Foundational-Resource Extraction
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Logging by selective extraction of best trees: Does it change patterns of genetic diversity? The case of Nothofagus pumilio
by Carolina Soliani 1/8/16 ScienceDirect
Extensive knowledge of the ecological and genetic consequences of implementing management practices (i.e. logging) in natural ecosystems is of fundamental importance to conservation action. Accordingly, characterization of forest genetic resources in managed vs non-managed stands may inform management decisions to ensure the long-term persistence of genetic diversity.
Tree felling by beaver promotes regeneration in riparian woodlands whilst increasing resource availability for deer
by Kelsey A. Wilson 15/6/24 ScienceDirect
Interactions between species influence ecosystem functions and are sensitive to reintroductions. Our understanding of interactions between naturally co-occurring large herbivores, such as Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) that are now re-establishing throughout their range, and well-established native ungulates, is limited, despite the potential implications for riparian woodlands. Observations in Scotland indicate that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) readily exploit the regenerative secondary shoots produced after tree felling by beaver.
Monitoring selective logging intensities in central Africa with sentinel-1: A canopy disturbance experiment
by Chloé Dupuis 1/12/23 ScienceDirect
Forest degradation is a major threat to tropical forests, and effective monitoring using remotely sensed data is subject to significant challenges. In particular, consistent methods for detecting subtle changes in the forest canopy structure caused by selective logging are lacking. Here, using a unique dataset collected in southeastern Cameroon, covering over 22,000 ha of monthly harvesting areas, >6000 locations of harvested trees, and an independent canopy gap dataset developed from an uninhabited aerial vehicle flight (UAV; RGB camera) of approximately 1500 ha, a new method was designed to monitor canopy disturbance and logging intensity in Central Africa.
Tendency of wood fuels from whole trees, logging residues and roundwood to bridge over openings
by Peter Daugbjerg Jensen 2/04 ScienceDirect
Solid biofuels such as wood chips are common fuels in many heating plants. The fuels are by nature heterogeneous and the fuel particles can form a stable structure across openings, which may stop the fuel flow in the feeding systems of heating plants.
Fuel quality changes during seasonal storage of compacted logging residues and young trees
by M. Pettersson 11/07 ScienceDirect
Forest fuel procurement creates logistical problems, as large stocks are accumulated along the supply chain. The purpose of this study was to examine fuel quality (moisture content, ash content and calorific value) of compacted young trees (mainly downy birch) and both uncompacted and compacted logging residues (LR) (mainly Norway spruce).
Single-tree salvage logging as a response to Alaska yellow-cedar climate-induced mortality maintains ecological integrity with limited economic returns
by Sarah M. Bisbing 1/1/22 ScienceDirect
Cost-benefit analyses of salvage logging have generally focused on large-scale, landscape disturbances salvaged at high intensity, and there is limited research on the ecological and economic outcomes of low-intensity salvage implemented for the benefit of forest-dependent communities. Here, we assess the potential impacts of small-scale, single-tree salvage logging of a foundation tree species (yellow-cedar, Callitropsis nootkatensis) on ecological integrity against the viability of salvaged wood as a source of timber for cultural and economic purposes.
How do logging residues of different tree species affect soil N cycling after final felling?
by Tiina Törmänen 1/11/18 SocialDirect
The aim of this study was to compare how logging residues of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) affect the dynamics of N and C cycling processes in forest soil after final felling.
Do logging concessions decrease the availability to villagers of foods from timber trees? A quantitative analysis for Moabi (Baillonella toxisperma), Sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum) and Tali (Erythrophleum suaveolens) in Cameroon
Many species of timber trees in Cameroon are exploited by logging companies for timber and by forest-dependent communities for non-timber forest products (NTFPs). Quantitative analyses were conducted within and near forest concessions in Cameroon to determine the density of multiple use tree species that provide both timber for industry and foods consumed by local populations (fruit and oil or edible caterpillars), and how this has been affected by logging. Individuals of the three species (Moabi, Baillonella toxisperma; Sapelli, Entandrophragma cylindricum; and Tali, Erythrophleum suaveolens),
Land tenure, logging rights, and tree planting: Empirical evidence from smallholders in China
by Ying Lin 4/20 ScienceDirect
To encourage afforestation and promote rural livelihood, China launched a new round of forest tenure reforms (CFTR) for its collective forestland in 2003. Using data spanning a long time period for rural smallholders in China, this study analyzes the causal effects of land tenure security and logging rights on tree planting investments.
Deforestation and Forest Loss
by Hannah Ritchie 2/21 Our World in Data
Before we look specifically at trends in deforestation across the world, it's useful to understand the net change in forest cover. The net change in forest cover measures any gains in forest cover — either through natural forest expansion or afforestation through tree planting — minus deforestation.
Tree species richness and the logging of natural forests: A meta-analysis
by Jason A. Clark 15/7/12 ScienceDirect
Forests cover much of the earth’s surface and are regularly logged. Well established ecological theory predicts, and the results of extensive silvicultural studies demonstrate the role of disturbance in maintaining species richness in forests; however, logging and other human initiated disturbance is often credited with the degradation of forest
Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests
by Joberto Veloso de Freitas 20/9/08 ScienceDirect
In production forests in the moist tropics, trees are selected for felling or retention primarily by species and size. Tree regeneration requirements and forest stand responses to harvesting are often ignored, and consequently, the regeneration of the residual forest is not ensured. We developed and tested an alternative approach to tree selection, where seed trees were retained as a proportion of harvestable trees, with the proportion defined as a function of species’ ecological attributes and local abundance (100 ha), in contrast to the conventional approach which retained 10% of harvestable trees, uniformly across commercial species at the compartmental scale (1000 ha).
Safeguarding villagers’ access to foods from timber trees: Insights for policy from an inhabited logging concession in Gabon
by Hermann Taedoumg 6/18 ScienceDirect
This study assessed the abundance of and access to tree species (Ozigo, Dacryodes buettneri; and Abam, Gambeya lacourtiana) that yield edible fruits to villagers and timber to the logging industry in and around a logging concession in Gabon. Participatory mapping combining GPS coordinates and interviews was carried out with 5 female and 5 male collectors in each of two villages within or adjacent to the logging concession.
Recruitment, growth and recovery of commercial tree species over 30 years following logging and thinning in a tropical rain forest
by Angela Luciana de Avila 1/2/17 ScienceDirect
Sustainable production of timber from commercial species across felling cycles is a core challenge for tropical silviculture. In this study, we analysed how the intensity and type (harvesting and thinning) of silvicultural interventions affect: (a) recruitment of small stems (5 cm ⩽ DBH < 15 cm), (b) increment of future crop trees (15 cm ⩽ DBH < 50 cm) and (c) recovery of harvestable growing stocks (DBH ⩾ 50 cm) of 52 commercial timber species in the Tapajós National Forest, Brazil.
Resprouting trees drive understory vegetation dynamics following logging in a temperate forest
by Radim Matula 8/6/20 Scientific reports
Removal of canopy trees by logging causes shifts in herbaceous diversity and increases invasibility of the forest understory. However, disturbed (cut) trees of many species do not die but resprout from remaining parts. Because sprouts develop vigorously immediately after disturbances, we hypothesized that sprouts of logged trees offset the changes in species richness and invasibility of the herbaceous layer by eliminating the rise in the resource availability during the time before regeneration from seeds develops.
When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia
by Ted R. Feldpausch 25/11/05 ScienceDirect
We examined carbon export in whole logs and carbon accumulation as coarse woody debris (CWD) produced from forest damage during all phases of the first and second year of a certified reduced impact logging (RIL) timber harvest in southern Amazonia.
Empirical relationships between tree fall and landscape-level amounts of logging and fire
by David B. Lindenmayer 23/2/18 PLOS one
Large old trees are critically important keystone structures in forest ecosystems globally. Populations of these trees are also in rapid decline in many forest ecosystems, making it important to quantify the factors that influence their dynamics at different spatial scales.
Large trees as key elements of carbon storage and dynamics after selective logging in the Eastern Amazon
by Plinio Sist 15/4/14 ScienceDirect
The long term effect of Reduced-Impact Logging (RIL) on above-ground live biomass (AGB) dynamics was investigated in 18 1-ha logged over permanent sample plots set up in a terra firme rain forest in the Eastern Amazon (Brazil, Paragominas).
Effects of 50 years of selective logging on demography of trees in a Malaysian lowland forest
by Toshihiro Yamada 15/12/13 ScienceDirect
Species specific tree performance (growth, mortality, and recruitment rates) and population growth rate in a logged forest that was selectively logged in 1958 were compared with those in a primary forest using 10-year forest demographic data (1998–2008) in the Pasoh Forest Reserve in Malaysia.
Potential losses of animal-dispersed trees due to selective logging in Amazonian forest concessions
by Elildo A.R. Carvalho Jr 9/22 ScienceDirect
Fruits and seeds are key food resources for most Amazonian mammals and birds. Selective logging is an increasingly dominant land use in the region that can deplete these resources over large areas.
Species grouping and diameter growth of trees in the Eastern Amazon: Influence of environmental factors after reduced-impact logging
by Jorge Luis Reategui-Betancourt 15/2/25 ScienceDirect
Tree growth predictions still present a challenge to forestry scientists. Species richness, ecological behavior variations, and different climate and soil interactions make it difficult to predict and understand tree growth in managed forests.
Beyond reduced-impact logging: Silvicultural treatments to increase growth rates of tropical trees
by M. Peña-Claros 20/9/08 ScienceDirect
Use of reduced-impact logging (RIL) techniques has repeatedly been shown to reduce damage caused by logging. Unfortunately, these techniques do not necessarily ameliorate the low growth rates of many commercial species or otherwise assure recovery of the initial volume harvested during the next cutting cycle. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates on trees in general and on of future crop trees (FCTs) of 24 commercial timber species.
Surviving trees and deadwood moderate changes in soil fungal communities and associated functioning after natural forest disturbance and salvage logging
by Mathias Mayer 3/22 ScienceDirect
Temperate forests are increasingly subject to natural disturbance by stand replacing windthrows or bark-beetle attacks. Forests are commonly salvage logged after disturbance, whereby substantial parts of biological legacies, such as surviving trees and deadwood, are removed. Despite increasing concerns about the ecological consequences of salvage logging operations, our knowledge on the effects on the soil microbiome and associated functioning remains limited.
When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia
by Ted R. Feldpausch 15/5/21 ScienceDirect
We examined carbon export in whole logs and carbon accumulation as coarse woody debris (CWD) produced from forest damage during all phases of the first and second year of a certified reduced impact logging (RIL) timber harvest in southern Amazonia.
Three decades of post-logging tree community recovery in naturally regenerating and actively restored dipterocarp forest in Borneo
by Robin M. Hayward 15/5/21 ScienceDirect
Selective logging has affected large areas of tropical forests and there is increasing interest in how to manage selectively logged forests to enhance recovery. However, the impacts of logging and active restoration, by liberation cutting and enrichment planting,
Impacts of tropical selective logging on carbon storage and tree species richness: A meta-analysis
by Philip A. Martin 15/11/15 ScienceDirect
Over 400 million hectares of tropical forest are currently designated as logging concessions. This practice is an important source of timber, but there are concerns about its long-term sustainability and impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage.
Fates of trees damaged by logging in Amazonian Bolivia
by Alexander Shenkin 1/12/15 ScienceDirect
Estimation of carbon losses from trees felled and incidentally-killed during selective logging of tropical forests is relatively straightforward and well-documented, but less is known about the fates of collaterally-damaged trees that initially survive. Tree response to logging damage is an important and overlooked ecological process potentially affecting 2–5% of all extant tropical trees.
Brazil targets illegal logging in major Amazon raids
PORTO VELHO, Brazil, Feb 17 - Brazilian environmental agents seized the equivalent of more than 5,000 truckloads of timber in an operation targeting one of the most heavily logged regions of the Amazon rainforest in recent weeks, officials told Reuters.
Gabon junta allows regulated logging of rare kevazingo tree
LIBREVILLE, Sept 1 (Reuters) - Gabon's junta has relaxed rules covering the rare kevazingo tree, allowing logging under certain conditions of a hardwood species that can take 500 years to grow to its full height of 40 metres (130 feet).
Log and Burn, or Leave Alone? Indiana Residents Fight US Forest Service Over the Future of Hoosier National Forest
by Marianne Lavelle 4/6/23 Inside Climate News
PAOLI, Indiana—When Jesse Laws rides her 7-year-old palomino, Roscoe, in Hoosier National Forest, she often steers his reins toward the tall pines. Needles carpet the trails, muting the clop of his shoes and shifting the feel of the air.
Kentucky Residents Angered by US Forest Service Logging Plan That Targets Mature Trees
by Marianne Lavelle 5/3/23 Inside Climate News
WILLIAMSBURG, Kentucky—Brandon Bowlin learned of the U.S. government’s plan for clear-cutting in the southernmost mountains of Daniel Boone National Forest only a few weeks after the hard summer rains of 2022, when the earth slid off a mountain beneath a slope he had once logged.
Interview with a Tree-Sitter
by Kollibri terre Sonnenblume 19/6/20 COUNTERPUNCH
On June 9th and 12th, I interviewed Lupine, a tree-sitter who is currently participating in a Redwood Forest Defense campaign to stop logging at a site in Humboldt County, California. We spoke on the phone, and though we were disconnected several times by a weak signal, we were able to have a great conversation. Tree-sitters have always been heroes to me, and I really appreciated the chance to connect with someone from the newest generation to be out there fighting the good fight.
Logging the South Plateau: Another Forest Service Con Job
by George Wuerthner 26/2/21 COUNTERPUNCH
Ostensibly, the Forest Service claims the logging will improve forest health and reduce fire risk. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is another example of the Forest Service’s con job of justifying logging to the detriment of other forest values.
Meet the jungle gardener of Borneo, who is logging sustainably
by Kate Whiting 25/9/19 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM
When Peter Lagan wants proof that it’s possible both to log the rainforest and conserve its biodiversity, he considers the orangutans in Sabah’s Deramakot Forest Reserve.
Treetop sensors help Indonesia eavesdrop on forests to curb illegal logging
by Harry Jacques 11/2/21 Reuters
Using artificial intelligence, audio sensors detect the sound of chainsaws, helping local officials crack down on people felling trees in the rainforest
Can a DNA Database Save the Trees? These Scientists Hope So
by Sandra E. Garcia 22/6/18 The New York Times
Forests are disappearing. Maps show shrinking woodlands all over the world. Even trees coveted for their wood that are protected from logging are chopped down.
[https://www.npr.org/2024/07/15/nx-s1-5039826/kenya-mangroves-hidden-beehives-combat-logging by The Associated Press 15/7/24 npr]
MOMBASA, Kenya — Dressed in protective clothing and armed with a smoker, Peter Nyongesa walked through the mangroves to monitor his beehives along the Indian Ocean coastline.
Most Countries are Falling Short of Their Promises to Stop Cutting Down the World’s Trees
by Georgina Gustin 23/10/23 Inside Climate News
Despite the urgency behind global pledges to stop cutting down trees and damaging forests, the world lost tens of millions of acres of woodlands in 2022, veering well off track from meeting targets to halt deforestation and reversing modest progress from the previous year.
Trees older than America: a primeval Alaskan forest is at risk in the Trump era
by Brendan Jones 22/3/18 The Guardian
At south-east Alaska’s last industrial-scale sawmill, wheel loaders stack debarked logs two storeys high on the frozen ground. A bumper sticker on a battered Ford in the parking lot reads “Cut Kill Dig Drill”, a mantra that many in the 49th state appreciate re
Deep In The Amazon, An Unseen Battle Over The Most Valuable Trees
by Lulu Garcia-Navarro 4/11/15 npr
The self-described "Guardians of the Forest" defending the land don't look like fighters, at least when we first meet them. But they are pitting themselves against criminal logging gangs that have infiltrated their protected reserves.
In Nigeria's disappearing forests, loggers outnumber trees
by Nyancho NwaNri 8/6/22 Reuters
Deep in a forest in Nigeria's Ebute Ipare village, Egbontoluwa Marigi sized up a tall mahogany tree, methodically cut it down with his axe and machete, and as it fell with a crackling sound, he surveyed the forest for the next tree.
Lack of Loggers Is Hobbling Arizona Forest-Thinning Projects That Could Have Slowed This Year’s Devastating Wildfires
by Andrew Onodera 8/7/22 Inside Climate News
Jay Smith likes to reminisce about hiking the Weatherford Trail in northern Arizona because he knows that, for much of the forest surrounding the trail, memories are all that’s left.
Biden administration moves to protect forests with older trees from logging
Trees are one of nature's best weapons against global warming. They take in the carbon dioxide that would otherwise trap heat in the atmosphere and break the molecules apart.
Logging of Old Trees In Alaska Is Found To Threaten Eagles
by Jon R. Luoma 7/11/89 The New York Times
This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them.
New Kenyan app is helping to track and halt illegal logging
by Kagondu Njagi 20/4/21 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM
With about a dozen rangers, he has been using an app that through satellite feeds maps signs of forest fires, illegal logging and people encroaching on water sources, to stem worsening deforestation in Kwale County during the COVID-19 pandemic.
How to stop illegal logging in Tanzania
by Kizito Makoye 14/1/15 WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM
A surge in illegal logging is devastating native forests in coastal Tanzania’s Rufiji district, despite efforts by authorities to curb forest losses, officials said.
https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/trees-planks-and-sawdust
For hundreds of millions of Africans who lack access to modern sources of power, wood, a form of biomass, is the sole source of energy.
‘Legacy’ Forests. ‘Restoration’ Logging. The New Jargon of Conservation Is Awash in Ambiguity. And Politics
by Nathan Gilles 14/10/24 Inside Climate News
In 2019, conservation activist and longtime Washington state resident Stephen Kropp did something he’d never done before: he explored a forest managed as state trust land by the Washington State Department of Natural Resources.
Biden administration won’t ban logging in old-growth forests, but new plan still vexes industry
by Matthew Brown 20/6/24 PBS NEWS
BILLINGS, Mont. (AP) — The Biden administration is advancing its plan to restrict logging within old-growth forests that are increasingly threatened by climate change, with exceptions that include cutting trees to make forests less susceptible to wildfires, according to a U.S. government analysis obtained by The Associated Press.
Canada's British Columbia to defer logging of at-risk ancient trees
Nov 2 (Reuters) - Canada's British Columbia province said on Tuesday it would work with indigenous groups to defer logging of rare and ancient trees as part of a strategy to modernize the timber industry and protect the province's shrinking old-growth forests.
Joe Biden plans to ban logging in US old-growth forests in 2025
by Lauren Aratani 19/12/23 The Guardian
Joe Biden plans to ban logging in US old-growth forests in 2025
This article is more than 1 year old Move aims to protect millions of old-growth trees, which are better at storing carbon, but its outcome depends on 2024 election
Lauren Aratani Tue 19 Dec 2023 15.54 GMT Share Joe Biden’s administration on Tuesday announced a new proposal aimed at banning logging in old-growth forests, a move meant to protect millions of trees that play a key role in fighting the climate crisis.
https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/in-nigerias-disappearing-forests-loggers-outnumber-trees
Deep in a forest in Nigeria's Ebute Ipare village, Egbontoluwa Marigi sized up a tall mahogany tree, methodically cut it down with his axe and machete, and as it fell with a crackling sound, he surveyed the forest for the next tree.
Despite What the Logging Industry Says, Cutting Down Trees Isn’t Stopping Catastrophic Wildfires
by Tony Schick 31/10/20 PROPUBLICA
Echoing a long-standing belief in the state that public forests are the problem, U.S. Rep. Greg Walden, a Republican who represents eastern Oregon, equated the federal government’s management to that of “a slum lord.” And Democratic Gov. Kate Brown on “Face the Nation” accused Republicans in the state’s Legislature of blocking measures, proposed by a wildfire council, that would have increased logging on public lands.
LOGGING BOOMS ON REFORESTED CONNECTICUT FARMS
by James Brooke 16/3/86 The New York Times
This is a digitized version of an article from The Times’s print archive, before the start of online publication in 1996. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them.
Leaving Timber Behind, An Alaska Town Turns To Tourism
What happens to a town when a key industry collapses?
Sometimes it dies. But sometimes it finds a way to reinvent itself.
Case in point: Ketchikan, Alaska, where the demise of the timber industry has led to a radical transformation.
Reviving The Lost Art Of Logrolling
Considered by many to be the sole purview of lumberjacks, the competitive sport of logrolling — in which participants pad about on a log in water and try to outlast one another — is hoping for new growth.
Logging Plays Bigger Climate Change Role Than U.S. Acknowledges, Report Says
by Georgina Gustin 5/5/17 Inside Climate News
The U.S. has consistently underestimated the impact that logging has on accelerating climate change and the role that preserving its forests can play in sucking carbon out of the atmosphere. That’s the conclusion of a new report that also seeks to rebut the notion that burning wood is a “carbon neutral” alternative to burning coal and oil for electricity.
Logged tropical forests have amplified and diverse ecosystem energetics
by Yadvinder Malhi 14/12/22 nature
Old-growth tropical forests are widely recognized as being immensely important for their biodiversity and high biomass1. Conversely, logged tropical forests are usually characterized as degraded ecosystems2. However, whether logging results in a degradation in ecosystem functions is less clear: shifts in the strength and resilience of key ecosystem processes in large suites of species have rarely been assessed in an ecologically integrated and quantitative framework. Here we adopt an ecosystem energetics lens to gain new insight into the impacts of tropical forest disturbance on a key integrative aspect of ecological function: food pathways and community structure of birds and mammals.
Estimating survival probability using the terrestrial extinction history for the search for extraterrestrial life
Several exoplanets have been discovered to date, and the next step is the search for extraterrestrial life. However, it is difficult to estimate the number of life-bearing exoplanets because our only template is based on life on Earth. In this paper, a new approach is introduced to estimate the probability that life on Earth has survived from birth to the present based on its terrestrial extinction history.
The Cumberland Forest Project: Conservation at Scale
At 253,000 acres, the Cumberland Forest Project is one of The Nature Conservancy’s largest-ever conservation efforts in the eastern United States—larger than Shenandoah and Acadia National Parks combined. This vast forest landscape spans two parcels: the Highlands in Southwest Virginia and Ataya along the Kentucky-Tennessee border.
Can local sustainable development save the Amazon?
by NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC 11.3.11
Until recently, local development in the Amazon has been based on small scale cooperative-based extractive activities for the production of rubber, fruit or fish. Now local development has to address large-scale production, usually for beef, soybean, and wood products exports.
Is clear-cutting U.S. forests good for wildlife?
by Christopher Ketcham 24/3/22 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
Coming upon a clear-cut in an old forest is a jolting experience. Trees large and small are collapsed one atop the other in tangled jackstraw piles, corpse-like amid ragged stumps, and the ground is rutted with the tracks of heavy machinery. Such was the scene on the August day last year when forest activist Zack Porter and I hiked a newly built logging road in the Pittenden Inventoried Roadless Area, part of Vermont’s 400,000-acre Green Mountain National Forest.
Solutions to Deforestation
How to save forests and wildlife while stabilizing our climate
Ending deforestation is our best chance to conserve wildlife and defend the rights of forest communities. On top of that, it’s one of the quickest and most cost effective ways to curb global warming. That’s why we’re campaigning for a deforestation-free future.
Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate
by Robert M. Ewers 17/7/24 nature
Logged and disturbed forests are often viewed as degraded and depauperate environments compared with primary forest. However, they are dynamic ecosystems1 that provide refugia for large amounts of biodiversity2,3, so we cannot afford to underestimate their conservation value4.
Congo Basin Forests
Stopping illegal logging and forest exploitation in Central Africa’s threatened tropical rainforest
The vast forest of the Congo Basin is the second-largest tropical rainforest on Earth and serves as the lungs of Africa. It’s an incredibly rich and diverse ecosystem that provides food, freshwater, shelter and medicine for tens of millions of local and Indigenous Peoples and is home to critically endangered wildlife species.
Rain Forest Threats
More than half of Earth’s rain forests have already been lost due to the human demand for wood and arable land. Rain forests that once grew over 14 percent of the land on Earth now cover only about 6 percent. And if current deforestation rates continue, these critical habitats could disappear from the planet completely within the next hundred years.
Indigenous people battle squatters and timber poachers in Peru's Amazon
by Lyndsie Bourgon 12/4/19 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
Puerto Maldonado, Peru — On March 14, 2018, an alarm sounded in the ears of Jose Vargas, who was sitting at his desk in this Peruvian Amazon city. Embedded in the amber wood of a cedar tree, a small tracking device developed to spring to life at the whir of a chainsaw or crunching of boots on earth sent an alert via satellite to the offices of the Peruvian Society for Environmental Law (SPDA), where Vargas works as a GIS specialist.
President Biden Restores Logging Prohibitions in Tongass National Forest
by Lindsey Botts 29/1/23 Sierra
In one of its most important conservation decisions to date, the Biden administration last week announced that it would ban new logging and road construction across 9.3 million acres of the Tongass National Forest, the largest national forest in the United States. The move repeals a Trump administration rule that gutted protections for the forest and opened up Southeastern Alaska to more logging.
Can barcodes enforce sustainable logging in Liberia?
Liberia, semi-miraculously, is still covered in rainforest, even though at one point in its history, warlord Charles Taylor was more or less giving arms traffickers logging tracts in exchange for weapons. The U.N. eventually noticed this problem and ended up saving the country's forests by putting an embargo on the country's "logs of war.”
Sierra Club Founders
John Muir, one of the Sierra Club’s founders, sparked the movement to preserve millions of acres of land from logging and mining, and inspired generations of people to protect nature. The Sierra Club recognizes the importance of Muir’s conservation efforts with regard to designation of national parks, national forests, and rangelands, which prevented hundreds of millions of acres from being privatized and transferred into the hands of white logging, mining, and livestock grazing corporations enabled by 19th century colonization laws like the Timber and Stone Act, Homestead Acts, and Desert Lands Act.
News in brief
The national monument east of Porterville contains more than half of the world's sequoia trees. Their huge size, beauty and long life led to a drive to protect them, and President Clinton in 2000 gave them permanent protection by designating 328,000 acres, about one-third of Sequoia National Forest, a national monument under the Antiquities Act.
Campaign Urges Agencies to Keep Big Trees Standing
by Juliet Grable 6/2/23 Sierra
When Chandra LeGue first toured the Flat Country project, a logging and forest management project planned for the Willamette National Forest in Oregon, US Forest Service reps showed her a stream they planned to restore and a “plantation”—a deliberately planted, uniform stand of trees—that they planned to thin.
Forests & Climate
The creation of a Forest Carbon Reserve would be an essential part of any future Green New Deal. It would result in a substantial reduction in, and avoidance of, carbon emissions from forest degradation and fossil fuel production, would be integral to a broader green jobs program.
Europe awash with wood from billion-dollar Russian illegal logging scandal
London, 16 December 2020 – More than 100,000 tonnes of lumber linked to one of Russia’s largest illegal logging scandals has entered Europe despite strict import laws and mounting evidence of wrongdoing, an Earthsight investigation can reveal.
Logging residue removal after thinning in Nordic boreal forests: Long-term impact on tree growth
by Heljä-Sisko Helmisaari 1/6/11 ScienceDirect
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of whole-tree harvesting (WTH) on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as compared to conventional stem harvesting (CH) over 10 and 20 years. Compensatory (WTH + CoF) and normal nitrogen-based (CH + F or WTH + F) fertilisation were also studied.
Vine management for reduced-impact logging in eastern Amazonia
by Edson Vidal 3/11/97 ScienceDirect
The presence of vines interconnecting the canopies of tropical forest trees has been thought to increase the damage to neighboring trees when a tree is felled during selective logging, resulting in larger canopy gaps and possibly prejudicting future timber harvests.
Tree growth and aboveground biomass in a tropical mountain forest thirty years after selective logging in Sarawak, Borneo
by Renee Sherna Laing 4/21 ScienceDirect
Tropical mountain forests are vital components of global floristic diversity as well as the hydrological cycle but have been extensively exploited. However, the impacts of human disturbances on changes in biomass and regional forest variation are not well documented in tropical mountainous regions.
Acidifying effect of removal of tree stumps and logging residues as compared to atmospheric deposition
by Johan Iwald 15/2/13 ScienceDirect
Harvesting of stumps and logging residues for bioenergy can be expected to increase in the future. An increased biomass export from the forest will increase the biological acidification, measured as net cation (cations–anions) export. The aim of this study is to estimate the acidifying effect that various levels of harvesting of tree stumps and logging residues will have in Sweden, and compare this with the acidification currently caused by acid deposition.
by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect
ree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities.
Changes in tree functional composition and forest functioning ten years after logging and thinning interventions in Bornean tropical forests
by Ni Putu Diana Mahayani 15/2/22 ScienceDirect
Examining ecosystem functioning of logged-over forests requires a quantitative trait-based monitoring approach, in addition to a taxonomic approach, which allows for evaluation of the accompanying shifts in species traits and functional composition. Our study evaluated forest regrowth after different logging and thinning techniques applied to 60 one-hectare forest subplots in East Kalimantan that were logged using selective conventional and reduced-impact techniques.
Effects of sanitation logging in winter on the Eurasian spruce bark beetle and predatory long-legged flies
by Jan Weslien 15/6/25 ScienceDirect
Bark beetles may cause great damage to forests by killing trees over large areas during outbreaks. So-called sanitation logging is frequently used in both Europe and North America. Despite this, there are few evaluations of the efficiency of sanitation logging for reducing bark beetle numbers.
by Flora van Eupen 15/6/25 ScienceDirect
Tree related microhabitats (TreMs) are key resources for forest biodiversity. Natural disturbances, such as bark beetle outbreaks, can influence forest structure and stand properties, potentially altering the composition of TreM communities.
Applying ecological knowledge to decisions about seed tree retention in selective logging in tropical forests
by Joberto Veloso de Freitas 20/9/08 ScienceDirect
In production forests in the moist tropics, trees are selected for felling or retention primarily by species and size. Tree regeneration requirements and forest stand responses to harvesting are often ignored, and consequently, the regeneration of the residual forest is not ensured. We developed and tested an alternative approach to tree selection, where seed trees were retained as a proportion of harvestable trees, with the proportion defined as a function of species’ ecological attributes and local abundance (100 ha), in contrast to the conventional approach which retained 10% of harvestable trees, uniformly across commercial species at the compartmental scale (1000 ha).
The effect of logging on fission-fusion behaviour of tree-dwelling bats explored by an agent-based model
by Peter Kaňuch 10/20 ScienceDirect
Logging is one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity, while forests are one of the most important habitats for bats. Bats that roost in tree cavities require a large number of potential roosts due to their frequent roost switching. However, the density of tree cavities and hollows sufficient to sustain large populations of bat species in forests is unknown.
Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) nest tree selection: Selective logging in Amazon forest threatens Earth's largest eagle
by Everton B.P. Miranda 10/20 ScienceDirect
Characterizing wildlife conservation problems is essential to properly inform conservation planning, and requires detailed knowledge on critical life stages, such as reproduction. Large tropical raptors often require large emergent trees to build their huge nests. However, large emergents are also in heavy demand by the timber industry.
Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire
by Christopher M. McLean 1/4/15 ScienceDirect
Ecologically sustainable forest management aims to maintain biodiversity values within managed forest ecosystems. A key habitat component within Australian forest ecosystems are hollow-bearing trees which are crucially important for fauna species requiring tree hollows for diurnal shelter and nesting.
Erasing a European biodiversity hot-spot: Open woodlands, veteran trees and mature forests succumb to forestry intensification, succession, and logging in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
by Jan Miklín 2/14 ScienceDirect
Open woodlands are among the biologically richest habitats of the temperate zone. Although open woodlands were much more common in the past and covered large areas of Europe, their original cover and magnitude of their loss remain mostly unknown.
Assessing spatial patterns of burn severity for guiding post-fire salvage logging in boreal forests of Eastern Canada
by Victor Danneyrolles 15/3/24 ScienceDirect
Areas affected by forest fires are increasing worldwide, making salvage logging (i.e., harvesting fire-affected trees) an increasingly used practice to reduce the economic impacts of fire on forestry.
The effects of selective logging on forest structure and tree species composition in a Central African forest: implications for management of conservation areas
by Jefferson S Hall 15/9/03 ScienceDirect
The forests of Central Africa enjoy world-wide recognition for their spectacular wildlife and also harbor an abundance of high quality timber. With mismanagement and the conversion of large tracts of West African forest to agricultural production, Central African forests are experiencing increased harvesting pressures. This is particularly true for species of African mahogany (Entandrophragma spp.).
Reduced-impact logging for climate change mitigation (RIL-C) can halve selective logging emissions from tropical forests
by Peter W. Ellis 15/4/19 ScienceDirect
Selective logging causes at least half of the emissions from tropical forest degradation. Reduced-impact logging for climate (RIL-C) is proposed as a way to maintain timber production while minimizing forest damage.
A journey through Virginia’s iconic forest habitat.
by The Nature Conservancy 31/8/23
Before I arrived in Virginia this summer, the concept of a pine savanna was completely foreign to me. I grew up in the conifer forests of the Cascades region, and my only point of reference for pine ecosystems had been the red and white pine forests surrounding Lake Michigan that I would see when visiting my grandparents.
Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests
The rich history of the Tillamook and Clatsop State Forests revolves around abundant fish, natural beauty, clean drinking water, timber harvest, and outdoor recreation.
Cutting Carbon With Greener Chainsaws
by The Nature Conservancy 24/2/19
Few environmental issues are more pressing than the protection of our tropical forests. These forests have the highest rates of biodiversity on earth and hold significant carbon stores that are released into the atmosphere when they are converted.
Can Old-Growth Forest Survive a Timber Bias?
I retired in 2002 as deputy chief of the US Forest Service with 35 years of experience, and I was stunned, happily, when President Biden unveiled Executive Order 14072 during his second year in office. On this Earth Day, the future of mature and old-growth forests looked bright. Among the EO’s numerous measures, one stood out to me: “Conserve America’s mature and old-growth forests on federal lands.” I’ve worked with dozens of environmental groups to see how the Forest Service would address this opportunity.
Fish in hot water: decades of logging tied to warmer temperatures in unprotected salmon-bearing streams
by Ainslie Cruickshank 7/3/23 The Narwhal
Globally, fish are feeling the heat from climate change, but in interior B.C. decades of logging in the headwaters of salmon streams has cranked those temperatures even higher, new research shows. As trees are cut down along waterways, small streams are exposed to more direct sunlight, while logging across watersheds can change the way water flows throughout the whole system. The combined effect can leave wild salmon swimming in waters that are warmer than they’d like.
From Roots to Timber
by The Nature Conservancy 5/2/24
Standing in Calloway Forest Preserve, it is easy to appreciate the natural beauty and serenity of the longleaf pine forest. The stands of trees are stoic and spread apart, allowing one to see straight through the trees, a striking experience for a stranger to the forest.
Old-Growth Forests
Forests absorb and store carbon — in soils, organic matter, and living and dead trees — better than any other ecosystem. Generally, older trees absorb more carbon each year than their younger counterparts, making old forests one of our most valuable tools for taking on climate change. Forests also provide habitat for wildlife, support reliable drinking watersheds for nearly half of all Americans, preserve cultural legacies and traditional uses, and offer recreation opportunities.
For the Love of California
by MIKE SWEENEY 16/12/19 The Nature Conservancy
When The Nature Conservancy first bought a nature preserve in California back in 1959, I can guarantee those supporters never imagined the innovations it would lead to.
CHIP MILLS INDUSTRIAL LOGGING RETURNS TO THE OZARKS
by Ken Midkiff 17/12/13 Sierra Club
About one hundred years ago, the forests of the Ozarks Plateau were being leveled. Huge milling operations, established along the streams and rivers, took in logs floated down the rivers or hauled in by mule teams and converted them to railroad ties and lumber to meet the demands of the country’s westward march. Rail lines crisscrossed the area to haul away the milled lumber.
How Widespread Logging in Canada Is Escaping Scrutiny
by Courtenay Lewis 18/3/19 NRDC
Addressing the threat of climate change is a significant concern for Americans and Canadians, and climate scientists have stressed that protecting global forests is as urgent as stopping fossil fuel use. Wildlife loss is happening at an astonishing rate: species’ populations have declined by an average of 60 percent since 1970, with habitat loss as a key driver.
Logging in disguise: How forest thinning is making wildfires worse
by Chad T. Hanson 24/8/21 Grist
Earlier this month, the Dixie Fire leveled most of the town of Greenville, California. I know the town well — I conducted fieldwork for my doctoral dissertation there. Thankfully, everyone survived. But the downtown is gone, along with 75 percent of the homes.
Climate Clues from the Past Prompt a New Look at History
by Jacques Leslie 20/12/21 YaleEnvironment 20/12/21
Joseph Manning, a Yale University professor of ancient history, likes to recall the moment when he was shown an advance copy of a scholarly paper that pinpointed the timing of major volcanic eruptions over the last 2,500 years. As he read the paper, “I literally fell off my chair,” he said recently.
Illegal logging in decline
Preventing illicit cutting is a cheap way to reduce carbon emissions.
Reducing Logging Impacts in the Congo Basin
by The Nature Conservancy 12/1/23
The tracks were fresh in the mud. A leopard had walked across the logging access road between dusk and dawn. And it wasn’t the first animal sighting of the week—forest elephants and western lowland gorillas carried out their daily routines in the forest just as the loggers carried out theirs. Stingless sweat bees made their presence known, too, congregating by the hundreds on any exposed skin perspiring in the midday sun.
Let’s Fight Fire with Fire
by The Nature Conservancy 15/7/22
Thanks to Smokey Bear, a century of fire exclusion and the forced removal of Indigenous forest stewards, California’s Sierra forests are dangerously overgrown. Now, trees are packed together at up to five times their natural density, and fires that should regenerate our forests explode into infernos that destroy them. These forests help provide 60% of our state’s developed water supply, and losing them would leave millions of people without clean drinking water.
How Sweden's Logging Practices Affect the Environment
by Rebecca Clarke 15/8/21 Treehugger
Sweden is known as one of the world’s most environmentally conscious countries. The International Energy Agency (IEA) called the country a global leader in building a low-carbon economy. Sweden's logging practices and policies, on the other hand, require a closer look.
Saving the St. John
by The Nature Conservancy 22/11/19
The St. John River Forest is a very special place in Maine, supporting previously unknown populations of rare plants, the elusive Canada lynx, and important native fish that are increasingly under pressure in Maine from non-native species.
Timber salvaged from New York City buildings reveals ancient climate
by Nathalie Alonso 22/10/21 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
Old-growth forests once covered the eastern United States, but they were almost entirely decimated by the early 1900s after centuries of commercial logging. Yet wood from those forests survives, much of it tucked behind the walls of New York City buildings. The tree rings on these timbers are sources of historical climate data, which is why researchers are working to recover them.
Environmentalists Battle Loggers to Protect One Last Old-Growth Forest
For weeks, activists in the temperate rainforest on Vancouver Island, near the town of Port Renfrew, have been blockading a logging road. On one day, more than 40 logging trucks were turned back. If and when the police finally free the protesters and clear the blockade, it is likely another will take its place. This is the last card being played in an effort to protect one of the last large swaths of old-growth forest left in a Canadian province that, environmentalists contend, has lost its way.
Burning questions raised over logging
Clearing the remaining trees after a forest fire can increase the chance of further flames.
Inside the faltering fight against illegal Amazon logging
by Scott Wallace 28/8/19 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
On July 4th, along a dusty backroad in the southwest Brazilian state of Rondônia, near the logging hub of Espigão d’Oeste, unknown assailants stopped a tanker truck, yanked the driver from the cab, and set it ablaze. The truck was carrying aviation fuel to resupply government helicopters supporting an operation against illegal loggers. Fearing further attacks, government agents suspended the operation and withdrew from the area.
About Clearcutting
Clearcutting is an extreme logging method in which resilient natural forests are harvested and replaced with man-made tree plantations that do not replicate the ecosystem services of a healthy forest.
Why deforestation matters—and what we can do to stop it
by Christina Nunez 7/12/22 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
We need trees for a variety of reasons, not least of which is that they absorb the carbon dioxide we exhale and the heat-trapping greenhouse gases that human activities emit. As those gases enter the atmosphere, global warming increases, a trend scientists now prefer to call climate change.
Saving the Trees for the Forest
On a crisp, sunny morning in early March, Tonya Enger scampered through a clearing near Washington’s Yacolt Burn State Forest. The soil was so soft that it sank as she walked through the lush understory. Enger, the founder of a local civic engagement group called Vancouver Forestkeeper, frequently leads tours here. “It’s beautiful in the fall,” she said. “And in the summer, the huckleberry bushes are full and bright red.” She pointed out thriving mushrooms, moss, and lichen as she made her way. Tree snags, still charred black from one of the largest recorded wildfires in Washington history, tower over the landscape.
To Save the Redwoods, Scientists Debate Burning and Logging
by Becki Robins 16/12/19 UNDARK
Millions of people travel to California’s redwood forests every year to marvel at the few remaining stands of old-growth trees. Sequoia sempervirens, or the coast redwood, thrives in the damp climate along the Pacific Ocean. Some are more than 2,000 years old, and the tallest can reach 380 feet. The state is also home to a second type of giant redwood, Sequoiadendron giganteum, or giant sequoia. The world’s most massive tree, it grows in the inland Sierra Nevada mountains, sustained by melting snowpack. The oldest sequoias are 3,000 years old, and although not as tall as coast redwoods, they are wider, sometimes reaching an impressive 30 feet in diameter.
Illegal Logging
Illegal logging is an immense, multi-billion dollar industry threatening forests worldwide.
Illegal logging is the catalyst to deforestation around the globe, threatening some of the world’s most important forests in terms of conservation value. Predatory logging brings roads deeper into the forest, which in turn fuels more logging, impacts Indigenous Peoples and traditional local communities, as well as harming wildlife. Illegal logging is a global-multi-country issue Greenpeace offices around the world have worked to investigate, document, and stop.
Corruption, Forestry Workers, and Siberian Tigers: the Story of Illegal Logging in the Developing World
There’s a dark past behind the pieces of paper sitting right in your printer, right in your notebook— may be right beneath your pencil. Potentially dark, that is. According to the EIA (Environmental Investigation Agency), up to 90% of timber logged in some developing countries is done so illegally. Therefore—assuming you didn’t buy some specialty paper from a country without rainforests and a fragile government— there is a strong likelihood that the wood products you’ve purchased in America are more tainted with corruption than you’d like to believe.
The ‘timber detectives’ on the front lines of illegal wood trade
by Peter Yeung 9/3/22 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
Hamburg, Germany — Under tungsten light on a bleak winter day, Gerald Koch gazes up from a black microscope, adjusts his rimless glasses, and gestures at a monitor displaying a slice, thinner than a hair, of suspected illegal timber.
Timber Wars
In the 1980s and ’90s, loggers and environmental activists faced off over the future of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. In this episode, Reveal partners with the podcast series Timber Wars from Oregon Public Broadcasting. Reporter Aaron Scott explores that definitive moment in the history of the land – and the consequences that reverberate today.
Tree Keepers: Where Sustaining the Forest Is a Tribal Tradition
by Fred Pearce 24/7/23 Yale Environment360
It is a love affair, for sure. But Lohrengel is no tree-hugger, out to preserve a special, pristine place. He is a timber harvest administrator, overseeing logging in one of the most remarkable working forests in the United States — nearly a quarter-million acres of trees that occupy almost the entire Menominee Indian Reservation in northern Wisconsin.
Beyond the Timber Wars
by Lisa Bramen 31/7/15 The Nature Conservancy
It's a rare mild February morning in southwestern Washington, a place so famous for winter squalls that beachfront hotels here offer storm-watching packages. A few miles inland, project manager Tom Kollasch is following faint elk trails through a stand of coastal rain-forest on The Nature Conservancy’s Ellsworth Creek Preserve.
Mining in the United States
Mining in the United States has been active since the beginning of colonial times, but became a major industry in the 19th century with a number of new mineral discoveries causing a series of mining rushes. In 2015, the value of coal, metals, and industrial minerals mined in the United States was US$109.6 billion. 158,000 workers were directly employed by the mining industry.[1]
35th Annual Mining History Association Conference
by Discover Mining History 15/6/25
On November 20th, 2024, the museum joined with Lehigh University and the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission to host the dedication of a State Historical Marker for The President Pumping Engine at the Ueberroth Zinc Mine in the Friedensville Mining District in nearby Friedensville, PA. The President began operation in 1872 for mine dewatering and was reported to be “the most powerful stationary engine in the world.” The engine was housed in the only remaining Cornish-style engine house in the U.S.
Mining
by Morgan Stanley NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
Mining is the process of extracting useful materials from the earth. Some examples of substances that are mined include coal, gold, or iron ore. Iron ore is the material from which the metal iron is produced.
A Brief History of Mining: The Advancement of Mining Techniques and Technology
by General Kinematics 23/5/19 GENERAL KINEMATICS
The metals and minerals we rely on in our everyday life are staggering. If you really take a moment to think about it, look around to observe the objects you are surrounded by which are not manufactured by plant-based resources. From the cement you walk on to the screen you are reading, our world and our way of life depends on the products of modern mining practices. Since civilization began, people have used mining techniques to access minerals in the surface of the Earth. Discoveries have shown that flint pebbles were extracted from deposits in France and Britain as far back as the New Stone Age. Ancient Egyptians mined copper as far back as 3000 BCE. In the earliest days, mining was slow-going and dangerous. However, as time progressed, society has developed safer and more accurate methods of locating and uncovering substances found in the earth.
Mining, Minerals, Metals: Background
The mining industry can be dated as far back as 41000 BCE, to a mine in Swaziland. The mine, called the Lion Cave, is where natives mined hematite to produce ochre, a red pigment. Other mines found that existed during the same time frame were flint mines, which humans used for tools and weapons during the time.
The History of Mining
by Michael Coulson 12/11/12 Google
Born in 1945 Michael Coulson has been associated with the mining sector for over 30 years, although his university background is in economics where he holds a BSc from the University of London. He first worked as a graduate trainee on the legendary mining desk at James Capel in 1970, for many years the leading mining stockbroker in the City. After that he became a mining salesman at Sterling & Co and also developed the firm's research coverage of the sector. In 1973 he joined Fielding Newson-Smith (later to become NatWest Markets) as a gold mining analyst where he began a long association with the South African gold mining industry. Two years later he became senior mining analyst at L Messel (latterly Lehman Bros) where he started to produce an annual gold review which he published every year until 1991. In 1979 he moved to Panmure Gordon and in 1982 he left and joined Phillips & Drew (UBS) with the task of establishing the firm in the mining market.
Mining in World History
Digging Deep
Before the advent of the great mineral revolution in the latter half of the 19th century, South Africa was a sleepy colonial backwater whose unpromising landscape was seemingly devoid of any economic potential. Yet lying just beneath the dusty surface of the land lay the richest treasure trove of gold, diamonds, platinum, coal and a host of other metals and minerals that has ever been discovered in one country. It was the discovery and exploitation of first diamonds in 1870 and then gold in 1886 that proved the catalyst to the greatest mineral revolution the world has ever known, which transformed South Africa into the supreme industrialised power on the African continent.
Issues in the History of Mining and Metallurgy
by Charles Harvey 28/7/06 Taylor & Francis
History of Mining
by Dumitru Fodor 19/12/23 SPRINGER NATURE LINK
This paper has as purpose the presentation of the activities of extraction and valorisation of the deposits of solid utile mineral substances on the territory of Romania, along four historical periods comprised between Paleolithic Era and the end of the Millennium II A.D.
Mining Aspects from Version History
by Thomas Zimmermann 22/12/06 IEEE Xplore
Aspect raining identifies cross-culling concerns in a program, to help migrating it to an aspect-oriented design. Such concerns may not exist from the beginning, but emerge over time. By analysing where developers add code to a program, our history-based aspect mining (BAM) identifies and ranks cross-cutting concerns. We evaluated the effectiveness of our approach with the history of three open-source projects. BAM scales up to Industrial-sized projects: for example, we were able to identify a locking concern that cross-cuts 1284 methods in Eclipse. Additionally, the precision of HAM increases with project size and history: for Eclipse, it reaches 90% for the top-10 candidates
Rush That Never Ended
by Geoffrey Blainey 2013 Google
Forget about Ned Kelly and the bushrangers: for my money if you want a really romantic and exciting saga of Australia, take a look at our mining history. It's a turbulent, dramatic story with enough material for a bookshelf full of best-sellers ... a saga of tough men, iron-nerved gamblers, violence, death and glittering riches set against the backdrop of some of the most awful country on earth. And never has the story been better told than by Geoffrey Blainey.—Trevor Sykes
An Overview of the Mining History and Geology of Butte, Montana
by Gammons, Christopher H 6/06 ProQuest
The Butte mining district – formerly known as the “Richest Hill on Earth” – is now more notorious for its environmental problems, the legacy of 140 years of mining, milling, and smelting on Butte Hill (Dobb 1996; Langewiesche 2001)
Environmental & Engineering Geoscience
by FRED G. BELL 1/11/88 GeoScienceWorld
One of the modern methods of mining is longwall extraction which involves total extraction of panels within a coal seam. Subsidence consequent upon longwall mining can be regarded as more or less contemporaneous with the mining activity. What is more, unlike subsidence associated with old pillar and stall workings, it normally is predictable within about ± 10 percent. Of the components of ground movement developed by such subsidence, tensile stress gives rise to most damage to structures.
Background Conditions and Mining Pollution throughout History in the Río Tinto (SW Spain)
The Río Tinto drains the eastern part of the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), an area with a huge amount of massive sulphide deposits that has been mined for the last 4500 years. This river presents extreme conditions, with very high concentrations in solution of metals and metalloids and low pH values. Mining activities in the upper part of the watershed of the Río Tinto have been documented since historical times and a huge amount of widespread acid-producing mine residues exist in this area.
The history and economics of gold mining in China
by Rui Zhang 3/15 ScienceDirect
As the largest producer of gold in the world, China's gold reserves are spread across a number of orogenic belts that were constructed around ancient craton margins during various subduction–collision cycles, as well as within the cratonic interior along reactivated paleo-sutures. Among the major gold deposits in China is the unique class of world's richest gold mines in the Jiaodong Peninsula in the eastern part of the North China Craton with an overall endowment of > 3000 tons.
Thoughts on Mining History
Mining California
by Andrew C. Isenberg 4/9/24 Google
Between 1849 and 1874 almost $1 billion in gold was mined in California. With little available capital or labor, here's how: high-pressure water cannons washed hillsides into sluices that used mercury to trap gold but let the soil wash away; eventually more than three times the amount of earth moved to make way for the Panama Canal entered California's rivers, leaving behind twenty tons of mercury every mile—rivers overflowed their banks and valleys were flooded, the land poisoned. In the rush to wealth, the same chain of foreseeable consequences reduced California's forests and grasslands.
Mining and Communities in Northern Canada
by University of Calgary Press 2015 open
For indigenous communities throughout the globe, mining has been a historical forerunner of colonialism, introducing new, and often disruptive, settlement patterns and economic arrangements.
Findings Related to the History of Mining in Turkey
The greatest innovation in the history of civilization is the use of minerals. Anatolia, owes its rich and long history, to the varied non-depleting mineral wealth. Nine thousand years ago copper was the first metal the habitants of Anatolia made use of. The oldest underground mining in Anatolia has been discovered around Tokat-Erbaa, Kozlu which belongs to the beginning of 5 thousand years B.C. In this study, for the first time in Turkey, using archaeometric methods, in two localities around Niğde tin mineralizations have been discovered. This is an important discovery for the mining history of Turkey.
The Impact of Mining on the Landscape
This book investigates the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), one of the oldest and largest mining areas not only in Poland but also in Europe. Using uniform research methods for the whole study area, it also provides a summary of the landscape transformations. Intensive extraction of hard coal, zinc and lead ores, stowing sands and rock resources have caused such extensive transformations of landscape that it can be considered a model anthropogenic relief.
A history of mining and mineral exploration in Canada and outlook for the future
by Cranstone, D A 1/7/20 ETDEWEB
Mineral production through the years, exploration expenditures for non-petroleum minerals, changing rates and costs of ore discovery, ore reserves, the petroleum industry, sulphur production, and principal mineral areas are described. The future of mineral exploration and of mineral production in the long term are discussed. The report includes an early history of Canada's mineral industry, prospecting, and mineral exploration. 16 refs., 68 figs.
Reconstructing the history of mining and remediation in the Coeur d’Alene, Idaho Mining District using lake sediments
by Matthew J. Morra 9/15 ScienceDirect
Mining that began in the late 1800s intensified during World War II contaminating Lake Coeur d’Alene sediments with potentially toxic elements. We used 80 y of the sediment record to reconstruct metal(loid) loadings to the lake and quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of tailings management. Sediment core analysis for pollen, chronological markers, and metal(loid)s permitted stratigraphic reconstruction showing that contaminant loading decreased after tailings pond construction, but that most metal(loid) concentrations exceed recommended limits. Arsenic concentrations (250–450 mg kg−1) at the sediment–water interface are potentially toxic; however, low P concentrations in recent sediments (1.0–1.4 mg kg−1) inhibit eutrophication and the concomitant release of soluble As.
History of Surface Mining Reclamation and Associated Legislation
by William T. Plass 1/1/200 ASA
Surface mine study provided a preliminary assessment of spoil physical and chemical characteristics and their effects on tree planting. Information from this study was used in the development of the federal surface mining law. A Montana Bureau of Mines study in 1974 described the effect of surface mining on subsurface water movement.
History and Environmental Impact of Mining Activity in Celtic Aeduan Territory Recorded in a Peat Bog (Morvan, France)
by F. Monna 25/12/03 ACAPublications
The present study aims to document historical mining and smelting activities by means of geochemical and pollen analyses performed in a peat bog core collected around the Bibracte oppidum (Morvan, France), the largest settlement of the great Aeduan Celtic tribe (ca. 180 B.C. to 25 A.D.). The anthropogenic Pb profile indicates local mining operations starting from the Late Bronze Age, ca. cal. 1300 B.C.
Mining in the Region
The history of coal mining on Cape Breton began over 250 years ago. In the early 1700’s, coal was needed in Louisbourg for the French to construct its Fortress. Coal was extracted from exposed seams along the cliffs and in 1720 the first coal mine was officially opened at Cow Bay, or Port Morien as it is now known. In the 1800’s, rows of company houses could be found at Morien, along with hundreds of miners. During the period of 1784-1820, coal deposits were mined on a small scale by either the colonial government or through lease by private individuals.
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Mining was far and away the most significant industry in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Colorado and has remained important since that time. The Pike’s Peak Gold Rush brought unprecedented numbers of people into the region and that in turn led to powerful social, economic, and political changes that brought about the creation of Colorado Territory in 1861, culminating in the admittance of Colorado to the Union in 1876.
Legends of America
by Albert S. Bolles 1987 Legends Of America
The hope of finding mineral treasure was one of the incentives that led the early colonists to America, who were quite diligent in searching for metals. All along the Atlantic Coast, almost immediately after the first settlements, discoveries were made of silver, lead, copper, iron, tin, antimony, coal, and other valuable minerals. Still, they were found generally in small quantities and, in competition with foreign production, the working of mines was frequently found unprofitable. Then, too, the presence and hostility of Indians made such enterprises dangerous.
Exploring 70 Centuries of Mining History
by Jennifer Errick 26/9/19 NATIONAL PARKS CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION
The earliest known metalworking in North America began some 7,000 years ago, when Native Americans mined copper in hand-dug pits on an isolated peninsula in the Midwest. Remains of this massive deposit and the booming industry that grew around it are now part of a national historical park.
The history of mining: From the stone age to the digital era
by r. Guneet Kaur 10/2/23 COINTELEGRAPH
Mining is the process of extracting valuable minerals, metals and other resources from the earth. This may entail extracting minerals from underground deposits or from the earth’s surface. The minerals and resources extracted through mining are used for a wide range of purposes, including energy production, construction and manufacturing.
A Quick History of Mining and How its Trajectory Over the Decades
Our company has been working with the mining industry for a few decades. Our company history begins with us working in agriculture and shifting towards the growing and expanding efforts of the mining industry in Mexico and the U.S. We worked hand-in-hand with the industry and have learned to love the hard work that these people put into their labor. The history of mining spans a great many decades and it teaches us a thing or two about how the world evolves and about how human beings continuously seek better ways to maximize labor and seek resources. Many people might not realize it, but today mining is inextricably connected to much of our technological advancements. Mining is, in fact, related to industrial policy and energy policy. In fact, today’s mining is tied to the use of your smartphone, and mining in foreign countries has faced quite a bit of scrutiny because of some of its unsafe practices.
Mining
Mining for metals, coal, hydrocarbons, and minerals was a vital aspect of Utah’s economic, industrial, political, and social growth and development. The mining industry has touched all aspects of life in Utah and has contributed greatly to the state’s history.
Mining North America: An Environmental History since 1522
Modern North America is a world built of minerals. Buildings, transportation networks, communication systems, waterworks, machinery, and appliances of every kind—all of these depend on minerals clawed from beneath the earth’s surface. A modern American automobile now contains at least thirty-nine different minerals, everything from aluminum and bauxite to tungsten and zinc. Computers and smartphones can contain even more, including precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum, as well as rare earth elements such as europium and yttrium that provide color for their liquid-crystal displays.¹ Electrical lines depend on copper or aluminum; pipes are formed from several different...
The History of Mining Technology
Mining has been essential for humans almost since the beginning of time. After all, we need some sort of fuel source in order to give us power and energy to keep our homes and businesses warm, electricity to power our machines, and, recently, a source of fuel for automobiles, airplanes, trains, and other means of transportation to move people and goods around the globe. Mining technology has come a long way since pickaxes in order to more efficiently deliver coal and ores, gold, silver, and more to the places they need to go.
The History of Underground Mining: A Journey Through Time
by MSHA Safety by 17/12/24 MSHA Safety Service Inc.
Underground mining has been a cornerstone of human civilization, shaping societies, industries, and economies for thousands of years. This article explores the history of underground mining, from its earliest days to its modern advancements, highlighting the methods, challenges, and innovations that have defined this vital practice.
Australia’s Major Mineral Discoveries
by Australian Mining History AUSTRALASIAN MINING HISTORY ASSOCIATION
In Australia, minerals have been part of the continent’s culture and development since the first human habitation. Minerals were used as pigment in ancient rock art and body painting, an integral part of the Aboriginal culture and heritage.
History of mining: five of the oldest mines still in operation
by Talal Husseini 20/9/18 Mini9ng Technology
While mining is nothing new, with archeologists finding evidence that the history of mining goes back to the ancient world, it is rare these days to find mines that have continued to produce on a commercial scale. Here are some of the oldest mines still in operation.
Mining
by John Sandlos, Arn Keeling 7/4/09 THE CANADIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA
Mining is one of Canada’s primary industries and involves the extraction, refining, and/or processing of economically valuable rocks and minerals. Mineral products (including gold, silver, iron, copper, zinc, nickel) are critical to modern industrial society. Although mining has been key to Canadian settlement and development, in recent decades the industry has also been criticized for its environmental and social impacts. Canada remains one of the world’s leading mining countries and has become a centre of global mining finance and expertise.
An illustrated history of mining and metallurgy,
by LIBRARY LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
20 An Illustrated History of Mining and Metallurgy ain LN The Greek stack furance with a kettle or crucible on top The gold ore mined by means of shafts was known as cana licium In the galleries the earth was kept from falling by wooden pillars The method of obtaining silver and gold from the ore is described by Pliny as follows The material…
Mining in West Virginia: A Capsule History
by MINER'S HEALTH SAFETY & TRAINING
Records indicate the early settlers in the western sections of Virginia were quite aware of the rich black resources. Coal is reported to have been mined as early as 1810 when a mine was operated near Wheeling, in the northern panhandle. The growth of the salt industry led to the opening of mines to supply furnace fuel during the 1820’s and 1830’s. The other coal fields in the state began to develop in the following two decades. Most of the coal produced was for local business and domestic consumption. Only along navigable rivers was the coal exported to distant markets.
History of Coal Mining in Pennsylvania
by Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Room-and-pillar(opens in a new tab) mines have been active in Pennsylvania's bituminous coalfields(opens in a new tab) since the late-1700s. Bituminous coal was first mined in Pennsylvania at "Coal Hill" (Mount Washington), just across the Monongahela River from the city of Pittsburgh. The coal was extracted from drift mines(opens in a new tab) in the Pittsburgh coal seam, which outcrops(opens in a new tab) along the hillside, and transported by canoe to the nearby military garrison. By 1830, the city of Pittsburgh consumed more than 400 tons per day of bituminous coal for domestic and light industrial use.
=====United States Mining History The sinister history of America’s ‘uranium gold rush’ – by Erin Blakemore (National Geographic – July 12, 2024)===== [1]
Armed with picks and shovels, the prospectors turned to the American West intent on finding deposits of the mineral that would make their fortunes. Their pursuit of wealth led to vast riches—and left ghost towns in its wake.
Visit Mining Heritage Sites
Not surprisingly, the legacy of abandoned mineral lands spans North America. Long before the arrival of Europeans, American Indians mined flint, obsidian, and native copper for tools and weapons, turquoise and other stones for jewelry, and clay for pots and pipes. During the 16th century, the lure of gold and the prospect of great wealth drove Spanish explorers into North and South America. Later gold rushes and "Manifest Destiny" were responsible for Europeans settling much of the western United States. The industrial age of the 19th and 20th centuries introduced large-scale extraction of mineral resources such as coal, copper, iron, oil, gas, and uranium, leaving significant environmental impacts on the land.
Mining
Many metals occur in their native state or in readily accessible ores. Thus, the extraction and working of metals dates much further back in time than does the mining industry.
A Brief History of Mining in Cornwall
by Alex Boag-Wyllie 3/7/23 Wilderness England
Cornwall might be best known for its historic tin mining, but copper saw the real boom here. As Poldark fans can attest, the mining industry played a pivotal role in Cornwall’s history. By the 19th century, Cornwall was the biggest producer of copper in the world, producing two-thirds of the market. During this century, the region produced almost two million tonnes of tin. Read on to discover the history of mining in Cornwall. Explore its beginnings and triumphs to the tragedies and the enduring legacy that continues today.
Minerals and mines
Coal mining only really began in earnest during the 1600s. The first pits exploited surface outcrops, but by the 1790s, shafts up to 150 m deep were being sunk.
History & Culture
Butte, as the first major city in Montana and, at one time, the largest city west of the Mississippi River between Chicago and San Francisco, can accurately lay claim to the title of 'Montana's most historic city.' From its early days as a mining camp, to the rise of the Copper Kings and the resulting birth of the labor movement, through the industrialization and decline of mining, and down to a present marked by an environmental and urban renaissance, Butte's history is as colorful and diverse as the landscape of Montana.
A Brief History of Women in Mining
by Holly Armstrong 22/2/22 U>S> DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BLOG
Throughout America’s history, women have played a critical role in mines and mining operations, often in the face of prejudice and other hardships due to their sex. During Women’s History Month, we recognize the contributions women have made in the mining industry and their role in creating opportunities and better working conditions in mines.
California gold rush
The California gold rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.[1] The news of gold brought approximately 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.[2] The sudden influx of gold into the money supply reinvigorated the American economy; the sudden population increase allowed California to grow rapidly into statehood in the Compromise of 1850. The gold rush had severe effects on Native Californians and accelerated the Native American population's decline from disease, starvation, and the California genocide.
Gold Rush Overview
when James Marshall made his customary inspection of the sawmill he was building for John Sutter. During the previous night, Marshall had diverted water through the mill's tailrace to wash away loose dirt and gravel, and on that fateful day, he noticed some shining flecks of metal left behind by the running water. He picked them up and showed them to his crew, but while he was pretty sure that it was gold, the full significance of his discovery was truly impossible to imagine. He was still concerned about getting the mill finished.
The Mines
The gold mines that were the focus of these forty-eighters and forty-niners fell into three major regions. The first discoveries were along the American River and other tributaries to the Sacramento River. Not long thereafter, gold was found in the tributaries to the San Joaquin, which flowed north to join the Sacramento in the great delta east of San Francisco Bay. The Mokelumne River formed the boundary between the two areas, with the upper fields known as the Northern Mines, and those below the Mokelumne known as the Southern Mines. Other strikes occurred to the northwest around the Trinity, Klamath, and Salmon Rivers.
California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush was sparked by the discovery of gold nuggets in the Sacramento Valley in early 1848 and was arguably one of the most significant events to shape American history during the first half of the 19th century.
The California Gold Rush
The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill on January 24, 1848 unleashed the largest migration in United States history and drew people from a dozen countries to form a multi-ethnic society on America's fringe.
California Gold Rush
by John Sutter 22/7/25 ritannica
In 1848 John Sutter was having a water-powered sawmill built along the American River in Coloma, California, approximately 50 miles (80 km) east of present-day Sacramento. On January 24 his carpenter, James W. Marshall, found flakes of gold in a streambed. Sutter and Marshall agreed to become partners and tried to keep their find a secret.
California Gold Rush
On January 24, 1848, carpenter James Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill, a sawmill on the American River in Coloma, California. This news quickly spread across the country and around the world, igniting the California Gold Rush.
The Discovery of Gold
In 1847, all waited restlessly for the fighting to end outside California. The soldiers from New York contented themselves with garrison duty and odd jobs until word came of peace, but the Mormons were discharged in the summer of 1847, and many went to work for Johann Sutter. With peace, Sutter could finally proceed with his plans to lay out a town near his fort to attract some of the expected hordes of American settlers who would now stream through the passes of the Sierras. A town would require lumber, and for this Sutter needed a nearby sawmill so that he could reap the profits of every process in creating "Sutterville."
Historical Impact of the California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush of 1849-1855 radically transformed California, the United States and the world. It prompted one of the largest migrations in U.S. history, with hundreds of thousands of migrants across the United States and the globe coming to California to find gold in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.
The Four Best Places to Learn About California Gold Rush History
California Gold Rush history is the center of Coloma, California, where James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter’s Mill. The Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park has a great museum, outdoor exhibits, gold panning lessons, tours, and living history days on the second Saturday of the month.
