Foundational-Resource Extraction: Difference between revisions
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[[Mining Solutions]]== | [[Mining Solutions]]== | ||
=====Logging by selective extraction of best trees: Does it change patterns of genetic diversity? The case of Nothofagus pumilio===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112716301918 by Carolina Soliani 1/8/16 ScienceDirect] | |||
Extensive knowledge of the ecological and genetic consequences of implementing management practices (i.e. logging) in natural ecosystems is of fundamental importance to conservation action. Accordingly, characterization of forest genetic resources in managed vs non-managed stands may inform management decisions to ensure the long-term persistence of genetic diversity. | |||
=====Tree felling by beaver promotes regeneration in riparian woodlands whilst increasing resource availability for deer===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112724002226 by Kelsey A. Wilson 15/6/24 ScienceDirect] | |||
Interactions between species influence ecosystem functions and are sensitive to reintroductions. Our understanding of interactions between naturally co-occurring large herbivores, such as Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) that are now re-establishing throughout their range, and well-established native ungulates, is limited, despite the potential implications for riparian woodlands. Observations in Scotland indicate that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) readily exploit the regenerative secondary shoots produced after tree felling by beaver. | |||
=====Monitoring selective logging intensities in central Africa with sentinel-1: A canopy disturbance experiment===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425723003796 by Chloé Dupuis 1/12/23 ScienceDirect] | |||
Forest degradation is a major threat to tropical forests, and effective monitoring using remotely sensed data is subject to significant challenges. In particular, consistent methods for detecting subtle changes in the forest canopy structure caused by selective logging are lacking. Here, using a unique dataset collected in southeastern Cameroon, covering over 22,000 ha of monthly harvesting areas, >6000 locations of harvested trees, and an independent canopy gap dataset developed from an uninhabited aerial vehicle flight (UAV; RGB camera) of approximately 1500 ha, a new method was designed to monitor canopy disturbance and logging intensity in Central Africa. | |||
=====Tendency of wood fuels from whole trees, logging residues and roundwood to bridge over openings===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0961953403001016 by Peter Daugbjerg Jensen 2/04 ScienceDirect] | |||
Solid biofuels such as wood chips are common fuels in many heating plants. The fuels are by nature heterogeneous and the fuel particles can form a stable structure across openings, which may stop the fuel flow in the feeding systems of heating plants. | |||
=====Fuel quality changes during seasonal storage of compacted logging residues and young trees===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0961953407000219 by M. Pettersson 11/07 ScienceDirect] | |||
Forest fuel procurement creates logistical problems, as large stocks are accumulated along the supply chain. The purpose of this study was to examine fuel quality (moisture content, ash content and calorific value) of compacted young trees (mainly downy birch) and both uncompacted and compacted logging residues (LR) (mainly Norway spruce). | |||
=====Single-tree salvage logging as a response to Alaska yellow-cedar climate-induced mortality maintains ecological integrity with limited economic returns===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112721009063 by Sarah M. Bisbing 1/1/22 ScienceDirect] | |||
Cost-benefit analyses of salvage logging have generally focused on large-scale, landscape disturbances salvaged at high intensity, and there is limited research on the ecological and economic outcomes of low-intensity salvage implemented for the benefit of forest-dependent communities. Here, we assess the potential impacts of small-scale, single-tree salvage logging of a foundation tree species (yellow-cedar, Callitropsis nootkatensis) on ecological integrity against the viability of salvaged wood as a source of timber for cultural and economic purposes. | |||
=====How do logging residues of different tree species affect soil N cycling after final felling?===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112718305048 by Tiina Törmänen 1/11/18 SocialDirect] | |||
The aim of this study was to compare how logging residues of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) affect the dynamics of N and C cycling processes in forest soil after final felling. | |||
=====Do logging concessions decrease the availability to villagers of foods from timber trees? A quantitative analysis for Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma), Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) and Tali (Erythrophleum suaveolens) in Cameroon===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112716306636 by1/12/16 ScienceDirect] | |||
Many species of timber trees in Cameroon are exploited by logging companies for timber and by forest-dependent communities for non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Quantitative analyses were conducted within and near forest concessions in Cameroon to determine the density of multiple use tree species that provide both timber for industry and foods consumed by local populations (fruit and oil or edible caterpillars), and how this has been affected by logging. Individuals of the three species (Moabi, Baillonella toxisperma; Sapelli, Entandrophragma cylindricum; and Tali, Erythrophleum suaveolens), | |||
=====Land tenure, logging rights, and tree planting: Empirical evidence from smallholders in China===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1043951X18301111 by Ying Lin 4/20 ScienceDirect] | |||
To encourage afforestation and promote rural livelihood, China launched a new round of forest tenure reforms (CFTR) for its collective forestland in 2003. Using data spanning a long time period for rural smallholders in China, this study analyzes the causal effects of land tenure security and logging rights on tree planting investments. | |||
=====Deforestation and Forest Loss===== | |||
[https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation by Hannah Ritchie 2/21 Our World in Data] | |||
Before we look specifically at trends in deforestation across the world, it's useful to understand the net change in forest cover. The net change in forest cover measures any gains in forest cover — either through natural forest expansion or afforestation through tree planting — minus deforestation. | |||
=====Tree species richness and the logging of natural forests: A meta-analysis===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112712001958 by Jason A. Clark 15/7/12 ScienceDirect] | |||
Forests cover much of the earth’s surface and are regularly logged. Well established ecological theory predicts, and the results of extensive silvicultural studies demonstrate the role of disturbance in maintaining species richness in forests; however, logging and other human initiated disturbance is often credited with the degradation of forest | |||
=====Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112708002223 by Joberto Veloso de Freitas 20/9/08 ScienceDirect] | |||
In production forests in the moist tropics, trees are selected for felling or retention primarily by species and size. Tree regeneration requirements and forest stand responses to harvesting are often ignored, and consequently, the regeneration of the residual forest is not ensured. We developed and tested an alternative approach to tree selection, where seed trees were retained as a proportion of harvestable trees, with the proportion defined as a function of species’ ecological attributes and local abundance (100 ha), in contrast to the conventional approach which retained 10% of harvestable trees, uniformly across commercial species at the compartmental scale (1000 ha). | |||
=====Safeguarding villagers’ access to foods from timber trees: Insights for policy from an inhabited logging concession in Gabon===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235198941830177X by Hermann Taedoumg 6/18 ScienceDirect] | |||
This study assessed the abundance of and access to tree species (Ozigo, Dacryodes buettneri; and Abam, Gambeya lacourtiana) that yield edible fruits to villagers and timber to the logging industry in and around a logging concession in Gabon. Participatory mapping combining GPS coordinates and interviews was carried out with 5 female and 5 male collectors in each of two villages within or adjacent to the logging concession. | |||
=====Recruitment, growth and recovery of commercial tree species over 30 years following logging and thinning in a tropical rain forest===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112716304935 by Angela Luciana de Avila 1/2/17 ScienceDirect] | |||
Sustainable production of timber from commercial species across felling cycles is a core challenge for tropical silviculture. In this study, we analysed how the intensity and type (harvesting and thinning) of silvicultural interventions affect: (a) recruitment of small stems (5 cm ⩽ DBH < 15 cm), (b) increment of future crop trees (15 cm ⩽ DBH < 50 cm) and (c) recovery of harvestable growing stocks (DBH ⩾ 50 cm) of 52 commercial timber species in the Tapajós National Forest, Brazil. | |||
=====Resprouting trees drive understory vegetation dynamics following logging in a temperate forest===== | |||
[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-65367-5 by Radim Matula 8/6/20 Scientific reports] | |||
Removal of canopy trees by logging causes shifts in herbaceous diversity and increases invasibility of the forest understory. However, disturbed (cut) trees of many species do not die but resprout from remaining parts. Because sprouts develop vigorously immediately after disturbances, we hypothesized that sprouts of logged trees offset the changes in species richness and invasibility of the herbaceous layer by eliminating the rise in the resource availability during the time before regeneration from seeds develops. | |||
=====When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705005232 by Ted R. Feldpausch 25/11/05 ScienceDirect] | |||
We examined carbon export in whole logs and carbon accumulation as coarse woody debris (CWD) produced from forest damage during all phases of the first and second year of a certified reduced impact logging (RIL) timber harvest in southern Amazonia. | |||
=====Empirical relationships between tree fall and landscape-level amounts of logging and fire===== | |||
[https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0193132 by David B. Lindenmayer 23/2/18 PLOS one] | |||
Large old trees are critically important keystone structures in forest ecosystems globally. Populations of these trees are also in rapid decline in many forest ecosystems, making it important to quantify the factors that influence their dynamics at different spatial scales. | |||
=====Large trees as key elements of carbon storage and dynamics after selective logging in the Eastern Amazon===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112714000073 by Plinio Sist 15/4/14 ScienceDirect] | |||
The long term effect of Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) on above-ground live biomass (AGB) dynamics was investigated in 18 1-ha logged over permanent sample plots set up in a terra firme rain forest in the Eastern Amazon (Brazil, Paragominas). | |||
=====Effects of 50 years of selective logging on demography of trees in a Malaysian lowland forest===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112713005999 by Toshihiro Yamada 15/12/13 ScienceDirect] | |||
Species specific tree performance (growth, mortality, and recruitment rates) and population growth rate in a logged forest that was selectively logged in 1958 were compared with those in a primary forest using 10-year forest demographic data (1998–2008) in the Pasoh Forest Reserve in Malaysia. | |||
=====Potential losses of animal-dispersed trees due to selective logging in Amazonian forest concessions===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666719322001236 by Elildo A.R. Carvalho Jr 9/22 ScienceDirect] | |||
Fruits and seeds are key food resources for most Amazonian mammals and birds. Selective logging is an increasingly dominant land use in the region that can deplete these resources over large areas. | |||
=====Species grouping and diameter growth of trees in the Eastern Amazon: Influence of environmental factors after reduced-impact logging===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112724007771 by Jorge Luis Reategui-Betancourt 15/2/25 ScienceDirect] | |||
Tree growth predictions still present a challenge to forestry scientists. Species richness, ecological behavior variations, and different climate and soil interactions make it difficult to predict and understand tree growth in managed forests. | |||
=====Beyond reduced-impact logging: Silvicultural treatments to increase growth rates of tropical trees===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037811270700881X by M. Peña-Claros 20/9/08 ScienceDirect] | |||
Use of reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques has repeatedly been shown to reduce damage caused by logging. Unfortunately, these techniques do not necessarily ameliorate the low growth rates of many commercial species or otherwise assure recovery of the initial volume harvested during the next cutting cycle. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates on trees in general and on of future crop trees (FCTs) of 24 commercial timber species. | |||
=====Surviving trees and deadwood moderate changes in soil fungal communities and associated functioning after natural forest disturbance and salvage logging===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071722000153 by Mathias Mayer 3/22 ScienceDirect] | |||
Temperate forests are increasingly subject to natural disturbance by stand replacing windthrows or bark-beetle attacks. Forests are commonly salvage logged after disturbance, whereby substantial parts of biological legacies, such as surviving trees and deadwood, are removed. Despite increasing concerns about the ecological consequences of salvage logging operations, our knowledge on the effects on the soil microbiome and associated functioning remains limited. | |||
=====When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112705005232 by Ted R. Feldpausch 15/5/21 ScienceDirect] | |||
We examined carbon export in whole logs and carbon accumulation as coarse woody debris (CWD) produced from forest damage during all phases of the first and second year of a certified reduced impact logging (RIL) timber harvest in southern Amazonia. | |||
=====Three decades of post-logging tree community recovery in naturally regenerating and actively restored dipterocarp forest in Borneo===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112721001250 by Robin M. Hayward 15/5/21 ScienceDirect] | |||
Selective logging has affected large areas of tropical forests and there is increasing interest in how to manage selectively logged forests to enhance recovery. However, the impacts of logging and active restoration, by liberation cutting and enrichment planting, | |||
=====Impacts of tropical selective logging on carbon storage and tree species richness: A meta-analysis===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112715003837 by Philip A. Martin 15/11/15 ScienceDirect] | |||
Over 400 million hectares of tropical forest are currently designated as logging concessions. This practice is an important source of timber, but there are concerns about its long-term sustainability and impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage. | |||
=====Fates of trees damaged by logging in Amazonian Bolivia===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037811271500434X by Alexander Shenkin 1/12/15 ScienceDirect] | |||
Estimation of carbon losses from trees felled and incidentally-killed during selective logging of tropical forests is relatively straightforward and well-documented, but less is known about the fates of collaterally-damaged trees that initially survive. Tree response to logging damage is an important and overlooked ecological process potentially affecting 2–5% of all extant tropical trees. | |||
=====Brazil targets illegal logging in major Amazon raids===== | |||
[https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-targets-illegal-logging-major-amazon-raids-2025-02-17/ by Reuters 17/2/25] | |||
PORTO VELHO, Brazil, Feb 17 - Brazilian environmental agents seized the equivalent of more than 5,000 truckloads of timber in an operation targeting one of the most heavily logged regions of the Amazon rainforest in recent weeks, officials told Reuters. | |||
=====Gabon junta allows regulated logging of rare kevazingo tree===== | |||
[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/gabon-junta-allows-regulated-logging-rare-kevazingo-tree-2024-09-01/ by Reuters 1/9/24] | |||
LIBREVILLE, Sept 1 (Reuters) - Gabon's junta has relaxed rules covering the rare kevazingo tree, allowing logging under certain conditions of a hardwood species that can take 500 years to grow to its full height of 40 metres (130 feet). | |||
=====Log and Burn, or Leave Alone? Indiana Residents Fight US Forest Service Over the Future of Hoosier National Forest===== | |||
[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/04062023/logging-indiana-hoosier-national-forest/ by Marianne Lavelle 4/6/23 Inside Climate News] | |||
PAOLI, Indiana—When Jesse Laws rides her 7-year-old palomino, Roscoe, in Hoosier National Forest, she often steers his reins toward the tall pines. Needles carpet the trails, muting the clop of his shoes and shifting the feel of the air. | |||
=====Kentucky Residents Angered by US Forest Service Logging Plan That Targets Mature Trees===== | |||
[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05032023/kentucky-old-trees-young-forest-carbon-storage/ by Marianne Lavelle 5/3/23 Inside Climate News] | |||
WILLIAMSBURG, Kentucky—Brandon Bowlin learned of the U.S. government’s plan for clear-cutting in the southernmost mountains of Daniel Boone National Forest only a few weeks after the hard summer rains of 2022, when the earth slid off a mountain beneath a slope he had once logged. | |||
=====Interview with a Tree-Sitter===== | |||
[https://www.counterpunch.org/2020/06/19/interview-with-a-tree-sitter/ by Kollibri terre Sonnenblume 19/6/20 COUNTERPUNCH] | |||
On June 9th and 12th, I interviewed Lupine, a tree-sitter who is currently participating in a Redwood Forest Defense campaign to stop logging at a site in Humboldt County, California. We spoke on the phone, and though we were disconnected several times by a weak signal, we were able to have a great conversation. Tree-sitters have always been heroes to me, and I really appreciated the chance to connect with someone from the newest generation to be out there fighting the good fight. | |||
=====Logging the South Plateau: Another Forest Service Con Job===== | |||
[https://www.counterpunch.org/2021/02/26/logging-the-south-plateau-another-forest-service-con-job/ by George Wuerthner 26/2/21 COUNTERPUNCH] | |||
Ostensibly, the Forest Service claims the logging will improve forest health and reduce fire risk. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is another example of the Forest Service’s con job of justifying logging to the detriment of other forest values. | |||
=====Meet the jungle gardener of Borneo, who is logging sustainably===== | |||
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/09/jungle-gardener-borneo-logging-sustainably-wwf/ by Kate Whiting 25/9/19 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM] | |||
When Peter Lagan wants proof that it’s possible both to log the rainforest and conserve its biodiversity, he considers the orangutans in Sabah’s Deramakot Forest Reserve. | |||
=====Treetop sensors help Indonesia eavesdrop on forests to curb illegal logging===== | |||
[https://news.trust.org/item/20210210235852-kjyq2 by Harry Jacques 11/2/21 Reuters] | |||
Using artificial intelligence, audio sensors detect the sound of chainsaws, helping local officials crack down on people felling trees in the rainforest | |||
=====Can a DNA Database Save the Trees? These Scientists Hope So===== | |||
[https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/science/tree-dna-database.html by Sandra E. Garcia 22/6/18 The New York Times] | |||
Forests are disappearing. Maps show shrinking woodlands all over the world. Even trees coveted for their wood that are protected from logging are chopped down. | |||
=====To protect mangroves, some Kenyans combat logging with hidden beehives===== | |||
[https://www.npr.org/2024/07/15/nx-s1-5039826/kenya-mangroves-hidden-beehives-combat-logging by | |||
The Associated Press 15/7/24 npr] | |||
MOMBASA, Kenya — Dressed in protective clothing and armed with a smoker, Peter Nyongesa walked through the mangroves to monitor his beehives along the Indian Ocean coastline. | |||
=====Most Countries are Falling Short of Their Promises to Stop Cutting Down the World’s Trees===== | |||
[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/23102023/world-losing-millions-acres-forest-annually/ by Georgina Gustin 23/10/23 Inside Climate News] | |||
Despite the urgency behind global pledges to stop cutting down trees and damaging forests, the world lost tens of millions of acres of woodlands in 2022, veering well off track from meeting targets to halt deforestation and reversing modest progress from the previous year. | |||
=====Trees older than America: a primeval Alaskan forest is at risk in the Trump era===== | |||
[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/mar/22/alaska-tongass-forest-at-risk-logging-trump by Brendan Jones 22/3/18 The Guardian] | |||
At south-east Alaska’s last industrial-scale sawmill, wheel loaders stack debarked logs two storeys high on the frozen ground. A bumper sticker on a battered Ford in the parking lot reads “Cut Kill Dig Drill”, a mantra that many in the 49th state appreciate re | |||
=====Deep In The Amazon, An Unseen Battle Over The Most Valuable Trees===== | |||
[https://www.npr.org/2015/11/04/452555878/deep-in-the-amazon-an-unseen-battle-over-the-most-valuable-trees by Lulu Garcia-Navarro 4/11/15 npr] | |||
The self-described "Guardians of the Forest" defending the land don't look like fighters, at least when we first meet them. But they are pitting themselves against criminal logging gangs that have infiltrated their protected reserves. | |||
=====In Nigeria's disappearing forests, loggers outnumber trees===== | |||
[https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/nigeria-environment-trees/ by Nyancho NwaNri 8/6/22 Reuters] | |||
Deep in a forest in Nigeria's Ebute Ipare village, Egbontoluwa Marigi sized up a tall mahogany tree, methodically cut it down with his axe and machete, and as it fell with a crackling sound, he surveyed the forest for the next tree. | |||
=====Lack of Loggers Is Hobbling Arizona Forest-Thinning Projects That Could Have Slowed This Year’s Devastating Wildfires===== | |||
[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/08072022/arizona-wildfire-forest-thinning/ by Andrew Onodera 8/7/22 Inside Climate News] | |||
Jay Smith likes to reminisce about hiking the Weatherford Trail in northern Arizona because he knows that, for much of the forest surrounding the trail, memories are all that’s left. | |||
=====Biden administration moves to protect forests with older trees from logging===== | |||
[https://www.npr.org/2024/01/07/1223351622/biden-administration-moves-to-protect-forests-with-older-trees-from-logging by Ayesha Rascoe 7/1/24 npr] | |||
Trees are one of nature's best weapons against global warming. They take in the carbon dioxide that would otherwise trap heat in the atmosphere and break the molecules apart. | |||
=====Logging of Old Trees In Alaska Is Found To Threaten Eagles===== | |||
[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/07/science/logging-of-old-trees-in-alaska-is-found-to-threaten-eagles.html by Jon R. Luoma 7/11/89 The New York Times] | |||
This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. | |||
=====New Kenyan app is helping to track and halt illegal logging===== | |||
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/04/this-app-helps-kenyan-people-to-prevent-illegal-logging/ by Kagondu Njagi 20/4/21 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM] | |||
With about a dozen rangers, he has been using an app that through satellite feeds maps signs of forest fires, illegal logging and people encroaching on water sources, to stem worsening deforestation in Kwale County during the COVID-19 pandemic. | |||
=====How to stop illegal logging in Tanzania===== | |||
[https://www.weforum.org/stories/2015/01/how-to-stop-illegal-logging-in-tanzania/ by Kizito Makoye 14/1/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM] | |||
A surge in illegal logging is devastating native forests in coastal Tanzania’s Rufiji district, despite efforts by authorities to curb forest losses, officials said. | |||
=====https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/trees-planks-and-sawdust===== | |||
[https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/trees-planks-and-sawdust by reuters 24/11/14] | |||
For hundreds of millions of Africans who lack access to modern sources of power, wood, a form of biomass, is the sole source of energy. | |||
=====‘Legacy’ Forests. ‘Restoration’ Logging. The New Jargon of Conservation Is Awash in Ambiguity. And Politics===== | |||
[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/14102024/new-conservation-jargon-awash-in-ambiguity-politics/ by Nathan Gilles 14/10/24 Inside Climate News] | |||
In 2019, conservation activist and longtime Washington state resident Stephen Kropp did something he’d never done before: he explored a forest managed as state trust land by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources. | |||
=====Biden administration won’t ban logging in old-growth forests, but new plan still vexes industry===== | |||
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/biden-administration-wont-ban-logging-in-old-growth-forests-but-new-plan-still-vexes-industry by Matthew Brown 20/6/24 PBS NEWS] | |||
BILLINGS, Mont. (AP) — The Biden administration is advancing its plan to restrict logging within old-growth forests that are increasingly threatened by climate change, with exceptions that include cutting trees to make forests less susceptible to wildfires, according to a U.S. government analysis obtained by The Associated Press. | |||
=====Canada's British Columbia to defer logging of at-risk ancient trees===== | |||
[https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/canadas-british-columbia-defer-logging-at-risk-ancient-trees-2021-11-02/ by reuters 2/11/21] | |||
Nov 2 (Reuters) - Canada's British Columbia province said on Tuesday it would work with indigenous groups to defer logging of rare and ancient trees as part of a strategy to modernize the timber industry and protect the province's shrinking old-growth forests. | |||
=====Joe Biden plans to ban logging in US old-growth forests in 2025===== | |||
[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/19/biden-forest-logging-ban-old-trees by Lauren Aratani 19/12/23 The Guardian] | |||
Joe Biden plans to ban logging in US old-growth forests in 2025 | |||
This article is more than 1 year old | |||
Move aims to protect millions of old-growth trees, which are better at storing carbon, but its outcome depends on 2024 election | |||
Lauren Aratani | |||
Tue 19 Dec 2023 15.54 GMT | |||
Share | |||
Joe Biden’s administration on Tuesday announced a new proposal aimed at banning logging in old-growth forests, a move meant to protect millions of trees that play a key role in fighting the climate crisis. | |||
=====https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/in-nigerias-disappearing-forests-loggers-outnumber-trees===== | |||
[https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/in-nigerias-disappearing-forests-loggers-outnumber-trees by Reuters 13/6/22] | |||
Deep in a forest in Nigeria's Ebute Ipare village, Egbontoluwa Marigi sized up a tall mahogany tree, methodically cut it down with his axe and machete, and as it fell with a crackling sound, he surveyed the forest for the next tree. | |||
=====Despite What the Logging Industry Says, Cutting Down Trees Isn’t Stopping Catastrophic Wildfires===== | |||
[https://www.propublica.org/article/despite-what-the-logging-industry-says-cutting-down-trees-isnt-stopping-catastrophic-wildfires by Tony Schick 31/10/20 PROPUBLICA] | |||
Echoing a long-standing belief in the state that public forests are the problem, U.S. Rep. Greg Walden, a Republican who represents eastern Oregon, equated the federal government’s management to that of “a slum lord.” And Democratic Gov. Kate Brown on “Face the Nation” accused Republicans in the state’s Legislature of blocking measures, proposed by a wildfire council, that would have increased logging on public lands. | |||
=====LOGGING BOOMS ON REFORESTED CONNECTICUT FARMS===== | |||
[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/16/us/logging-booms-on-reforested-connecticut-farms.html by James Brooke 16/3/86 The New York Times] | |||
This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. | |||
=====Leaving Timber Behind, An Alaska Town Turns To Tourism===== | |||
[https://www.npr.org/2017/05/17/528453624/leaving-timber-behind-an-alaska-town-turns-to-tourism by Melissa Block 17/5/17 npr] | |||
What happens to a town when a key industry collapses? | |||
Sometimes it dies. But sometimes it finds a way to reinvent itself. | |||
Case in point: Ketchikan, Alaska, where the demise of the timber industry has led to a radical transformation. | |||
=====Reviving The Lost Art Of Logrolling===== | |||
[https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-history-dept/2015/02/03/379052827/reviving-the-lost-art-of-log-rolling by Linton Weeks 3/2/15 npr] | |||
Considered by many to be the sole purview of lumberjacks, the competitive sport of logrolling — in which participants pad about on a log in water and try to outlast one another — is hoping for new growth. | |||
=====Logging Plays Bigger Climate Change Role Than U.S. Acknowledges, Report Says===== | |||
[https://insideclimatenews.org/news/05052017/climate-change-biomass-renewable-energy-coal-deforestation-paris-climate-agreement/ by Georgina Gustin 5/5/17 Inside Climate News] | |||
The U.S. has consistently underestimated the impact that logging has on accelerating climate change and the role that preserving its forests can play in sucking carbon out of the atmosphere. That’s the conclusion of a new report that also seeks to rebut the notion that burning wood is a “carbon neutral” alternative to burning coal and oil for electricity. | |||
=====Logged tropical forests have amplified and diverse ecosystem energetics===== | |||
[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05523-1 by Yadvinder Malhi 14/12/22 nature] | |||
Old-growth tropical forests are widely recognized as being immensely important for their biodiversity and high biomass1. Conversely, logged tropical forests are usually characterized as degraded ecosystems2. However, whether logging results in a degradation in ecosystem functions is less clear: shifts in the strength and resilience of key ecosystem processes in large suites of species have rarely been assessed in an ecologically integrated and quantitative framework. Here we adopt an ecosystem energetics lens to gain new insight into the impacts of tropical forest disturbance on a key integrative aspect of ecological function: food pathways and community structure of birds and mammals. | |||
=====Estimating survival probability using the terrestrial extinction history for the search for extraterrestrial life===== | |||
[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-69724-2 by Scientific reports 30/7/20] | |||
Several exoplanets have been discovered to date, and the next step is the search for extraterrestrial life. However, it is difficult to estimate the number of life-bearing exoplanets because our only template is based on life on Earth. In this paper, a new approach is introduced to estimate the probability that life on Earth has survived from birth to the present based on its terrestrial extinction history. | |||
=====The Cumberland Forest Project: Conservation at Scale===== | |||
[https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-priorities/protect-water-and-land/land-and-water-stories/cumberland-forest-project/ by The Nature Conservancy] | |||
At 253,000 acres, the Cumberland Forest Project is one of The Nature Conservancy’s largest-ever conservation efforts in the eastern United States—larger than Shenandoah and Acadia National Parks combined. This vast forest landscape spans two parcels: the Highlands in Southwest Virginia and Ataya along the Kentucky-Tennessee border. | |||
=====Can local sustainable development save the Amazon?===== | |||
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/can-local-sustainable-development-save-the-amazon by NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 11.3.11] | |||
Until recently, local development in the Amazon has been based on small scale cooperative-based extractive activities for the production of rubber, fruit or fish. Now local development has to address large-scale production, usually for beef, soybean, and wood products exports. | |||
=====Is clear-cutting U.S. forests good for wildlife?===== | |||
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/is-clear-cutting-us-forests-good-for-wildlife by Christopher Ketcham 24/3/22 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC] | |||
Coming upon a clear-cut in an old forest is a jolting experience. Trees large and small are collapsed one atop the other in tangled jackstraw piles, corpse-like amid ragged stumps, and the ground is rutted with the tracks of heavy machinery. Such was the scene on the August day last year when forest activist Zack Porter and I hiked a newly built logging road in the Pittenden Inventoried Roadless Area, part of Vermont’s 400,000-acre Green Mountain National Forest. | |||
=====Solutions to Deforestation===== | |||
[https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/forests/solutions-to-deforestation/ by GREENPEACE] | |||
How to save forests and wildlife while stabilizing our climate | |||
Ending deforestation is our best chance to conserve wildlife and defend the rights of forest communities. On top of that, it’s one of the quickest and most cost effective ways to curb global warming. That’s why we’re campaigning for a deforestation-free future. | |||
=====Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate===== | |||
[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07657-w by Robert M. Ewers 17/7/24 nature] | |||
Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems1 that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3, so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value4. | |||
=====Congo Basin Forests===== | |||
[https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/forests/congo-basin/ by GREENPEACE] | |||
Stopping illegal logging and forest exploitation in Central Africa’s threatened tropical rainforest | |||
The vast forest of the Congo Basin is the second-largest tropical rainforest on Earth and serves as the lungs of Africa. It’s an incredibly rich and diverse ecosystem that provides food, freshwater, shelter and medicine for tens of millions of local and Indigenous Peoples and is home to critically endangered wildlife species. | |||
=====Rain Forest Threats===== | |||
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/rainforest-threats by NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC] | |||
More than half of Earth’s rain forests have already been lost due to the human demand for wood and arable land. Rain forests that once grew over 14 percent of the land on Earth now cover only about 6 percent. And if current deforestation rates continue, these critical habitats could disappear from the planet completely within the next hundred years. | |||
=====Indigenous people battle squatters and timber poachers in Peru's Amazon===== | |||
[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/indigenous-people-battle-squatters-timber-poachers-peruvian-amazon by Lyndsie Bourgon 12/4/19 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC] | |||
Puerto Maldonado, Peru — On March 14, 2018, an alarm sounded in the ears of Jose Vargas, who was sitting at his desk in this Peruvian Amazon city. Embedded in the amber wood of a cedar tree, a small tracking device developed to spring to life at the whir of a chainsaw or crunching of boots on earth sent an alert via satellite to the offices of the Peruvian Society for Environmental Law (SPDA), where Vargas works as a GIS specialist. | |||
=====President Biden Restores Logging Prohibitions in Tongass National Forest===== | |||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/president-biden-restores-logging-prohibitions-tongass-national-forest by Lindsey Botts 29/1/23 Sierra] | |||
In one of its most important conservation decisions to date, the Biden administration last week announced that it would ban new logging and road construction across 9.3 million acres of the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. The move repeals a Trump administration rule that gutted protections for the forest and opened up Southeastern Alaska to more logging. | |||
=====Can barcodes enforce sustainable logging in Liberia?===== | |||
[https://grist.org/article/2011-05-23-can-barcodes-enforce-sustainable-logging-in-liberia/ by Sarah Laskow 23/5/11 Grist] | |||
Liberia, semi-miraculously, is still covered in rainforest, even though at one point in its history, warlord Charles Taylor was more or less giving arms traffickers logging tracts in exchange for weapons. The U.N. eventually noticed this problem and ended up saving the country's forests by putting an embargo on the country's "logs of war.” | |||
=====Sierra Club Founders===== | |||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/equity/journey/sierra-club-founders by SIERRA CLUB] | |||
John Muir, one of the Sierra Club’s founders, sparked the movement to preserve millions of acres of land from logging and mining, and inspired generations of people to protect nature. The Sierra Club recognizes the importance of Muir’s conservation efforts with regard to designation of national parks, national forests, and rangelands, which prevented hundreds of millions of acres from being privatized and transferred into the hands of white logging, mining, and livestock grazing corporations enabled by 19th century colonization laws like the Timber and Stone Act, Homestead Acts, and Desert Lands Act. | |||
=====News in brief===== | |||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/angeles/blog/2005/02/news-brief by SIERRA CLUB 28/2/05] | |||
The national monument east of Porterville contains more than half of the world's sequoia trees. Their huge size, beauty and long life led to a drive to protect them, and President Clinton in 2000 gave them permanent protection by designating 328,000 acres, about one-third of Sequoia National Forest, a national monument under the Antiquities Act. | |||
=====Campaign Urges Agencies to Keep Big Trees Standing===== | |||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/campaign-urges-agencies-keep-big-trees-standing by Juliet Grable 6/2/23 Sierra] | |||
When Chandra LeGue first toured the Flat Country project, a logging and forest management project planned for the Willamette National Forest in Oregon, US Forest Service reps showed her a stream they planned to restore and a “plantation”—a deliberately planted, uniform stand of trees—that they planned to thin. | |||
=====Forests & Climate===== | |||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/forests by SIERRA CLUB] | |||
The creation of a Forest Carbon Reserve would be an essential part of any future Green New Deal. It would result in a substantial reduction in, and avoidance of, carbon emissions from forest degradation and fossil fuel production, would be integral to a broader green jobs program. | |||
=====Europe awash with wood from billion-dollar Russian illegal logging scandal===== | |||
[https://www.earthsight.org.uk/news/press-release-europe-awash-with-wood-billion-dollar-russian-illegal-logging-scandal by earthsight 16.12.20] | |||
London, 16 December 2020 – More than 100,000 tonnes of lumber linked to one of Russia’s largest illegal logging scandals has entered Europe despite strict import laws and mounting evidence of wrongdoing, an Earthsight investigation can reveal. | |||
=====Logging residue removal after thinning in Nordic boreal forests: Long-term impact on tree growth===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112711001022 by Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari 1/6/11 ScienceDirect] | |||
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of whole-tree harvesting (WTH) on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as compared to conventional stem harvesting (CH) over 10 and 20 years. Compensatory (WTH + CoF) and normal nitrogen-based (CH + F or WTH + F) fertilisation were also studied. | |||
=====Vine management for reduced-impact logging in eastern Amazonia===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112797000510 by Edson Vidal 3/11/97 ScienceDirect] | |||
The presence of vines interconnecting the canopies of tropical forest trees has been thought to increase the damage to neighboring trees when a tree is felled during selective logging, resulting in larger canopy gaps and possibly prejudicting future timber harvests. | |||
=====Tree growth and aboveground biomass in a tropical mountain forest thirty years after selective logging in Sarawak, Borneo===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989421000111 by Renee Sherna Laing 4/21 ScienceDirect] | |||
Tropical mountain forests are vital components of global floristic diversity as well as the hydrological cycle but have been extensively exploited. However, the impacts of human disturbances on changes in biomass and regional forest variation are not well documented in tropical mountainous regions. | |||
=====Acidifying effect of removal of tree stumps and logging residues as compared to atmospheric deposition===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112712003519 by Johan Iwald 15/2/13 ScienceDirect] | |||
Harvesting of stumps and logging residues for bioenergy can be expected to increase in the future. An increased biomass export from the forest will increase the biological acidification, measured as net cation (cations–anions) export. The aim of this study is to estimate the acidifying effect that various levels of harvesting of tree stumps and logging residues will have in Sweden, and compare this with the acidification currently caused by acid deposition. | |||
=====Effect of bark beetle outbreak and salvage logging on tree-related microhabitats in Białowieża Forest===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112725002191?dgcid=rss_sd_all by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect] | |||
ree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities. | |||
=====Changes in tree functional composition and forest functioning ten years after logging and thinning interventions in Bornean tropical forests===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112721010410 by Ni Putu Diana Mahayani 15/2/22 ScienceDirect] | |||
Examining ecosystem functioning of logged-over forests requires a quantitative trait-based monitoring approach, in addition to a taxonomic approach, which allows for evaluation of the accompanying shifts in species traits and functional composition. Our study evaluated forest regrowth after different logging and thinning techniques applied to 60 one-hectare forest subplots in East Kalimantan that were logged using selective conventional and reduced-impact techniques. | |||
=====Effects of sanitation logging in winter on the Eurasian spruce bark beetle and predatory long-legged flies===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037811272300899X by Jan Weslien 15/6/25 ScienceDirect] | |||
Bark beetles may cause great damage to forests by killing trees over large areas during outbreaks. So-called sanitation logging is frequently used in both Europe and North America. Despite this, there are few evaluations of the efficiency of sanitation logging for reducing bark beetle numbers. | |||
=====Effect of bark beetle outbreak and salvage logging on tree-related microhabitats in Białowieża Forest===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112725002191 by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect] | |||
Tree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities. | |||
=====Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112708002223 by Joberto Veloso de Freitas 20/9/08 ScienceDirect] | |||
In production forests in the moist tropics, trees are selected for felling or retention primarily by species and size. Tree regeneration requirements and forest stand responses to harvesting are often ignored, and consequently, the regeneration of the residual forest is not ensured. We developed and tested an alternative approach to tree selection, where seed trees were retained as a proportion of harvestable trees, with the proportion defined as a function of species’ ecological attributes and local abundance (100 ha), in contrast to the conventional approach which retained 10% of harvestable trees, uniformly across commercial species at the compartmental scale (1000 ha). | |||
=====The effect of logging on fission-fusion behaviour of tree-dwelling bats explored by an agent-based model===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S157495412200334X by Peter Kaňuch 10/20 ScienceDirect] | |||
Logging is one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, while forests are one of the most important habitats for bats. Bats that roost in tree cavities require a large number of potential roosts due to their frequent roost switching. However, the density of tree cavities and hollows sufficient to sustain large populations of bat species in forests is unknown. | |||
=====Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) nest tree selection: Selective logging in Amazon forest threatens Earth's largest eagle===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320720308120 by Everton B.P. Miranda 10/20 ScienceDirect] | |||
Characterizing wildlife conservation problems is essential to properly inform conservation planning, and requires detailed knowledge on critical life stages, such as reproduction. Large tropical raptors often require large emergent trees to build their huge nests. However, large emergents are also in heavy demand by the timber industry. | |||
=====Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112714007300 by Christopher M. McLean 1/4/15 ScienceDirect] | |||
Ecologically sustainable forest management aims to maintain biodiversity values within managed forest ecosystems. A key habitat component within Australian forest ecosystems are hollow-bearing trees which are crucially important for fauna species requiring tree hollows for diurnal shelter and nesting. | |||
=====Erasing a European biodiversity hot-spot: Open woodlands, veteran trees and mature forests succumb to forestry intensification, succession, and logging in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1617138113000794 by Jan Miklín 2/14 ScienceDirect] | |||
Open woodlands are among the biologically richest habitats of the temperate zone. Although open woodlands were much more common in the past and covered large areas of Europe, their original cover and magnitude of their loss remain mostly unknown. | |||
=====Assessing spatial patterns of burn severity for guiding post-fire salvage logging in boreal forests of Eastern Canada===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112724000689 by Victor Danneyrolles 15/3/24 ScienceDirect] | |||
Areas affected by forest fires are increasing worldwide, making salvage logging (i.e., harvesting fire-affected trees) an increasingly used practice to reduce the economic impacts of fire on forestry. | |||
=====The effects of selective logging on forest structure and tree species composition in a Central African forest: implications for management of conservation areas===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112703001075 by Jefferson S Hall 15/9/03 ScienceDirect] | |||
The forests of Central Africa enjoy world-wide recognition for their spectacular wildlife and also harbor an abundance of high quality timber. With mismanagement and the conversion of large tracts of West African forest to agricultural production, Central African forests are experiencing increased harvesting pressures. This is particularly true for species of African mahogany (Entandrophragma spp.). | |||
=====Reduced-impact logging for climate change mitigation (RIL-C) can halve selective logging emissions from tropical forests===== | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112718322126 by Peter W. Ellis 15/4/19 ScienceDirect] | |||
Selective logging causes at least half of the emissions from tropical forest degradation. Reduced-impact logging for climate (RIL-C) is proposed as a way to maintain timber production while minimizing forest damage. | |||
=====A journey through Virginia’s iconic forest habitat.===== | |||
[https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/virginia/stories-in-virginia/va-how-we-work-longleaf-pine/ by The Nature Conservancy 31/8/23] | |||
Before I arrived in Virginia this summer, the concept of a pine savanna was completely foreign to me. I grew up in the conifer forests of the Cascades region, and my only point of reference for pine ecosystems had been the red and white pine forests surrounding Lake Michigan that I would see when visiting my grandparents. | |||
=====Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests===== | |||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/oregon/tillamook-and-clatsop-state-forests by SIERRA CLUB] | |||
The rich history of the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests revolves around abundant fish, natural beauty, clean drinking water, timber harvest, and outdoor recreation. | |||
=====Cutting Carbon With Greener Chainsaws===== | |||
[https://www.nature.org/en-us/what-we-do/our-insights/perspectives/cutting-carbon-with-greener-chainsaws/ by The Nature Conservancy 24/2/19] | |||
Few environmental issues are more pressing than the protection of our tropical forests. These forests have the highest rates of biodiversity on earth and hold significant carbon stores that are released into the atmosphere when they are converted. | |||
=====Can Old-Growth Forest Survive a Timber Bias?===== | |||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/can-old-growth-forest-survive-timber-bias by Jim Furnish 6/12/24 Sierra] | |||
I retired in 2002 as deputy chief of the US Forest Service with 35 years of experience, and I was stunned, happily, when President Biden unveiled Executive Order 14072 during his second year in office. On this Earth Day, the future of mature and old-growth forests looked bright. Among the EO’s numerous measures, one stood out to me: “Conserve America’s mature and old-growth forests on federal lands.” I’ve worked with dozens of environmental groups to see how the Forest Service would address this opportunity. | |||
=====Fish in hot water: decades of logging tied to warmer temperatures in unprotected salmon-bearing streams===== | |||
[https://thenarwhal.ca/logging-warming-waters/ by Ainslie Cruickshank 7/3/23 The Narwhal] | |||
Globally, fish are feeling the heat from climate change, but in interior B.C. decades of logging in the headwaters of salmon streams has cranked those temperatures even higher, new research shows. As trees are cut down along waterways, small streams are exposed to more direct sunlight, while logging across watersheds can change the way water flows throughout the whole system. The combined effect can leave wild salmon swimming in waters that are warmer than they’d like. | |||
=====From Roots to Timber===== | |||
[https://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/north-carolina/stories-in-north-carolina/history-of-longleaf-pine/ by The Nature Conservancy 5/2/24] | |||
Standing in Calloway Forest Preserve, it is easy to appreciate the natural beauty and serenity of the longleaf pine forest. The stands of trees are stoic and spread apart, allowing one to see straight through the trees, a striking experience for a stranger to the forest. | |||
=====Old-Growth Forests===== | =====Old-Growth Forests===== | ||
[https://www.sierraclub.org/issues/environment/old-growth-forests by SIERRA CLUB] | [https://www.sierraclub.org/issues/environment/old-growth-forests by SIERRA CLUB] | ||
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[https://edenvaleinn.com/blog/4-best-places-for-california-gold-rush-history by eden vale] | [https://edenvaleinn.com/blog/4-best-places-for-california-gold-rush-history by eden vale] | ||
California Gold Rush history is the center of Coloma, California, where James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill. The Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park has a great museum, outdoor exhibits, gold panning lessons, tours, and living history days on the second Saturday of the month. | California Gold Rush history is the center of Coloma, California, where James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill. The Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park has a great museum, outdoor exhibits, gold panning lessons, tours, and living history days on the second Saturday of the month. | ||
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