nonreligious Americans.
127. | David Morris | Americans United for Separation of Church and State | July 1, 2026
Argues that religious pluralism rather than Christian establishment is central to protecting Christians and religious minorities alike.
128. | Guthrie Graves-Fitzsimmons and Maggie Siddiqi | Center for American Progress | April 13, 2022
Interviews Baptist religious-liberty advocate Amanda Tyler about how Christian nationalism affects Christians, religious minorities and people with no religion.
Religiously Unaffiliated and Secular Americans
129. | Freedom From Religion Foundation | FFRF | September 28, 2026
Documents explicit Christian-nationalist rhetoric at a large evangelical political gathering from a secular church-state perspective.
130. | Freedom From Religion Foundation | FFRF | September 17, 2026
Examines Christian-nationalist efforts in public education and their effects on secular and religious-minority students.
131. | Freedom From Religion Foundation | FFRF | July 15, 2026
Critiques definitions of religious liberty that secular organizations argue disproportionately privilege conservative Christianity.
132. | Freedom From Religion Foundation | FFRF | April 22, 2026
Discusses secular civil-liberties opposition to white Christian nationalism and its perceived threat to church-state separation.
133. | Eric Lane | Americans United for Separation of Church and State | April 1, 2026
Offers a theological critique from an organization representing religious and nonreligious defenders of church-state separation.
134. | Adriyanna R. Andrèus | Americans United for Separation of Church and State | August 21, 2025
Examines Christian nationalism from the perspective of Black, Brown, LGBTQ and religiously diverse communities that often fall outside conservative Christianity.
Academic Research and Broader Interpretation
Examines how Christian-nationalist beliefs relate to Christian ideas about charity, social justice and building the Kingdom of God.
136. | Jesse Smith and Jonathan Tran | Religious Studies Review | September 5, 2026
Reviews the rapidly expanding literature on Christian nationalism and questions how scholars should define its relationship to Christianity itself.
137. | Christopher H. Seto | Sociology of Religion | May 24, 2026
Studies Christian nationalism, ethnoracial identity and distrust of immigrants while controlling for broader religious characteristics.
138. | Christopher H. Seto | Sociology of Religion | Summer 2026
Includes research on Christian nationalism and the tendency to associate Asian faces with foreignness, illuminating how religion interacts with racial conceptions of national belonging.
139. | Researchers | Politics and Religion | 2026
Uses a survey of American Christians to investigate whether pluralistic and anti-Christian-nationalist religious orientations can moderate Christian-nationalist political attitudes.
140. | Jesse Smith | Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | December 26, 2025
Tracks Christian nationalism from 1996 to 2022 and finds growing partisan and racial sorting alongside changing patterns of religious and secular identity.
141. | Amy Brooke Grauley | Political Behavior | September 29, 2025
Uses experiments to examine whether political elites can increase people's willingness to identify explicitly as Christian nationalists.
142. | Philip Gorski, Eliyahu Stern and Evan Rosa | Yale Center for Faith & Culture | January 8, 2025
Discusses Christian nationalism through the concepts of chosen peoples, religious identity, Christianity, Judaism, national mythology and political power.
143. | Samuel L. Perry | Politics and Religion | October 2, 2024
Examines how Christian nationalism and political identity influence perceptions that parties, courts and government institutions are friendly or hostile toward religion.
144. | Samuel L. Perry and Joshua B. Grubbs | Politics and Religion | September 19, 2024
Finds Christian nationalism strongly associated with willingness to permit leaders to violate democratic norms during emergencies, while examining interactions with race, political identity and religion.
145. | Ruiqian Li and Paul Froese | Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | August 2, 2023
Distinguishes religious traditionalism from Christian statism, demonstrating that different forms of Christian-nationalist belief have different social and political consequences.
146. | Miles T. Armaly, David T. Buckley and Adam M. Enders | Political Behavior | January 4, 2022
Examines Christian nationalism's relationship with racial identity, perceived victimhood, conspiracy beliefs and support for political violence.
147. | Joshua Davis | Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion | June 22, 2018
Examines how merging Christian and national identities predicts punitive attitudes and support for enforcing social conformity.
Demonstrates that Christian nationalism predicted support for Donald Trump independently of conventional religious affiliation and other political attitudes.
