Government-Crime: Difference between revisions

(47 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)

Line 1:

{{#seo:

|title=Government-Crime

|description=A collection of articles about government crime

|keywords=Violent, Crime, Shooting, Murder, Arrest, Migrants, Exposure, Drugs, Guns

|image=File:Government-Crime.jpg

|image_width=300

|image_height=200}}

=====They wanted to save us from a dark AI future. Then six people were killed=====

[https://www.theguardian.com/global/ng-interactive/2025/mar/05/zizians-artificial-intelligence by J Oliver Conroy 5/3/25 The Guardian]

Line 98:

Line 111:

=====Violent crime is down and the US murder rate is plunging, FBI statistics show=====

[https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/10/us/us-violent-crime-rates-statistics by Josh Campbell and Devan Cole 10/6/24 CNN]

The new numbers show violent crime from January to March dropped 15.2% compared to the same period in 2023, while murders fell 26.4% and reported rapes decreased by 25.7%. Aggravated assaults decreased during that period wh

The new numbers show violent crime from January to March dropped 15.2% compared to the same period in 2023, while murders fell 26.4% and reported rapes decreased by 25.7%. Aggravated assaults decreased during that period

=====Free speech needs fearless journalism=====

[https://www.vox.com/2015/9/15/9329727/tanehisi-coates-incarceration-racism by Ezra Klein 15/9/15 Vox]

Ta-Nehisi Coates: “For African Americans, unfreedom is the historical norm”

=====Machine Bias=====

[https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing by Julia Angwin 23/5/16 PRO PUBLICA]

On a spring afternoon in 2014, Brisha Borden was running late to pick up her god-sister from school when she spotted an unlocked kid’s blue Huffy bicycle and a silver Razor scooter. Borden and a friend grabbed the bike and scooter and tried to ride them down the street in the Fort Lauderdale suburb of Coral Springs.

=====US records highest increase in nation’s homicide rate in modern history, CDC says=====

[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/06/health/us-homicide-rate-increase-nchs-study by Jacqueline Howard 6/10/21 CNN]

“The only larger increase since we’ve been recording these data occurred between 1904 and 1905, and that increase was most likely – at least partly – the result of better reporting,” Anderson told CNN. “We had states being added to what we refer to as the death registration areas, so we were counting deaths in more areas over time. We didn’t have all states reporting until 1933.”

=====Times and spaces of crime in the Historic Centre of Porto: Evidence from official data=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026427512400266X by Rui Leandro Maia 7/24 ScienceDirect]

The analysis of official data is a traditional strategy to study criminality in a geographic space (e.g., city, country). This work focuses on the analysis of the official statistics of crime against property at the Historic Centre of Porto, Portugal, in 2018. It addresses temporal (i.e., by period of the week, time of day) and spatial patterns (i.e., spatial analysis, typology of spaces) of crime occurrences. The database was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, and by spatial density analysis.

=====War and Peace=====

[https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace by Bastian Herre Our World in Data]

The number would be much higher still if it also considered the civilians who died due to the fighting, the increased number of deaths from hunger and disease resulting from these conflicts, and the deaths in smaller conflicts that are not considered wars.1

=====Homicide rates over the long term=====

[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rates-across-western-europe by Eisner 3/7/24 Our World in Data]

Explore charts that include this data

=====Data-driven policing’s threat to our constitutional rights=====

[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/data-driven-policings-threat-to-our-constitutional-rights/ by Angel Diaz 13/9/21 BROOINGS]

Across the country, the tools that power modern police surveillance contribute to cycles of violence and harassment. Predictive policing systems digitally redline certain neighborhoods as “hotspots” for crime, with some systems generating lists of people they think are likely to become perpetrators.

=====Comparison of the criminal statistics of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0047235282900198 by Raymond H.C. Teske Jr 1982 ScienceDirect]

A systematic procedure for comparing the criminal statistics of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany is presented. The procedure was developed after (1) reviewing and translating applicable paragraphs of the Federal Republic of Germany's Penal Code and (2) reviewing both the formal and informal processes used in both countries for recording crime statistics. Subsequently, a detailed comparison of criminal statistics was made using this comparative procedure.

=====Crime Statistics=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/crime-statistics by ScienceDirect]

Crime statistics are largely generated from three avenues—administrative data, surveys, and ethnographic studies. Administrative data are often referred to as the ‘official’ statistics as they are drawn most often from the records kept by state institutions. The first official statistics were published in France in 1827 (Coleman and Moynihan 1996). Self-report surveys are the other major source of crime data or statistics and involve interviewing perpetrators and victims of crime.

=====Urban crime and environmental triggers: A five-year analysis of reported offences in Porto's historic centre=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275125005608 by Rui L. Maia 11/25 ScienceDirect]

Crime, especially urban criminality, remains a relevant issue for academics, stakeholders and citizens. Traditionally safety has been addressed as a justice and human right issue but has evolved to become a public health concern and a restraint for the sustainability of cities.

=====Differential compliance with the reporting of hate crime statistics as a function of state laws=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235225000649?dgcid=rss_sd_all by Matthew Vanden Bosch 2025 ScienceDirect]

Organizational compliance with legislative mandates relies heavily on organizational meaning-making, where organizations determine how to comply – whether “ceremoniously” or in reality – while protecting organizational goals from legislative interference.

=====Historical redlining and criminal offending trajectories from adolescence to adulthood=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279725000523 by Dylan B. Jackson 5/25 ScienceDirect]

Area-level research finds higher contemporary crime rates in historically redlined communities. However, there is a lack of multilevel research assessing the relationship between living in a historically redlined area, individual patterns of criminal offending over time, and whether this relationship varies for different racial-ethnic groups.

=====Subcultures of violence and African American crime rates=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235217305214 by Barry Latzer 2018 ScienceDirect]

From the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, the United States suffered a massive crime wave, including perhaps the biggest sustained rise in violent crime in its history, certainly the biggest in the 20th century (Latzer, 2016). Violent crime rates, as measured by FBI reports of offenses known to police, rose from 161 per 100,000 in 1960 to 758 in 1991, a staggering 371% escalation. Murder rates for 1970 to 1995 averaged 8.97 per 100,000, and in fourteen of these years tolled 9 per 100,000 or more (FBI, UCR Data Online).

=====The lead-crime hypothesis: A meta-analysis=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046222000667 by Anthony Higney 11/22 ScienceDirect]

Homicide rates spiked and then fell in a consistent pattern across many western countries in the 20th century (Fig. 1). In the US alone the homicide rate has halved since the 1980s, when it was as high as the road fatality rate is today. In other countries the falls are not so great in magnitude, but still amount to many lives saved. If the causes of this fall were known, many more deaths and trauma could be prevented.

=====Social-economic change and its impact on violence: Homicide history of Qing China=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498316302017 by Zhiwu Chen 1/17 ScienceDirect]

This paper constructs a quantitative history of the homicide rate in Qing China and investigates its social and economic drivers. Estimates based on historical archives indicate that this annual rate ranged between 0.35 and 1.47 per 100,000 inhabitants during the 1661–1898 period, a low level unmatched by Western Europe until the late 19th century.

=====Lead exposure and violent crime in the early twentieth century=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498316300109f by James J. Feigenbaum 10/16 ScienceDirect]

In the second half of the nineteenth century, many American cities built water systems using lead or iron service pipes. Municipal water systems generated significant public health improvements, but these improvements may have been partially offset by the damaging effects of lead exposure through lead water pipes.

=====Homicide data: how sources differ and when to use which one=====

[https://ourworldindata.org/homicide-data-how-sources-differ-and-when-to-use-which-one by Bastian Herre and Fiona Spooner 26/6/23 our World in Data]

But measuring homicides is challenging. Even homicide researchers do not always agree on whether the specific cause of death should be considered a homicide. Even when they agree on what counts as a homicide, it is difficult to count all of them.

=====A test of life history strategy theory as a predictor of criminal violence across 51 nations=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886916302161 by Michael Minkov 6/16 ScienceDirect]

Proponents of life history strategy (LHS) theory propose that it is an explanation of intra-societal non-political violence, such as homicide and assault. Criminologists usually prefer a different explanation: variation in national violent crime rates is a function of differences in social–structural characteristics, such as absolute or relative poverty (socioeconomic inequality).

=====Homicide rate per 100,000 population=====

[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc by World in Data]

UNODC collects intentional homicide data from criminal justice systems (law enforcement records) and public health systems (death certificates).

=====UCR violent crime rates, 1958–2000: recorded and offender-generated trends=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X03000206 by Robert M O’Brien 9/2003 ScienceDirect]

According to Uniform Crime Report data, the rates of some violent crimes, such as rapes and aggravated assaults, increased steadily from the early 1960s until the early 1990s with only an occasional downturn. The increase in robbery rates slowed somewhat, but overall increased during most of this period. Homicide is the only UCR violent crime that did not increase relatively steadily throughout this period: it showed no clear trend up or down from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s.

=====The historical geography of homicide in the U.S., 1935–1980=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0016718585900077 by Keith D. Harries 1985 ScienceDirect]

High homicide rates constitute a major public health problem in the United States. In the South high rates have been historically conspicuous, and have contributed to the elevated level in the U.S. compared to other countries at a comparable stage of development. This research illustrates the historical persistence of homicide in the South and presents a regionalization of U.S. states based on their quinquennial homicide profiles since 1935.

=====COVID and crime: An early empirical look=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272720302085 by David S. Abrams 2/21 ScienceDirect]

Data from 25 large U.S. cities is assembled to estimate the impact of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime. There is a widespread immediate drop in both criminal incidents and arrests most heavily pronounced among drug crimes, theft, residential burglaries, and most violent crimes. The decline appears to precede stay-at-home orders, and arrests follow a similar pattern as reports. There is no decline in homicides and shootings, and an increase in non-residential burglary and car theft in most cities, suggesting that criminal activity was displaced to locations with fewer people.

=====The influences of incident and contextual characteristics on crime clearance of nonlethal violence: A multilevel event history analysis=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235207001316 by Aki Roberts 4/2008 ScienceDirect]

Using multilevel event history analyses, this article investigates the effects of both incident and contextual (social disorganization and police resources) factors on crime clearance by arrest for robbery, forcible rape, and aggravated assault incidents in 106 cities.

=====Police facial recognition applications and violent crime control in U.S. cities=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275124006863 by Thaddeus L. Johnson 12/24 ScienceDirect]

This study presents novel insights into the effects of police facial recognition applications on violent crime and arrest dynamics across 268 U.S. cities from 1997 to 2020. We conducted generalized difference-in-differences regressions with multiway fixed effects to exploit this technology's staggered implementation.

=====Measuring the effect of historical structural racism on community firearm violence in US cities=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953624008098 by Ariana N. Gobaud 11/24 ScienceDirect]

Community firearm violence in the United States (US), defined as fatal and nonfatal interpersonal shootings in public spaces, (Community Violence) disproportionately affects neighborhoods where people racialized as Black predominately live. While previous research has established structural racism as a fundamental cause of community firearm violence, (Mehranbod et al., 2022; Siegel et al., 2023) methods to measure and quantify structural racism vary widely. E

=====Comparing crime rates between undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and native-born US citizens in Texas=====

[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2014704117 by Michael T. Light 7/12/20 PNAS]

Despite its centrality to public and political discourse, we lack even basic information on fundamental questions regarding undocumented immigrants and crime. This stems largely from data constraints. Going beyond existing research, we utilize data from the Texas Department of Public Safety, which checks and records the immigration status of all arrestees throughout the state.

=====Historical Slavery Predicts Contemporary Violent Crime: Inequality and Political Attitudes as Mediators=====

[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.70078?af=R by Moamen Gouda 16/9/25 WILEY]

This study examines the long-term impact of historical slavery on contemporary violent crime in the United States, investigating the claim that slavery perpetuated violence.

=====Individualization and the decline of homicide: England 1250–1750=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235222001179 by Mark Cooney 2023 ScienceDirect]

A key issue in criminology is to account for variation in rates of violence across time and place. An important variable largely neglected in the literature is individualism. Building on theoretical ideas proposed by Durkheim, Black, and Baumgartner, we illustrate the role of increased individualism with a case study: the decline of homicide in England, 1250–1750.

=====Block clubs and crime in Chicago: The transplant hypothesis=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275124009132 by Aleksandra J. Snowden 3/25 ScienceDirect]

Prior research has emphasized the interconnection between community structure, civil society activism, and crime. Yet, the statistical association between crime and block clubs, a key element in local networks of voluntary associations and mutual self-help, has not been previously examined in the literature. We collected cross-sectional data on block clubs and crime in Chicago, Illinois, and estimated a set of negative binomial and quantile regression models, while controlling for social disorganization, nearby block club and crime levels, residential population and area size. W

=====Police levels and crime rates: An instrumental variables approach=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X10000062 by John L. Worrall 5/2010 ScienceDirect]

While police levels may affect crime, governments may react to crime by increasing police levels. The instrumental variables (IV) approach to this problem has proven difficult due to the problem of locating instruments for police levels. Using panel data from over 5000 cities (1990–2001), we instrumented police levels with two types of federal law enforcement grants, thus yielding over-identified models.

=====Religion, Crime, and Social Trust in Historic Germany: Are Catholics More Inclined to Violate Social Norms than Protestants?=====

[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/johs.12297 by Peter Graeff, Gert Tinggaard Svendsen 2/12/2020 WILEY]

In 1676, Isaac Newton modestly wrote that if he had seen further than others, it was because he stood on the shoulders of giants (Newton, 1676). Olson (1965) could have said in the same way that if he stood on the shoulders of a giant, it must have been Adam Smith and his book The Wealth of Nations.

=====New evidence that lead exposure increases crime=====

[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/new-evidence-that-lead-exposure-increases-crime/ by Jennifer L. Doleac BROOKINGS]

A recent investigation by Reuters found that lead exposure affects kids in communities across the country — not just in high-profile cities like Flint, Michigan.

=====Tract level associations between historical residential redlining and contemporary fatal encounters with police=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953622002957 by Jeffrey Mitchell 6/2022 ScienceDirect]

How does structural racism influence where people are killed during encounters with police? We analyzed geo-located incidents of fatal encounters with police that occurred between 2000 and 2020 in Census tracts that received a classification by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930's.

=====A neighborhood-level view of riots, property values, and population loss: Cleveland 1950–1980=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498306000295 by William J. Collins 7/2007 ScienceDirect]

We undertake a case study of riots in the context of Cleveland’s economic decline between 1950 and 1980. Our empirical perspective emphasizes differential changes in property values and population levels across census tracts depending on their proximity to the riots’ epicenter.

=====Rampage shootings: an historical, empirical, and theoretical overview=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352250X17300593 by Michael Rocque 2/18 ScienceDirect]

Rampage shootings is a relatively new term to describe a phenomenon that has a long history. Rampage shootings are mass shootings (generally defined as involving four or more victims), taking place in a public location, with victims chosen randomly or for symbolic purposes.

=====Inequality, crime, and the long run legacy of slavery=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167268117303724 by Paolo Buonanno 3/19 ScienceDirect]

This paper investigates the relationship between economic inequality and crime in Colombian municipalities. Following recent scholarly research that suggests that the legacy of slavery is largely manifest in persistent levels of economic inequality, we instrument economic inequality with a census-based measure of the proportion of slaves in each municipality before the abolition of slavery in the 19 century.

=====Activity-adjusted crime rates show that public safety worsened in 2020=====

[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2208598119 by Maxim Massenkoff 7/11/22 PNAS]

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought massive disruptions to economic and social life, including an unprecedented spike in homicides. Overall crime, however, was down. We resolve this apparent paradox by showing that after accounting for the fact that people were spending more time indoors in 2020, the risk of victimization in public actually increased. These recent changes in crime and activity provide a stark illustration of how conventional crime rates can fail to capture changes in public safety.

=====Homicides=====

[https://ourworldindata.org/homicides by Bastian Herre Our World in Data]

Homicides — when people intentionally and illegally kill others for personal reasons — are the most serious crime.

=====Guns and violence: The enduring impact of crack cocaine markets on young black males=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272721002176 by William N. Evans 2/22 ScienceDirect]

The violence associated with crack cocaine markets in the 1980s and 1990s has repercussions today. Using cross-city variation in when crack cocaine arrived and an older comparison group, we estimate that the US murder rate of black males aged 15–24 was still 70 percent higher 17 years after crack markets had emerged. Using the fraction of gun-related suicides as a proxy for gun availability, we find that increased access to guns led to persistently higher murder rates.

=====Murder nature: Weather and violent crime in rural Brazil=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X22001231 by Phoebe W. Ishak 9/22 ScienceDirect]

This paper examines the effect of weather shocks on violent crime using disaggregated data from Brazilian municipalities over the period 1991–2015. Employing a distributed lag model that takes into account temporal correlations of weather shocks and spatial correlation of crime rates, I document that adverse weather shocks in the form of droughts lead to a significant increase in violent crime in rural regions.

=====Trends and patterns in homicides in Italy: A 34-year descriptive study=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073820300037 by Monica Vichi 2/20 ScienceDirect]

We collected data from the Italian Mortality Database (Italian National Institute of Statistics), for the study period. Temporal trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression analysis, with estimated annual percentage change computed for each detected trend. The possible effect of the mafia subculture was examined using an indicator of mafia social penetration. Differences between age classes, genders, geographical regions, and homicide methods were also analyzed.

=====Homicides committed by women in Montenegrin past and present=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539525001128 by Rajka Đoković 9/25 ScienceDirect]

Women are the perpetrators of the crime of murder, both in the past and in contemporary society. New scientific knowledge is most often used in order to look at the contemporary patterns of behavior of female that led to the commission of the criminal act of murder.

=====The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953617303398 by Sara F. Jacoby PhD, MPH 2/18 ScienceDirect]

Public health approaches to crime and injury prevention are increasingly focused on the physical places and environments where violence is concentrated. In this study, our aim is to explore the association between historic place-based racial discrimination captured in the 1937 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) map of Philadelphia and present-day violent crime and firearm injuries.

=====Moving North and into jail? The great migration and black incarceration=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811830132X by Katherine Eriksson 3/19 ScienceDirect]

Black incarceration rates in the U.S. grew relative to white incarceration rates throughout the first half of the 20th century despite substantial convergence in education levels and wages between the two groups. This paper considers the First Great Migration prior to 1940 as a factor which increased black male incarceration rates.

=====Evolutionary social science: A new approach to violent crime=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178908000190 by Nigel Barber 7/08 ScienceDirect]

Evolutionary Social Science unites evolutionary psychology and social science. Its core assumptions are that: (1) modern societies owe their character to an interaction of hunter–gatherer adaptations with the modern environment; (2) some changes in societies reflect change in individuals; (3) historical changes and cross-societal differences can be due to similar adaptational mechanisms, and (4) different social contexts modify development through adaptive mechanisms.

=====Beyond the immediate effects of income inequality on homicide rates: A reply to Daly's critique=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513824000734 by Carlos Vilalta 7/24 ScienceDirect]

This study responds to Martin Daly's critique of our 2022 study on the correlation between income inequality and homicide rates in Mexican municipalities. Our updated analysis incorporates both immediate and lagged effects of income inequality, revealing significant non-linear relationships between past inequality and current homicide rates.

=====Drugs, guns, and violent crime in California=====

[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395924000987 by Susan L. Stewart 5/24 ScienceDirect]

There is evidence linking use of controlled substances with perpetration of interpersonal violence. While the United States constitution protects the right to own a firearm, federal law prohibits firearm purchase and possession by persons believed to be at high risk for violence, including those who use controlled substances unlawfully.

Government-Crime: Difference between revisions

Lilly (talk | contribs)

Navigation menu

Page actions

Page actions

Personal tools

Navigation

Search

Tools

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{#seo:
+|title=Government-Crime
+|description=A collection of articles about government crime
+|keywords=Violent, Crime, Shooting, Murder, Arrest, Migrants, Exposure, Drugs, Guns
+|image=File:Government-Crime.jpg
+|image_width=300
+|image_height=200}}
 =====They wanted to save us from a dark AI future. Then six people were killed=====
 [https://www.theguardian.com/global/ng-interactive/2025/mar/05/zizians-artificial-intelligence by J Oliver Conroy 5/3/25 The Guardian]
@@ Line 98: / Line 111: @@
 =====Violent crime is down and the US murder rate is plunging, FBI statistics show=====
 [https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/10/us/us-violent-crime-rates-statistics by Josh Campbell and Devan Cole 10/6/24 CNN]
-  The new numbers show violent crime from January to March dropped 15.2% compared to the same period in 2023, while murders fell 26.4% and reported rapes decreased by 25.7%. Aggravated assaults decreased during that period wh
+  The new numbers show violent crime from January to March dropped 15.2% compared to the same period in 2023, while murders fell 26.4% and reported rapes decreased by 25.7%. Aggravated assaults decreased during that period
+=====Free speech needs fearless journalism=====
+[https://www.vox.com/2015/9/15/9329727/tanehisi-coates-incarceration-racism by Ezra Klein 15/9/15 Vox]
+ Ta-Nehisi Coates: “For African Americans, unfreedom is the historical norm”
+=====Machine Bias=====
+[https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing by Julia Angwin 23/5/16 PRO PUBLICA]
+ On a spring afternoon in 2014, Brisha Borden was running late to pick up her god-sister from school when she spotted an unlocked kid’s blue Huffy bicycle and a silver Razor scooter. Borden and a friend grabbed the bike and scooter and tried to ride them down the street in the Fort Lauderdale suburb of Coral Springs.
+=====US records highest increase in nation’s homicide rate in modern history, CDC says=====
+[https://edition.cnn.com/2021/10/06/health/us-homicide-rate-increase-nchs-study by Jacqueline Howard 6/10/21 CNN]
+ “The only larger increase since we’ve been recording these data occurred between 1904 and 1905, and that increase was most likely – at least partly – the result of better reporting,” Anderson told CNN. “We had states being added to what we refer to as the death registration areas, so we were counting deaths in more areas over time. We didn’t have all states reporting until 1933.”
+=====Times and spaces of crime in the Historic Centre of Porto: Evidence from official data=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026427512400266X by Rui Leandro Maia  7/24 ScienceDirect]
+ The analysis of official data is a traditional strategy to study criminality in a geographic space (e.g., city, country). This work focuses on the analysis of the official statistics of crime against property at the Historic Centre of Porto, Portugal, in 2018. It addresses temporal (i.e., by period of the week, time of day) and spatial patterns (i.e., spatial analysis, typology of spaces) of crime occurrences. The database was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics, and by spatial density analysis.
+=====War and Peace=====
+[https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace by Bastian Herre Our World in Data]
+ The number would be much higher still if it also considered the civilians who died due to the fighting, the increased number of deaths from hunger and disease resulting from these conflicts, and the deaths in smaller conflicts that are not considered wars.1
+=====Homicide rates over the long term=====
+[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rates-across-western-europe by Eisner 3/7/24 Our World in Data]
+ Explore charts that include this data
+=====Data-driven policing’s threat to our constitutional rights=====
+[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/data-driven-policings-threat-to-our-constitutional-rights/ by Angel Diaz 13/9/21 BROOINGS]
+ Across the country, the tools that power modern police surveillance contribute to cycles of violence and harassment. Predictive policing systems digitally redline certain neighborhoods as “hotspots” for crime, with some systems generating lists of people they think are likely to become perpetrators.
+=====Comparison of the criminal statistics of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0047235282900198 by Raymond H.C. Teske Jr 1982 ScienceDirect]
+ A systematic procedure for comparing the criminal statistics of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany is presented. The procedure was developed after (1) reviewing and translating applicable paragraphs of the Federal Republic of Germany's Penal Code and (2) reviewing both the formal and informal processes used in both countries for recording crime statistics. Subsequently, a detailed comparison of criminal statistics was made using this comparative procedure.
+=====Crime Statistics=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/crime-statistics by ScienceDirect]
+ Crime statistics are largely generated from three avenues—administrative data, surveys, and ethnographic studies. Administrative data are often referred to as the ‘official’ statistics as they are drawn most often from the records kept by state institutions. The first official statistics were published in France in 1827 (Coleman and Moynihan 1996). Self-report surveys are the other major source of crime data or statistics and involve interviewing perpetrators and victims of crime.
+=====Urban crime and environmental triggers: A five-year analysis of reported offences in Porto's historic centre=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275125005608 by Rui L. Maia 11/25 ScienceDirect]
+ Crime, especially urban criminality, remains a relevant issue for academics, stakeholders and citizens. Traditionally safety has been addressed as a justice and human right issue but has evolved to become a public health concern and a restraint for the sustainability of cities.
+=====Differential compliance with the reporting of hate crime statistics as a function of state laws=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235225000649?dgcid=rss_sd_all by Matthew Vanden Bosch 2025 ScienceDirect]
+ Organizational compliance with legislative mandates relies heavily on organizational meaning-making, where organizations determine how to comply – whether “ceremoniously” or in reality – while protecting organizational goals from legislative interference.
+=====Historical redlining and criminal offending trajectories from adolescence to adulthood=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1047279725000523 by Dylan B. Jackson 5/25 ScienceDirect]
+ Area-level research finds higher contemporary crime rates in historically redlined communities. However, there is a lack of multilevel research assessing the relationship between living in a historically redlined area, individual patterns of criminal offending over time, and whether this relationship varies for different racial-ethnic groups.
+=====Subcultures of violence and African American crime rates=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235217305214 by Barry Latzer 2018 ScienceDirect]
+ From the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, the United States suffered a massive crime wave, including perhaps the biggest sustained rise in violent crime in its history, certainly the biggest in the 20th century (Latzer, 2016). Violent crime rates, as measured by FBI reports of offenses known to police, rose from 161 per 100,000 in 1960 to 758 in 1991, a staggering 371% escalation. Murder rates for 1970 to 1995 averaged 8.97 per 100,000, and in fourteen of these years tolled 9 per 100,000 or more (FBI, UCR Data Online).
+=====The lead-crime hypothesis: A meta-analysis=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166046222000667 by Anthony Higney 11/22 ScienceDirect]
+ Homicide rates spiked and then fell in a consistent pattern across many western countries in the 20th century (Fig. 1). In the US alone the homicide rate has halved since the 1980s, when it was as high as the road fatality rate is today. In other countries the falls are not so great in magnitude, but still amount to many lives saved. If the causes of this fall were known, many more deaths and trauma could be prevented.
+=====Social-economic change and its impact on violence: Homicide history of Qing China=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498316302017 by Zhiwu Chen  1/17 ScienceDirect]
+ This paper constructs a quantitative history of the homicide rate in Qing China and investigates its social and economic drivers. Estimates based on historical archives indicate that this annual rate ranged between 0.35 and 1.47 per 100,000 inhabitants during the 1661–1898 period, a low level unmatched by Western Europe until the late 19th century.
+=====Lead exposure and violent crime in the early twentieth century=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498316300109f by James J. Feigenbaum 10/16 ScienceDirect]
+ In the second half of the nineteenth century, many American cities built water systems using lead or iron service pipes. Municipal water systems generated significant public health improvements, but these improvements may have been partially offset by the damaging effects of lead exposure through lead water pipes.
+=====Homicide data: how sources differ and when to use which one=====
+[https://ourworldindata.org/homicide-data-how-sources-differ-and-when-to-use-which-one by Bastian Herre and Fiona Spooner 26/6/23 our World in Data]
+ But measuring homicides is challenging. Even homicide researchers do not always agree on whether the specific cause of death should be considered a homicide. Even when they agree on what counts as a homicide, it is difficult to count all of them.
+=====A test of life history strategy theory as a predictor of criminal violence across 51 nations=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886916302161 by Michael Minkov  6/16 ScienceDirect]
+ Proponents of life history strategy (LHS) theory propose that it is an explanation of intra-societal non-political violence, such as homicide and assault. Criminologists usually prefer a different explanation: variation in national violent crime rates is a function of differences in social–structural characteristics, such as absolute or relative poverty (socioeconomic inequality).
+=====Homicide rate per 100,000 population=====
+[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/homicide-rate-unodc by World in Data]
+ UNODC collects intentional homicide data from criminal justice systems (law enforcement records) and public health systems (death certificates).
+=====UCR violent crime rates, 1958–2000: recorded and offender-generated trends=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X03000206 by Robert M O’Brien 9/2003 ScienceDirect]
+ According to Uniform Crime Report data, the rates of some violent crimes, such as rapes and aggravated assaults, increased steadily from the early 1960s until the early 1990s with only an occasional downturn. The increase in robbery rates slowed somewhat, but overall increased during most of this period. Homicide is the only UCR violent crime that did not increase relatively steadily throughout this period: it showed no clear trend up or down from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s.
+=====The historical geography of homicide in the U.S., 1935–1980=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0016718585900077 by Keith D. Harries  1985 ScienceDirect]
+ High homicide rates constitute a major public health problem in the United States. In the South high rates have been historically conspicuous, and have contributed to the elevated level in the U.S. compared to other countries at a comparable stage of development. This research illustrates the historical persistence of homicide in the South and presents a regionalization of U.S. states based on their quinquennial homicide profiles since 1935.
+=====COVID and crime: An early empirical look=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272720302085 by David S. Abrams 2/21 ScienceDirect]
+ Data from 25 large U.S. cities is assembled to estimate the impact of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic on crime. There is a widespread immediate drop in both criminal incidents and arrests most heavily pronounced among drug crimes, theft, residential burglaries, and most violent crimes. The decline appears to precede stay-at-home orders, and arrests follow a similar pattern as reports. There is no decline in homicides and shootings, and an increase in non-residential burglary and car theft in most cities, suggesting that criminal activity was displaced to locations with fewer people.
+=====The influences of incident and contextual characteristics on crime clearance of nonlethal violence: A multilevel event history analysis=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235207001316 by Aki Roberts 4/2008 ScienceDirect]
+ Using multilevel event history analyses, this article investigates the effects of both incident and contextual (social disorganization and police resources) factors on crime clearance by arrest for robbery, forcible rape, and aggravated assault incidents in 106 cities.
+=====Police facial recognition applications and violent crime control in U.S. cities=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275124006863 by Thaddeus L. Johnson 12/24 ScienceDirect]
+ This study presents novel insights into the effects of police facial recognition applications on violent crime and arrest dynamics across 268 U.S. cities from 1997 to 2020. We conducted generalized difference-in-differences regressions with multiway fixed effects to exploit this technology's staggered implementation.
+=====Measuring the effect of historical structural racism on community firearm violence in US cities=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953624008098 by Ariana N. Gobaud 11/24 ScienceDirect]
+ Community firearm violence in the United States (US), defined as fatal and nonfatal interpersonal shootings in public spaces, (Community Violence) disproportionately affects neighborhoods where people racialized as Black predominately live. While previous research has established structural racism as a fundamental cause of community firearm violence, (Mehranbod et al., 2022; Siegel et al., 2023) methods to measure and quantify structural racism vary widely. E
+=====Comparing crime rates between undocumented immigrants, legal immigrants, and native-born US citizens in Texas=====
+[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2014704117 by Michael T. Light 7/12/20 PNAS]
+ Despite its centrality to public and political discourse, we lack even basic information on fundamental questions regarding undocumented immigrants and crime. This stems largely from data constraints. Going beyond existing research, we utilize data from the Texas Department of Public Safety, which checks and records the immigration status of all arrestees throughout the state.
+=====Historical Slavery Predicts Contemporary Violent Crime: Inequality and Political Attitudes as Mediators=====
+[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.70078?af=R by Moamen Gouda 16/9/25 WILEY]
+ This study examines the long-term impact of historical slavery on contemporary violent crime in the United States, investigating the claim that slavery perpetuated violence.
+=====Individualization and the decline of homicide: England 1250–1750=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047235222001179 by Mark Cooney 2023 ScienceDirect]
+ A key issue in criminology is to account for variation in rates of violence across time and place. An important variable largely neglected in the literature is individualism. Building on theoretical ideas proposed by Durkheim, Black, and Baumgartner, we illustrate the role of increased individualism with a case study: the decline of homicide in England, 1250–1750.
+=====Block clubs and crime in Chicago: The transplant hypothesis=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264275124009132 by Aleksandra J. Snowden 3/25 ScienceDirect]
+ Prior research has emphasized the interconnection between community structure, civil society activism, and crime. Yet, the statistical association between crime and block clubs, a key element in local networks of voluntary associations and mutual self-help, has not been previously examined in the literature. We collected cross-sectional data on block clubs and crime in Chicago, Illinois, and estimated a set of negative binomial and quantile regression models, while controlling for social disorganization, nearby block club and crime levels, residential population and area size. W
+=====Police levels and crime rates: An instrumental variables approach=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0049089X10000062 by John L. Worrall 5/2010 ScienceDirect]
+ While police levels may affect crime, governments may react to crime by increasing police levels. The instrumental variables (IV) approach to this problem has proven difficult due to the problem of locating instruments for police levels. Using panel data from over 5000 cities (1990–2001), we instrumented police levels with two types of federal law enforcement grants, thus yielding over-identified models.
+=====Religion, Crime, and Social Trust in Historic Germany: Are Catholics More Inclined to Violate Social Norms than Protestants?=====
+[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/johs.12297 by Peter Graeff, Gert Tinggaard Svendsen 2/12/2020 WILEY]
+ In 1676, Isaac Newton modestly wrote that if he had seen further than others, it was because he stood on the shoulders of giants (Newton, 1676). Olson (1965) could have said in the same way that if he stood on the shoulders of a giant, it must have been Adam Smith and his book The Wealth of Nations.
+=====New evidence that lead exposure increases crime=====
+[https://www.brookings.edu/articles/new-evidence-that-lead-exposure-increases-crime/ by Jennifer L. Doleac BROOKINGS]
+ A recent investigation by Reuters found that lead exposure affects kids in communities across the country — not just in high-profile cities like Flint, Michigan.
+=====Tract level associations between historical residential redlining and contemporary fatal encounters with police=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953622002957 by Jeffrey Mitchell  6/2022 ScienceDirect]
+ How does structural racism influence where people are killed during encounters with police? We analyzed geo-located incidents of fatal encounters with police that occurred between 2000 and 2020 in Census tracts that received a classification by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) during the 1930's.
+=====A neighborhood-level view of riots, property values, and population loss: Cleveland 1950–1980=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0014498306000295 by William J. Collins  7/2007 ScienceDirect]
+ We undertake a case study of riots in the context of Cleveland’s economic decline between 1950 and 1980. Our empirical perspective emphasizes differential changes in property values and population levels across census tracts depending on their proximity to the riots’ epicenter.
+=====Rampage shootings: an historical, empirical, and theoretical overview=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352250X17300593 by Michael Rocque  2/18 ScienceDirect]
+ Rampage shootings is a relatively new term to describe a phenomenon that has a long history. Rampage shootings are mass shootings (generally defined as involving four or more victims), taking place in a public location, with victims chosen randomly or for symbolic purposes.
+=====Inequality, crime, and the long run legacy of slavery=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167268117303724 by Paolo Buonanno 3/19 ScienceDirect]
+ This paper investigates the relationship between economic inequality and crime in Colombian municipalities. Following recent scholarly research that suggests that the legacy of slavery is largely manifest in persistent levels of economic inequality, we instrument economic inequality with a census-based measure of the proportion of slaves in each municipality before the abolition of slavery in the 19 century.
+=====Activity-adjusted crime rates show that public safety worsened in 2020=====
+[https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2208598119 by Maxim Massenkoff 7/11/22 PNAS]
+ The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought massive disruptions to economic and social life, including an unprecedented spike in homicides. Overall crime, however, was down. We resolve this apparent paradox by showing that after accounting for the fact that people were spending more time indoors in 2020, the risk of victimization in public actually increased. These recent changes in crime and activity provide a stark illustration of how conventional crime rates can fail to capture changes in public safety.
+=====Homicides=====
+[https://ourworldindata.org/homicides by Bastian Herre Our World in Data]
+ Homicides — when people intentionally and illegally kill others for personal reasons — are the most serious crime.
+=====Guns and violence: The enduring impact of crack cocaine markets on young black males=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047272721002176 by William N. Evans  2/22 ScienceDirect]
+ The violence associated with crack cocaine markets in the 1980s and 1990s has repercussions today. Using cross-city variation in when crack cocaine arrived and an older comparison group, we estimate that the US murder rate of black males aged 15–24 was still 70 percent higher 17 years after crack markets had emerged. Using the fraction of gun-related suicides as a proxy for gun availability, we find that increased access to guns led to persistently higher murder rates.
+=====Murder nature: Weather and violent crime in rural Brazil=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X22001231 by Phoebe W. Ishak 9/22 ScienceDirect]
+ This paper examines the effect of weather shocks on violent crime using disaggregated data from Brazilian municipalities over the period 1991–2015. Employing a distributed lag model that takes into account temporal correlations of weather shocks and spatial correlation of crime rates, I document that adverse weather shocks in the form of droughts lead to a significant increase in violent crime in rural regions.
+=====Trends and patterns in homicides in Italy: A 34-year descriptive study=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073820300037 by Monica Vichi  2/20 ScienceDirect]
+ We collected data from the Italian Mortality Database (Italian National Institute of Statistics), for the study period. Temporal trends were analyzed using joinpoint regression analysis, with estimated annual percentage change computed for each detected trend. The possible effect of the mafia subculture was examined using an indicator of mafia social penetration. Differences between age classes, genders, geographical regions, and homicide methods were also analyzed.
+=====Homicides committed by women in Montenegrin past and present=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277539525001128 by Rajka Đoković  9/25 ScienceDirect]
+ Women are the perpetrators of the crime of murder, both in the past and in contemporary society. New scientific knowledge is most often used in order to look at the contemporary patterns of behavior of female that led to the commission of the criminal act of murder.
+=====The enduring impact of historical and structural racism on urban violence in Philadelphia=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953617303398 by Sara F. Jacoby PhD, MPH 2/18 ScienceDirect]
+ Public health approaches to crime and injury prevention are increasingly focused on the physical places and environments where violence is concentrated. In this study, our aim is to explore the association between historic place-based racial discrimination captured in the 1937 Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) map of Philadelphia and present-day violent crime and firearm injuries.
+=====Moving North and into jail? The great migration and black incarceration=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016726811830132X by Katherine Eriksson 3/19 ScienceDirect]
+ Black incarceration rates in the U.S. grew relative to white incarceration rates throughout the first half of the 20th century despite substantial convergence in education levels and wages between the two groups. This paper considers the First Great Migration prior to 1940 as a factor which increased black male incarceration rates.
+=====Evolutionary social science: A new approach to violent crime=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178908000190 by Nigel Barber 7/08 ScienceDirect]
+ Evolutionary Social Science unites evolutionary psychology and social science. Its core assumptions are that: (1) modern societies owe their character to an interaction of hunter–gatherer adaptations with the modern environment; (2) some changes in societies reflect change in individuals; (3) historical changes and cross-societal differences can be due to similar adaptational mechanisms, and (4) different social contexts modify development through adaptive mechanisms.
+=====Beyond the immediate effects of income inequality on homicide rates: A reply to Daly's critique=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090513824000734 by Carlos Vilalta 7/24 ScienceDirect]
+ This study responds to Martin Daly's critique of our 2022 study on the correlation between income inequality and homicide rates in Mexican municipalities. Our updated analysis incorporates both immediate and lagged effects of income inequality, revealing significant non-linear relationships between past inequality and current homicide rates.
+=====Drugs, guns, and violent crime in California=====
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955395924000987 by Susan L. Stewart 5/24 ScienceDirect]
+ There is evidence linking use of controlled substances with perpetration of interpersonal violence. While the United States constitution protects the right to own a firearm, federal law prohibits firearm purchase and possession by persons believed to be at high risk for violence, including those who use controlled substances unlawfully.