Food Security
Food Security
Food security exists when people have reliable physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food needed for healthy lives. It is commonly understood through four interconnected dimensions: food availability, access, utilization and stability. A country may produce enough food overall while individual households remain food insecure because of poverty, high prices, conflict, displacement, inadequate transportation, poor nutrition or other barriers to access.
Food security is therefore much broader than agricultural production. It depends on functioning economies, resilient food supply chains, healthy ecosystems, access to water and land, stable livelihoods, affordable diets, public health, social protection and effective government institutions.
Recent global assessments show a mixed picture. Hunger has declined in some regions, but hundreds of millions of people remain undernourished and progress toward eliminating hunger is highly uneven. Acute food insecurity remains particularly severe in countries affected by conflict, displacement, economic instability and extreme weather.
Global Hunger and Food Insecurity
Food insecurity ranges from uncertainty about obtaining adequate food to severe hunger and famine. Chronic food insecurity can persist for years when households lack sufficient income, productive assets or reliable access to markets. Acute food insecurity can develop much more rapidly following war, drought, flooding, economic collapse or displacement.
Global monitoring by organizations including the Food and Agriculture Organization, World Food Programme, UNICEF, World Health Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development and Food Security Information Network shows that hunger remains a major international challenge.
The 2026 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World assessment reported that global hunger declined again in 2025, but hundreds of millions of people remained undernourished and progress toward Zero Hunger remained highly unequal.
Acute hunger presents an especially serious problem. The 2025 Global Report on Food Crises estimated that more than 295 million people in 53 countries and territories experienced acute hunger during 2024. Food crises are increasingly shaped by several forces acting together, including conflict, economic shocks, displacement and extreme weather.
Food insecurity also occurs in wealthy countries. USDA data estimate that 13.7 percent of U.S. households experienced food insecurity at some point during 2024. Food security therefore cannot be understood simply as a problem of whether a country produces enough food. Household income, housing costs, employment, social assistance and food prices strongly influence whether people can actually obtain adequate diets.
Conflict, Displacement and Humanitarian Emergencies
Conflict is one of the strongest drivers of severe food insecurity. Warfare can destroy farms, livestock, irrigation systems, roads, markets and storage facilities. It can prevent farmers from planting or harvesting crops, block commercial trade and humanitarian assistance, displace communities and eliminate household incomes.
Recent food crises in Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Gaza, Haiti, Yemen, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and other regions demonstrate the close relationship between armed conflict and hunger.
Conflict can produce hunger through several interconnected mechanisms. Farmers may abandon land because of insecurity. Transportation networks may become dangerous or unusable. Food prices can rise as supplies fall. Humanitarian organizations may lose access to vulnerable communities. Displaced households often lose both their livelihoods and the social networks they previously depended upon.
In parts of Sudan, prolonged conflict and displacement contributed to confirmed famine conditions. Gaza experienced severe deterioration of its food system as agricultural land, livelihoods and supply networks were disrupted. Conflict in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo has similarly disrupted farming, markets and household livelihoods.
Humanitarian funding shortages can intensify these emergencies. When international food assistance declines while humanitarian needs increase, vulnerable households may lose one of their final protections against severe hunger.
Cash transfers have become an important alternative or supplement to direct food distribution where local markets continue functioning. Cash assistance allows households to purchase food and other necessities while supporting local businesses and markets.
Climate Change, Water and Agricultural Resilience
Climate change is increasingly intertwined with food security. Rising temperatures, droughts, floods, changing rainfall, water shortages and extreme weather can reduce agricultural production while disrupting livelihoods and food markets.
Climate impacts extend beyond crop yields. Livestock systems, fisheries, aquaculture, forestry, transportation, food prices and nutritional quality can all be affected.
Extreme heat can reduce agricultural productivity while also reducing workers' physical capacity to earn income. This means climate change can simultaneously decrease the amount of food available and reduce households' ability to purchase it.
Research suggests that farmers are already adapting to changing climates through different planting dates, crop choices, irrigation systems, improved livestock breeds and other measures. However, adaptation may not completely compensate for production losses associated with continued warming.
Water is particularly important. Agriculture depends heavily on freshwater, while drought and changing precipitation increasingly threaten irrigation and rain-fed farming. Improving irrigation efficiency, water storage, soil management and drought preparedness will therefore be important components of future food-security strategies.
Climate-smart agriculture seeks to improve agricultural productivity and resilience while helping farming systems adapt to climate change. Practices can include drought-tolerant crop varieties, resilient livestock breeds, soil conservation, crop rotation, improved water management and climate information services.
These strategies are especially important in regions heavily dependent on rain-fed agriculture, including much of sub-Saharan Africa.
Smallholder Farmers and Rural Livelihoods
Hundreds of millions of people depend directly or indirectly on small-scale farming. Strengthening smallholder agriculture can therefore influence both food production and household food security.
Research from Kenya, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Malawi, Botswana, South Africa and other African countries shows that food security among farming households depends on far more than crop yields alone. Land ownership, market access, irrigation, household income, education, gender relations, environmental conditions, infrastructure and access to agricultural technology can all influence outcomes.
Climate-smart agricultural practices can improve resilience and dietary outcomes in some communities. Stress-tolerant crops, resilient livestock, crop rotation and soil conservation may help farmers withstand drought and other environmental pressures.
Agricultural commercialization can provide additional income, but greater market participation does not automatically eliminate hunger. Farmers can remain food insecure when markets are weak, transportation is expensive, production costs are high or land and financial resources are limited.
Crop diversity can also strengthen food systems. Research in rural Africa associates greater agricultural production diversity with more diverse household diets. Indigenous, neglected and underutilized crops may provide additional opportunities to improve nutrition while making agricultural systems more resilient to climate change.
Irrigation can improve agricultural production and dietary diversity, but its success depends on local institutions, markets and infrastructure.
Long-term food security therefore requires treating farmers not simply as recipients of emergency assistance but as producers whose livelihoods, markets and productive capacity need sustained investment.
Food Prices, Trade, Transport and Supply Chains
Food can exist in sufficient quantities while remaining inaccessible because households cannot afford it. Food prices and household purchasing power are therefore central components of food security.
Low-income households are particularly vulnerable to food-price inflation because food consumes a larger percentage of their household budgets. Rising prices for cereals, cooking oils, dairy products, fertilizer, transportation and energy can quickly reduce the quantity and quality of food that families can afford.
International trade plays an important role in global food availability. A substantial share of the calories consumed worldwide crosses national borders. Trade allows food-surplus regions to supply food-deficit regions, but dependence on international markets can also expose countries to price shocks, export restrictions, conflict and transportation disruptions.
Supply-chain resilience has consequently become an important food-security issue. Pandemics, geopolitical conflicts, droughts, floods and other disruptions can interfere with production, transportation and distribution simultaneously.
Transportation infrastructure is especially important in Africa and other regions where poor roads, ports and border crossings increase food costs and post-harvest losses. Investments in transportation corridors can reduce spoilage, shorten supply chains and make food more affordable.
Food security therefore depends not only on producing food but also on efficiently moving it from farms to consumers.
Nutrition, Diet Quality and Public Health
Food security is not simply a measure of calories. People require diets that provide adequate protein, vitamins, minerals and other nutrients.
A household may obtain enough calories while still experiencing nutritional insecurity because healthy foods are unavailable or unaffordable. Measuring the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet can therefore provide information that traditional calorie-based measures may miss.
Food insecurity is associated with lower diet quality and can encourage reliance on cheaper, highly processed foods. Rising living costs can force families to alter food purchasing, meal preparation and dietary choices.
Children are particularly vulnerable. Food insecurity has been associated with problems involving growth, nutrition, health, school performance, behavior and psychological development.
The relationship between food security and health extends beyond human nutrition. Food systems depend on healthy plants, livestock, soils, water and ecosystems. Animal disease, crop disease, biodiversity decline and environmental degradation can ultimately influence human food security.
School-meal programs represent one important form of nutrition and social protection. Hundreds of millions of children worldwide receive school meals. Home-grown school-feeding programs can provide nutrition to children while simultaneously purchasing food from local farmers and strengthening rural economies.
Urbanization and Changing Food Systems
Urbanization is transforming how food is produced, transported, marketed and consumed.
A growing proportion of the global population depends almost entirely on purchased food. This makes urban food security particularly sensitive to income, employment, transportation and food prices.
Urban agriculture can contribute modestly to food access by providing vegetables and other fresh foods, particularly when farmers have reliable access to land, water and public support. Controlled-environment agriculture, vertical farming and other technologies may also contribute to urban production, although their costs and resource requirements vary substantially.
Research in Nairobi informal settlements illustrates the complexity of urban food security. Income, savings, social networks, rural connections and nutritional knowledge can all affect whether households have reliable access to food.
Refugees and migrants living in cities may face additional challenges involving employment, housing, discrimination and access to social services.
Urban food security must therefore be considered as part of broader urban planning, transportation, employment, housing and public-health policy.
Gender, Inequality and Social Protection
Food insecurity is distributed unequally within societies. Poverty, gender inequality, employment, disability, geography and access to public assistance can substantially affect a household's vulnerability.
Women experience higher levels of food insecurity in many parts of the world. Gender inequalities involving land rights, wages, agricultural resources, financing, technology and decision-making can reduce both household welfare and agricultural productivity.
Women's participation in household and agricultural decisions can also influence nutrition. Research on nutrition-sensitive agriculture suggests that greater decision-making power for women can strengthen the nutritional benefits that families receive from farming.
Social protection programs can reduce vulnerability. Cash transfers, school meals, nutrition assistance and emergency food programs can help households maintain food consumption during economic or environmental shocks.
Social relationships also matter. Household research suggests that social capital and networks providing transportation, health assistance and practical support can reduce vulnerability to food insecurity.
Food insecurity can itself produce additional social and health consequences. Research from Kenya and other countries has linked severe household food insecurity with psychological distress among caregivers.
Soil, Seeds, Biodiversity and Food Waste
Long-term food security ultimately depends on the ecological foundations of agriculture.
Healthy soils provide nutrients, store water and support plant growth. Soil degradation can reduce productivity and make farming systems more vulnerable to drought and erosion. Better soil monitoring and sustainable land management can therefore support both agricultural production and resilience.
Seed systems are equally important. Farmers require access to reliable and diverse seeds adapted to local environmental conditions. Crop genetic diversity provides options for breeding plants capable of tolerating drought, heat, pests and disease.
Biodiversity can strengthen agricultural resilience. Diverse farming systems may reduce dependence on a small number of crops while providing a broader range of foods and income sources.
Fisheries and aquaculture are also major components of global food security, supplying protein, micronutrients, employment and livelihoods to large populations.
At the same time, enormous quantities of food are lost or wasted. Food losses can occur during harvesting, storage, transportation and processing, while additional waste occurs in shops, restaurants and households.
Reducing food loss and waste could improve food availability while lowering unnecessary pressure on land, water and ecosystems. UNEP has estimated that the world wastes the equivalent of more than one billion meals per day even while large numbers of people face hunger.
Financing and Transforming Food Systems
Achieving long-term food security requires investment throughout the food system rather than focusing exclusively on agricultural production.
Governments and international development institutions increasingly finance irrigation, agricultural research, rural roads, digital agriculture, processing facilities, climate adaptation, food safety, storage, transportation and agricultural credit.
Access to finance remains a major constraint for smallholder farmers. Without credit or insurance, farmers may be unable to purchase improved seeds, fertilizer, irrigation equipment or other technologies that could increase productivity and resilience.
Major international development programs increasingly seek to combine agriculture with nutrition, infrastructure, employment, environmental sustainability and private investment.
Food-system transformation also requires better coordination between policies. Climate policy, agricultural policy, trade policy, nutrition programs, social protection and conservation can affect one another.
For example, some land-based climate mitigation strategies may compete with agriculture for land. Large-scale afforestation or bioenergy development could potentially reduce cropland and increase food prices if food-security consequences are not considered.
Successful food policy therefore requires balancing multiple goals: adequate food production, affordable diets, resilient livelihoods, environmental protection, climate adaptation and equitable access to resources.
Building Resilient Food Systems
The evidence across global food-security research points toward resilience rather than any single technological solution.
Resilient food systems require productive farms, diverse crops, healthy soils, reliable water supplies, functioning markets, efficient transportation, affordable food and strong social institutions.
They also require systems capable of absorbing shocks. Climate disasters, wars, pandemics and economic crises will continue to disrupt food systems. Countries and communities with diversified production, effective social protection, strong infrastructure and flexible supply networks are generally better positioned to respond.
Food security strategies therefore increasingly combine immediate humanitarian assistance with long-term development. Emergency food and cash assistance may prevent hunger today, while investments in agriculture, irrigation, transportation, education, markets and climate resilience can reduce vulnerability in the future.
Conclusion
Food security is one of the most complex global challenges because hunger rarely has a single cause. Agricultural production matters, but so do poverty, conflict, climate change, food prices, transportation, nutrition, gender equality, water, soil, biodiversity and political institutions.
The available evidence shows both progress and persistent vulnerability. Global hunger has declined in some areas, yet hundreds of millions of people remain undernourished and acute food crises continue to affect large populations, particularly in conflict-affected and climate-vulnerable regions.
Long-term solutions require moving beyond the idea that hunger can be solved simply by producing more food. Food must also be accessible, affordable, nutritious and reliably available.
Building resilient food systems will require investment in smallholder farmers, climate adaptation, water and soil management, crop diversity, transportation, agricultural research, social protection, nutrition programs and stronger local and international markets.
Ultimately, food security depends on creating food systems capable of feeding people during ordinary times while remaining strong enough to withstand conflict, economic shocks and a changing climate.
Food Security
Global Food Security, Measurement and Policy
1. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2026
| FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO | World Food Programme | 2026-07-21
The 2026 global assessment reports that hunger declined again in 2025, but hundreds of millions of people remain undernourished and progress toward Zero Hunger remains highly uneven.
2. WFP Annual Review 2025
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2026-06-24
WFP reviews a year in which conflict, climate extremes and economic instability kept global acute hunger at exceptionally high levels while humanitarian funding declined.
3. Global Report on Food Crises 2026: Acute Hunger Remains Alarmingly High
| Global Network Against Food Crises partners | World Food Programme | 2026-04-24
The 2026 assessment finds acute hunger remains concentrated in conflict-affected countries and warns that humanitarian financing has fallen while needs remain exceptionally high.
4. Food Insecurity in U.S. Households Remained Similar in 2024
| Matthew P. Rabbitt et al. | USDA Economic Research Service | 2026-02-18
USDA data show that millions of American households continued to have difficulty obtaining enough food because of insufficient money or other resources.
5. Food Security and Nutrition Assistance: Charting the Essentials
| USDA Economic Research Service | USDA | 2026
USDA summarizes long-term food-insecurity trends and the role federal nutrition programs play in helping households obtain sufficient food.
6. Household Food Security in the United States in 2024
| Matthew P. Rabbitt et al. | USDA Economic Research Service | 2025-12-30
USDA estimates that 13.7 percent of U.S. households experienced food insecurity at some point during 2024, including millions experiencing very low food security.
7. Global Food Security Strengthens in 2025 with Rising Incomes and Easing Food Inflation
USDA estimates substantial improvement in food access across many low- and middle-income countries as incomes rise and food-price inflation eases, although severe regional inequalities remain.
8. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025
| FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO | World Health Organization | 2025-07-28
The 2025 report examines how persistent food-price inflation reduces purchasing power and makes healthy diets especially difficult to afford for low-income households.
9. Food Security: What It Means and Why It Matters
| Paul Anthem | World Food Programme | 2025-07-07
WFP explains food security through availability, access, utilization and stability and distinguishes chronic hunger from acute food crises.
10. Acute Food Insecurity and Malnutrition Rise for Sixth Consecutive Year
| FAO and Global Network Against Food Crises partners | FAO | 2025-05-16
The 2025 Global Report on Food Crises found that more than 295 million people in 53 countries and territories experienced acute hunger during 2024.
11. 2025 Global Report on Food Crises: In Brief
| Food Security Information Network | FSIN | 2025-05
This concise global report documents rising acute food insecurity associated with conflict, economic shocks, displacement and extreme weather.
12. 2025 Global Food Policy Report
| International Food Policy Research Institute | IFPRI | 2025
The report reviews five decades of food-policy research and considers how future policy can improve agricultural growth, nutrition, resilience and food security.
13. FAO Statistical Yearbook 2024
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-11-18
The yearbook compiles global data on agricultural production, employment, hunger, nutrition, land, climate and the environmental pressures affecting food systems.
14. FAO Calls for G20 Cooperation as Hunger Targets Continue to Elude
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-09-12
FAO argues that coordinated international action on investment, climate resilience, trade and agricultural productivity is necessary to move the world toward Zero Hunger.
15. Household Food Security in the United States in 2023
| Matthew P. Rabbitt et al. | USDA Economic Research Service | 2024-09-04
This annual federal study documents the prevalence and severity of food insecurity across U.S. households and examines differences among demographic groups.
16. International Food Security Assessment, 2024–34
| Lila Cardell et al. | USDA Economic Research Service | 2024-08-29
The assessment projects food availability and affordability across 83 low- and middle-income countries and examines how economic growth, prices and agricultural production influence hunger.
17. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024
| FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO | World Health Organization | 2024-07-24
This major global assessment examines hunger, food insecurity, malnutrition and healthy-diet affordability while emphasizing the financing needed to achieve SDG 2.
18. Refining Global Food Security Estimates Using Country-Specific Calorie Requirements
| Research team | Global Food Security | 2024-06
Researchers show that using a single global calorie threshold can underestimate food insecurity because energy requirements differ according to population structure and activity.
19. Food Access Inequality Has Increased Within Countries
| Research team | Global Food Security | 2024-06
Modeling across 135 countries suggests inequality in access to food calories within countries has become an increasingly important obstacle to eliminating hunger.
20. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023
| FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO | World Health Organization | 2023-07-12
The report explores how urbanization is transforming agrifood systems and changing food availability, affordability and nutrition across the rural-urban continuum.
Conflict, Humanitarian Crises, War and Acute Hunger
21. Haiti's Conflict in Numbers as Gangs Inflict Another Night of Terror
| Reuters | Reuters | 2026-08-26
Haiti's continuing violence has displaced large numbers of people and contributed to widespread food insecurity affecting millions of residents.
22. Somalia Faces Another Hunger Crisis
| Associated Press | AP | 2026-08-21
The report examines worsening hunger in Somalia as drought, displacement, conflict and severe reductions in humanitarian funding strain households and nutrition programs.
23. Kenya: Cash-Based Transfers on Food Security and Gender Equality
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-11-20
This impact evaluation examines whether cash-based assistance improves household food security, consumption, women's agency and other welfare outcomes in Kenya.
24. Hunger Hotspots: Acute Food Insecurity Deepening in 16 Hotspots
| FAO and World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-11-12
FAO and WFP warn that conflict, economic shocks, weather extremes and humanitarian funding shortages are pushing vulnerable populations toward increasingly severe hunger.
25. Hunger Deepens in the Democratic Republic of Congo
| FAO and World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-10-29
Persistent conflict in eastern DRC is disrupting agriculture, markets and livelihoods while increasing the number of households facing emergency hunger.
26. Kenya Acute Food Insecurity Analysis: July 2025-January 2026
| Integrated Food Security Phase Classification | IPC | 2025-09-08
IPC analysis found nearly 1.8 million people in Kenya's arid and semi-arid areas facing Crisis-level or worse acute food insecurity during the 2025 lean season.
27. Food Assistance Halt Threatens Northeast Nigeria
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-07-23
Severe humanitarian funding shortages threaten food assistance as violence and record hunger affect millions of Nigerians.
28. Food Insecurity Deepens in Government-Controlled Yemen
| FAO, WFP and UNICEF | UNICEF | 2025-06-22
Economic deterioration, reduced humanitarian funding and weakened livelihoods are leaving millions of Yemenis unable to meet basic food needs.
29. Five Hunger Hotspots Face Immediate Risk of Starvation
| FAO and World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-06-16
Sudan, Palestine, South Sudan, Haiti and Mali were identified among the highest-concern locations requiring rapid humanitarian intervention.
30. Conflict and Disease Intensify Hunger in South Sudan
| UNICEF and partners | UNICEF | 2025-06-12
Renewed fighting in Upper Nile has displaced communities, interrupted livelihoods and raised the risk of famine and severe child malnutrition.
31. Deepening Hunger in West and Central Africa
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-05-09
Conflict, displacement, economic deterioration and extreme weather are pushing tens of millions of people toward increasingly severe hunger across the region.
32. South Sudan Hunger Hotspots Approach a Tipping Point
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-04-09
Escalating conflict and displacement threaten millions of people during South Sudan's lean season and place some communities at catastrophic levels of hunger.
33. WFP Annual Review 2024
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025
WFP reviews emergency food assistance, resilience programs, school meals and technological innovations used to address hunger around the world.
34. Rising Food Insecurity and Waning Humanitarian Assistance
| IFPRI researchers | IFPRI | 2025
IFPRI examines how conflict, weather extremes and economic shocks are worsening food crises just as international humanitarian financing is declining.
35. Global Report on Food Crises
| Global Network Against Food Crises | FSIN | 2025
The GRFC platform tracks acute food insecurity across crisis-affected countries and shows how conflict, displacement, economic disruption and extreme weather interact.
36. Nigeria Could Face 33 Million Food-Insecure People
| FAO, UNICEF and World Food Programme | WFP | 2024-11-12
Inflation, flooding and prolonged insurgency are combining to produce one of Nigeria's most serious food and nutrition crises.
37. Hunger Hotspots and the Threat of Conflict-Induced Famine
| FAO and World Food Programme | FAO | 2024-10-31
The early-warning assessment shows how conflict, economic instability and climate hazards can combine to rapidly worsen acute food insecurity.
38. Famine Risk Remains High Across Gaza
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-10-17
Conflict, displacement, destruction of agricultural land and restrictions on humanitarian and commercial supplies dramatically weakened Gaza's food system.
39. Famine Conditions Confirmed in Parts of Sudan
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-08-05
Famine conditions in North Darfur demonstrate the extreme consequences of prolonged conflict, displacement and collapse of local food production.
40. Gaza Faces High Risk of Famine Amid Access Constraints
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-06-26
Restricted humanitarian access combined with destruction of livelihoods and food production placed most residents at severe levels of food insecurity.
41. Sudan Cereal Production Falls Sharply During Conflict
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-04-16
War severely reduced production of sorghum, millet and wheat, illustrating how armed conflict can turn agricultural disruption into widespread hunger.
42. Worsening Hunger in West and Central Africa
| FAO and regional partners | FAO | 2024-04-12
Conflict, currency pressures, high prices and disrupted livelihoods have driven a steep increase in food insecurity across West and Central Africa.
43. Sudan's Conflict Drives Record Harvest-Season Hunger
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-03-20
Civil war pushed millions of Sudanese into acute food insecurity while restricting agricultural production and humanitarian access.
44. Gaza and the Link Between Conflict and Hunger
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-02-12
FAO explains how warfare destroys food production, livelihoods and markets and creates dependence on humanitarian assistance.
45. Global Report on Food Crises 2023
| Global Network Against Food Crises | FAO | 2023-05-03
The report documented a major rise in acute hunger and showed the growing importance of economic shocks alongside conflict and extreme weather.
46. West and Central African Food Insecurity Reaches a Decade High
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2023-04-18
Conflict, climate shocks and high food prices pushed acute hunger beyond the Sahel and increasingly into coastal West African countries.
47. Conflict and Hunger
| World Food Programme | WFP | n.d.
WFP explains how warfare destroys livelihoods, displaces populations, blocks humanitarian assistance, disrupts markets and remains one of the leading causes of severe hunger.
48. Climate: Emergency and Resilience
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | n.d.
FAO documents how droughts, floods, storms and heat increasingly interact with existing poverty and conflict to deepen food insecurity in fragile regions.
49. Cash Transfers
| World Food Programme | WFP | n.d.
WFP describes how cash assistance allows crisis-affected families to purchase food and other necessities while supporting functioning local markets.
Climate Change and Food Security
50. How a 1°C Temperature Increase Can Affect Food Security
| Joseph Hooker | World Food Programme | 2025-11-13
WFP analysis finds that unusually high local temperatures are associated with significant increases in populations experiencing acute food insecurity.
51. The 2023 West African Drought and Vulnerability to Food Insecurity
| Vincent Ondima Kongo and Nkongho Ayuketang Arreyndip | Scientific Reports | 2025-10-07
Changes in rainfall, heat, soil moisture and vegetation during the growing season demonstrate how drought can undermine rain-fed agricultural production.
52. Agricultural Adaptation Cannot Fully Offset Climate Change
| Andrew Hultgren et al. | Nature | 2025-06-18
Global evidence from major staple crops indicates that farmers adapt to changing temperatures, but substantial climate-related production losses remain.
53. Climate Change, Food Security and Health Outcomes in Africa
| Wenxin Wang et al. | Scientific Reports | 2025-05-14
Cross-country analysis examines how climate change modifies the relationship between food security and population health across African nations.
54. Climate Change and Food Insecurity in Rural Azad Kashmir
| Nabila Khurshid and Abdul Manan Gohar | Scientific Reports | 2025-03-11
Research finds climate conditions, household income, education and farming practices all influence food insecurity in rural communities.
55. WFP Climate Change Policy 2024
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-01-28
The policy treats climate change as a hunger threat multiplier and emphasizes climate services, disaster protection and livelihood resilience.
56. Five Science-Backed Solutions for a Climate-Resilient Future
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2025
FAO outlines science-based approaches for making agrifood systems more resilient to drought, floods, heat and other climate shocks.
57. Climate Change Threatens Crop Diversity at Low Latitudes
| Research team | Nature Food | 2025
Modeling of 30 major food crops finds that warming could substantially reduce suitable crop diversity in many tropical and low-latitude agricultural regions.
58. Climate-Smart Agriculture: From Knowledge to Implementation
| World Bank | World Bank | 2024-12-05
The World Bank reviews investments intended to raise agricultural productivity, improve climate resilience and lower emissions while protecting food security.
59. Dissecting the Vital Role of Dietary Changes in Food Security Assessment Under Climate Change
| Jin Zhao et al. | Communications Earth & Environment | 2024-08-17
The study combines climate effects on food production with changing dietary demand, showing why both supply and consumption patterns matter in future food-security assessments.
60. Global Heat and Water Stress Threaten Food Production
| Tom Kompas, Tuong Nhu Che and R. Quentin Grafton | Scientific Reports | 2024-06-22
Modeling suggests worsening heat and water stress could substantially reduce agricultural output and expose hundreds of millions more people to severe food insecurity.
61. Climate Change, Food Security and Migration
| Cascade Tuholske et al. | Population and Environment | 2024-03-05
The authors develop a framework connecting climate impacts on agriculture with food insecurity, livelihood losses and migration in low- and middle-income countries.
62. Heat Raises Household Food Insecurity Across 150 Countries
| Carolin Kroeger | Nature Human Behaviour | 2023-08-21
Extreme heat can increase food insecurity within days by reducing people's health, work capacity and ability to earn enough money to buy food.
63. Food Insecurity in a Changing Climate
| Nature Climate Change editors | Nature Climate Change | 2022-10-31
The editorial reviews how warming, drought, supply-chain disruption and changing crop seasons are increasing pressure on global food security.
64. Climate-Smart Crop Varieties and Livestock Breeds and Food Security in Kenya
| Maren Radeny et al. | Food Security | 2022-07-23
Kenyan households adopting stress-tolerant crops and resilient livestock breeds showed improvements in dietary diversity and reductions in food insufficiency.
65. Land-Based Climate Mitigation Can Affect Food Security
| International research team | Nature Food | 2022
Large-scale afforestation and bioenergy policies can compete with agriculture for land, potentially raising food prices unless climate and food policies are carefully coordinated.
66. Climate Change 2022: Food, Fibre and Other Ecosystem Products
| IPCC Working Group II | IPCC | 2022
The IPCC concludes that climate change is already reducing food security through impacts on agriculture, livestock, fisheries, prices, livelihoods and nutrition.
67. How Does Climate Change Affect Food Security?
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | 2019
The IPCC explains in accessible terms how temperature, rainfall, pests, market disruptions, nutritional quality and extreme events influence all four dimensions of food security.
68. Climate Change and Land: Chapter 5, Food Security
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change | 2019
This foundational assessment examines how warming affects food availability, access, utilization and stability throughout global food systems.
69. Food Security Outcomes Under a Changing Climate
| Katy J. Richardson et al. | Climatic Change | 2018-02-03
The study finds that strong climate mitigation and adaptation together offer the greatest opportunity to limit increases in vulnerability to food insecurity.
Agriculture, Water, Soil, Seeds, Biodiversity and Food Waste
70. Building Climate-Resilient Agricultural Livelihoods in Somalia
| African Development Fund | AfDB | 2025-12-10
Investments in irrigation, rangelands, resilient seeds and early-warning systems aim to strengthen food security among Somali farmers and pastoralists.
71. Food Security and Climate Resilience for Afghan Communities
| Asian Development Bank | ADB | 2025-10-09
Grants support food assistance, staple crop production, livestock and community resilience to natural hazards in Afghanistan.
72. CGIAR Rethinks Climate Action for Global Food Security
CGIAR argues that agricultural research must increasingly address climate adaptation, emissions, biodiversity and hunger as interconnected problems.
73. Neglected Crops and New Value Chains
CGIAR describes efforts to develop markets for neglected and underutilized crops that can support biodiversity, farmer livelihoods and more resilient food systems.
74. Plant Plasticity and Robustness as Tools for Food Security
| Saleh Alseekh et al. | Nature Communications | 2025-01-07
Advances in crop genetics and plant biology could help breeders develop varieties better able to maintain yields under changing environmental conditions.
75. Food Production Diversity and Household Dietary Diversity in Rural Africa
| Thanh-Tung Nguyen and Matin Qaim | Nature Food | 2025-01-02
The study finds that greater diversity in local and regional agricultural production is positively associated with more diverse household diets in rural Africa.
76. World Soil Day: Soil Data and Food Security
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-12-05
Better soil monitoring can help farmers and governments manage fertility, degradation and land productivity more sustainably.
77. Climate Plans Identify Food Insecurity and Biodiversity Loss as Major Risks
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-11-18
FAO analysis of national climate commitments shows that countries widely recognize agrifood systems as essential to climate adaptation and mitigation.
78. Rome Declaration on Water Scarcity in Agriculture
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-10-17
Increasing water scarcity threatens agricultural production and food security, particularly in regions already vulnerable to drought and climate change.
79. Diets, Health and the Environment
| Nature Food editors | Nature Food | 2024-09-23
The article connects malnutrition, food insecurity, dietary choices and environmental sustainability within the broader challenge of food-system transformation.
80. Fisheries and Aquaculture's Role in Tackling Food Insecurity
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-07-08
Fisheries and aquaculture provide protein, micronutrients, jobs and livelihoods and are increasingly important components of global food-security strategies.
81. World Squanders Over One Billion Meals a Day
| United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP | 2024-03-27
UNEP's Food Waste Index documents enormous food waste occurring alongside widespread hunger and inability to afford healthy diets.
82. Water Scarcity Means Less Water for Food Production
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2023
FAO explains why agriculture's dependence on freshwater makes efficient irrigation and water management central to future food security.
83. Climate Change 2022: Water
| IPCC Working Group II | IPCC | 2022
The IPCC reviews how drought, flooding and changing precipitation affect crop yields, irrigation, livestock and food security.
84. Climate-Smart Agriculture for Food Security
| Leslie Lipper et al. | Nature Climate Change | 2014
Climate-smart agriculture aims to increase productivity and resilience while helping agricultural systems adapt to a changing climate.
85. What Are Seed Systems?
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | n.d.
FAO explains how access to diverse, reliable seed and plant genetic resources underpins agricultural production, resilience and long-term food security.
86. Irrigation Management
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | n.d.
FAO reviews the central role irrigated agriculture plays in crop production while highlighting increasing water stress and climate risks.
87. Gender and Inclusive Food Systems and Value Chains
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | n.d.
FAO examines how equitable participation in production, processing, distribution and markets can improve food security, incomes and resilience.
88. Food Loss and Waste
| United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP | n.d.
UNEP explains how reducing food loss and waste can simultaneously improve food availability, cut greenhouse emissions and reduce pressure on ecosystems.
89. Food Loss and Food Waste
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | n.d.
FAO explains how losses after harvest and waste at retail and household levels reduce food-system efficiency, weaken food security and increase environmental pressures.
Smallholder Farmers and Rural Livelihoods
90. Food Insecurity Among Smallholder Farmers in Botswana
| T. Mokumako et al. | Discover Food | 2025-10-15
Research in Botswana's semi-arid Central District assesses the prevalence and household determinants of food insecurity among crop farmers.
91. Climate-Smart Farming and Food-Nutrition Security in South Africa
| Abiodun Olusola Omotayo et al. | Agriculture & Food Security | 2025-10-14
Farmers adopting practices such as soil conservation, crop rotation and drought-tolerant varieties generally experienced better dietary and food-security outcomes.
92. Climate-Smart Agriculture and Food Security in Ethiopia
| Silabat Enyew and Wubalem Gobie | Discover Sustainability | 2025-09-30
The study evaluates whether climate-smart farming practices help smallholders in northwestern Ethiopia withstand environmental pressures and improve food security.
93. Determinants of Food Insecurity Among Smallholders in Rwanda
| Hilda Kegode et al. | Agriculture & Food Security | 2025-09-02
Household panel data show how income, land, environmental conditions and socioeconomic factors influence severe food insecurity among rural Rwandan farmers.
94. Underutilized Crops and Africa's Future Food Security
| Lilian Korir, Matthew Hannaford and Ted Fuller | Food Security | 2025-07-28
Indigenous and neglected crops could diversify African agriculture, improve nutrition and provide greater resilience to climate change.
95. Women's Decision-Making and Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture
| Feiruz Yimer Mohammed, Makaiko G. Khonje and Matin Qaim | Food Security | 2025-06-14
Greater participation by women in household and agricultural decisions can strengthen the nutritional benefits of smallholder farming.
96. Complementary Feeding in the Drylands of Northern Kenya
| Patricia J. Kiprono et al. | Food Security | 2025-06-09
The study examines how markets, pastoral livelihoods, seasonal availability and household resources shape young children's access to nutritious foods.
97. Agricultural Crime and Food Security in Tanzania
| Nelson A. Ochieng and Ulrike Grote | Food Security | 2025-04-28
Crop theft, livestock theft and vandalism can reduce farm income and food availability and therefore represent an overlooked threat to rural food security.
98. FAO in Kenya Launches a Climate-Resilient Agriculture Project
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO Kenya | 2025-04-08
The project supports climate-resilient value chains, farmer finance and low-carbon agriculture intended to strengthen food security and rural incomes in western Kenya.
99. Agricultural Commercialization and Food Security in Malawi
| L.P. Manja, D.E. Zingwe and A.E. Kamangila | Agriculture & Food Security | 2025-04-03
The research examines how market participation, land rights and household bargaining power influence food-security outcomes among small farms.
100. Stories, Simulations and Narratives: Food Security and Agricultural Innovation in Sub-Saharan Africa
| Udita Sanga and Maja Schlüter | Agricultural Systems | 2025-03
Research in Mali examines food security as a complex adaptive system shaped by climate risk, agroecological diversity, production variability and social networks.
101. Irrigation and Dietary Diversity in Kenya
| Research team | Food Security | 2025-01-10
Comparing farmer-led and public irrigation demonstrates that irrigation's effects on nutrition depend on markets, institutions and local food-system conditions.
102. Agricultural Commercialization and Food Security Among Smallholder Farmers in Kenya
| Emily Ngutah Mutea et al. | World Development Sustainability | 2025
The study finds that greater agricultural commercialization does not automatically produce greater food security when farmers face weak markets, resource constraints and economic risk.
103. Drivers and Magnitude of Food Insecurity Among Rural Households in the Democratic Republic of Congo
| Victor Manyong et al. | Heliyon | 2024-11-15
Household research in Kasai Oriental identifies poverty, education, family size and geographic differences as important determinants of severe food insecurity.
104. Peri-Urban Agriculture and Household Food and Nutrition Security Around Eldoret, Kenya
| Ivica Petrikova et al. | Food Security | 2024-08-19
Households participating in peri-urban agriculture generally had more diverse diets, although sanitation and water conditions remained important for children's nutritional outcomes.
105. Market Engagement, Crop Diversity, Dietary Diversity and Food Security in Uganda
| Katherine Morrissey et al. | Food Security | 2023-12-07
The study investigates how crop diversity, market sales, food purchases and household characteristics interact to influence dietary diversity and food security among Ugandan farmers.
106. Climate-Smart Agriculture in Kenya: Opportunities for County Governments
| Laura Cramer et al. | CGIAR/Ministry of Agriculture Kenya | 2020-12-21
The policy brief identifies county-level opportunities for increasing resilience of Kenyan crop and livestock systems to drought, flooding and rainfall variability.
107. Kenya: Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change Outlook
| CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security | CCAFS | 2019-12-20
The country profile examines Kenya's dependence on rain-fed farming and the challenges climate variability poses to agricultural production and national food security.
108. Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices and Household Food Security in Kenya
Research among Kenyan smallholders finds that combinations of climate-smart farming practices can substantially improve household food-consumption and dietary-diversity measures.
109. Climate Change, Food Security and Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa
| Liette Connolly-Boutin and Barry Smit | Regional Environmental Change | 2015-02-13
This review explains how climate pressures interact with poverty, assets, livelihoods and adaptive capacity to shape food-security vulnerability across sub-Saharan Africa.
Supply Chains, Trade, Transport, Markets and Resilience
110. Food at a Crossroads: Transport and Food in Africa
| World Bank | World Bank | 2025-07-21
The feature examines how inefficient food transportation exposes African consumers to high prices, post-harvest losses and disruptions from conflict and extreme weather.
111. Building Resilient Agrifood Systems in Food-Crisis Contexts
| Various authors | Global Food Security | 2025-06
The article considers how humanitarian food distribution, agricultural inputs and longer-term resilience investment can be integrated in protracted food crises.
112. Transportation Inefficiencies in Africa Increase Food Insecurity
| World Bank | World Bank | 2025-05-20
Poor roads, ports, border crossings and logistics cause food losses and increase prices, demonstrating that food security depends on distribution as well as production.
113. How Transport Investments Can Reduce Food Waste and Prices
| World Bank | World Bank | 2025-05-20
Strategic improvements to African transport corridors could shorten supply chains, reduce spoilage and make staple foods more affordable.
114. Building a More Food-Secure Future in Eastern and Southern Africa
| World Bank | World Bank | 2025-05-01
Regional food-system programs emphasize digital agriculture, climate-smart production and stronger cross-border trade as tools for reducing hunger.
115. Ghana: Building Food-System Resilience from Crisis
| World Bank | World Bank | 2025-04-29
Financing helps Ghana restore agricultural capacity following floods and drought while improving advisory systems, production and regional food trade.
116. Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Haiti
| World Bank | World Bank | 2025-04-28
Haiti's project combines agriculture, water management, environmental restoration, processing and market access to improve food security and rural employment.
117. Food Security or Climate Action
| Min Chen | Nature Climate Change | 2025-03-24
The commentary discusses the risk that some climate-mitigation land-use strategies could reduce cropland and create new food-security pressures, particularly in the Global South.
118. Water-Cropland Resources and Food Self-Sufficiency Goals
| Various authors | Global Food Security | 2025-03
This review identifies competition for cropland and water as major constraints on national food-self-sufficiency strategies.
119. Resilience of Food Supply Systems to Sudden Shocks
| Various authors | Global Food Security | 2025-03
A global review evaluates how food supply systems respond to pandemics, geopolitical conflict and extreme weather and identifies characteristics associated with greater resilience.
120. Local Food System Resilience in China Integrating Supply and Demand
| Xinyuan Liang et al. | Global Food Security | 2025-03
A geospatial analysis of China's food transport network highlights regional differences in self-sufficiency, transport dependence and food-system resilience.
121. How Do Food and Fertilizer Price Spikes Affect Central America and the Caribbean?
| IFPRI researchers | IFPRI | 2025-02-10
The analysis examines how volatile international fertilizer and food prices can undermine farming, consumer purchasing power and food security in import-dependent economies.
122. Committee Reviews Farm Policies and Addresses Food Security
| World Trade Organization | WTO | 2025
WTO discussions examine agricultural markets, export restrictions, food prices and the role international trade plays in food security.
123. Food Security and Climate Resilience in Niger
| World Bank | World Bank | 2024-06-28
Investment in agriculture and livestock aims to improve productivity, market access, household nutrition and adaptation to climate change.
124. Quantifying Food Consumption Supply Risk
| Lazare Deteix, Thibault Salou and Eléonore Loiseau | Global Food Security | 2024-06
The researchers develop food-supply risk indicators that account for trade concentration, climate exposure, economic risk and diversity of suppliers.
125. Burundi Uses Emergency Assistance to Strengthen Food Security
| World Bank | World Bank | 2024-05-30
Cash transfers, fertilizer and agricultural support helped vulnerable Burundi households respond to crop losses caused by floods, landslides and rainfall shortages.
126. Tunisia Projects Target Food Security and Economic Opportunities
| World Bank | World Bank | 2024-03-15
Financing for Tunisia combines food-security measures with infrastructure investments intended to strengthen economic opportunity and regional connectivity.
127. Enhancing Food Security in West Africa
| World Bank | World Bank | 2024-01-18
Senegal's Food Systems Resilience Program invests in agricultural research, digital services, climate adaptation and sustainable food production.
128. Climate Change, Forestry Sequestration and Food Security
The study highlights potential competition between large-scale forest carbon sequestration and agricultural land, showing why climate policies must consider food-price consequences.
129. Agricultural Trade and Markets
| OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development | n.d.
OECD explains why international agricultural trade is important to global food availability and notes that a significant share of the world's consumed calories crosses national borders.
Nutrition, Diets, Prices, Affordability and Health
130. Global Food Commodity Prices in 2025
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2026-01-09
FAO's Food Price Index shows how changes in cereals, dairy, meat, vegetable oils and sugar influence international food costs.
131. Food Assistance Across West and Central Africa
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-12-30
Emergency food and cash assistance helps households facing conflict, displacement, natural disasters and severe food insecurity.
132. Tackling Hunger in 2025
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-12-24
WFP highlights approaches ranging from emergency assistance to irrigation, school feeding and rural development programs designed to strengthen long-term food security.
133. Could Multiple Breadbasket Failures Threaten Global Food Security?
| Will Martin, Reza Nia and Rob Vos | IFPRI | 2025-12-11
IFPRI considers the danger that simultaneous weather-related crop failures in major agricultural regions could destabilize global staple-food supplies.
134. Food Insecurity, Psychological Distress and Diet Quality
| Rebecca Evans et al. | Appetite | 2025-08-01
Researchers examine how psychological stress, food-choice motivations and meal patterns help explain poorer diets among food-insecure households.
135. Low-Income Countries Hit Hardest by Food-Price Inflation
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2025-07-22
Rising food prices disproportionately harm poorer households because they spend a much larger share of income on food.
136. Are Healthy Foods Affordable? Measuring Food Access Using Least-Cost Diets
| William A. Masters et al. | Annual Review of Resource Economics | 2025-07-22
The review explains how food prices, income and least-cost healthy diets can be used to distinguish unaffordability from other causes of poor nutrition.
137. FAO Food Price Index Rises in February 2025
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2025-03-07
Higher sugar, dairy and vegetable-oil prices demonstrate how commodity-market changes can quickly increase pressure on consumers and food-importing countries.
138. Lived Experience of Food Insecurity and Highly Processed Food Consumption
| Lindsey Parnarouskis et al. | Appetite | 2025-02-01
Interviews explore how financial insecurity and unreliable food access can shape reliance on highly processed foods and eating behavior.
139. Fortified Whole Grains and Whole Blends: A Food Systems Shift
| Peiman Milani et al. | Global Food Security | 2024-09
The authors argue that fortified whole grains can improve nutrition while making better use of staple crops already central to food systems in low- and middle-income countries.
140. Food Security: The Ultimate One-Health Challenge
| James A. Roth and Jane Galyon | One Health | 2024-07-28
The article connects food security with animal and plant diseases, environmental degradation, climate change, biodiversity and human health.
141. Understanding Food Insecurity in Los Angeles County During and After COVID-19
| Jose J. Scott et al. | Appetite | 2024-07-01
Interviews with Los Angeles County residents explore the economic, social and practical pressures behind household food insecurity during and following the pandemic.
142. Measuring Food Access Using Least-Cost Diets
| Jessica K. Wallingford et al. | Global Food Security | 2024-06
The authors describe how the cost and affordability of a nutritionally adequate diet can be used to monitor food access and target nutrition interventions.
143. Food and Nutrition Security Under Changing Climate and Socioeconomic Conditions
| Various authors | Global Food Security | 2024-06
The study models how climate, economic development, diets and agricultural change could affect future hunger and micronutrient availability.
144. Child and Adolescent Experiences and Consequences of Food Insecurity
| Various authors | Global Food Security | 2024-06
A meta-review finds food insecurity associated with consequences for children's growth, diet, health, school performance, behavior and psychological development.
145. Cost-of-Living Crisis, Food Insecurity and Food Purchasing
| Rebecca A. Stone et al. | Appetite | 2024-05-01
Research in the United Kingdom shows how high living costs and food insecurity can shift purchasing and meal-preparation practices toward less healthy options.
146. COVID-19 Impacts on Food Security and Nutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
| Various authors | Heliyon | 2024-04-15
This review examines how the pandemic affected food availability, access, utilization and stability through production disruptions, lost employment, poverty and market restrictions.
147. Who Faces Severe Food Insecurity and Who Uses Food Banks?
| Research team | Public Health Nutrition | 2024
UK research shows that food-bank use represents only part of the population experiencing severe household food insecurity.
148. Increasing Food Insecurity Is Associated with Lower Diet Quality
| Research team | Public Health Nutrition | 2024
Australian evidence finds progressively worse dietary quality as household food insecurity becomes more severe.
149. Understanding Food Insecurity Risk in the United States
| Seth A. Berkowitz et al. | SSM - Population Health | 2023-12-09
Longitudinal analysis links household food-insecurity risk to income distribution, employment disruption, disability, age and the structure of public income supports.
Urbanization, Cities and Regional Food Systems
150. Effects of Climate Change on Food Security in Africa
| Various authors | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research | 2025-10
A meta-analysis synthesizes evidence from 60 studies to evaluate how temperature, precipitation and emissions relate to food-security outcomes across Africa.
151. Navigating Food Security and Nutritional Challenges Across Asia
| Asian Development Bank researchers | Asian Development Bank | 2025-05
This volume examines food access, nutrition, inequality and agricultural policies across countries including India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Viet Nam.
152. Climate Change, Food Security and Nutrition in India
| Various authors | Current Research in Environmental Sustainability | 2025
A systematic review of more than 200 studies concludes that climate change affects all dimensions of food and nutrition security in India.
153. Somali Refugee Food Security in Nairobi, Kenya
| Various authors | Global Food Security | 2024-12
Research among Somali refugees in Eastleigh finds substantial variation in food security associated with income, education, employment, gender and length of residence.
154. Food Security Among Urban Informal Settlement Dwellers in Kenya
| Oscar Ingasia Ayuya | Heliyon | 2024-04-29
Research in Nairobi informal settlements finds income, savings, social connections, rural ties and dietary knowledge influence household food security.
155. Does Urban Agriculture Contribute to Food Security?
| Bethan R. Mead et al. | Proceedings of the Nutrition Society | 2024-04-05
A review finds urban agriculture can make a modest positive contribution to fresh-food access when supported by land access, resources and public policy.
156. Urban Horticulture Cropping Systems: Trends and Challenges
| Various authors | Scientia Horticulturae | 2024-03-01
The review examines vertical agriculture, technology, soil constraints, water access, land availability and other challenges affecting urban food production.
157. Controlled-Environment Agriculture for an Urbanised World
| Victoria Dietze, Amna Alhashemi and Peter H. Feindt | Food Security | 2024-02-19
A comparison of London, Nairobi and Singapore explores whether controlled-environment agriculture can strengthen urban food-system resilience.
158. Urban and Peri-Urban Farming: Research Themes and Future Directions
| Various authors | Sustainable Cities and Society | 2023-12
A review of more than a thousand studies identifies food security, local food systems, resilience, vertical farming and sustainability as leading urban-agriculture research themes.
159. Food Systems, Food Security and Forestry
| IPCC Working Group II | IPCC | 2022
The IPCC technical summary shows how climate change increasingly stresses agriculture, fisheries, forestry and food systems, especially in highly vulnerable regions.
Gender, Inequality, Social Protection and Vulnerability
160. Sub-Saharan Africa's Persistent Food Crisis
| V. Bell et al. | Agriculture & Food Security | 2026-04-09
The review examines poverty, smallholder constraints, diet diversity, development assistance and other structural factors behind persistent food insecurity in sub-Saharan Africa.
161. Four Pathways to Transform Agrifood Systems and Promote Food Security
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2025-12-01
FAO calls for coordinated transformation of agricultural production, nutrition, environmental sustainability and rural livelihoods to build more resilient global food systems.
162. Predicting Household Vulnerability to Food Insecurity
| Research team | Economics & Human Biology | 2025-12
Research using Nigerian household data finds that machine-learning models may identify households vulnerable to future food insecurity better than some traditional targeting methods.
163. Food Insecurity and Mental Health Among Caregivers in Kenya
| Research team | Journal of Affective Disorders | 2025-11-15
Food insecurity in Kenya's arid and semi-arid regions is associated with greater depressive and anxiety symptoms among caregivers of young children.
164. Rebuilding Northern Nigeria's Agricultural Breadbasket
| African Development Bank, WFP and IFPRI | AfDB | 2025-10-10
The report calls for coordinated investment in agricultural production, markets, infrastructure and innovative food-system solutions in northern Nigeria.
165. Farmers as Providers Rather Than Recipients of Food Aid
| African Development Bank | AfDB | 2025-10-08
African agriculture specialists argue that long-term food security requires stronger local production and resilient farmers rather than permanent dependence on imported assistance.
166. Measuring Household Food Insecurity in Western Australia
| Research team | Public Health | 2025-10
Researchers compare alternative food-security measurement systems and show how definitions can affect estimates of prevalence and severity.
167. Twenty Million More African Children Receive Government-Led School Meals
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-09-10
The report documents rapid expansion of government-funded school-meal programs across sub-Saharan Africa.
168. The State of School Feeding Worldwide 2024
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-09-10
WFP reports that hundreds of millions of children receive school meals and examines their role in nutrition, education, social protection and local food systems.
169. Women in Agrifood Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa
| FAO, NRI and AWARD | FAO | 2025-09-02
The report highlights women's central role in African food systems while documenting persistent inequalities in employment, resources, productivity and food security.
170. Social Capital Can Reduce Household Food Insecurity
| Research team | Global Food Security | 2025-09
A large household dataset suggests that access to social networks providing health, transportation and practical support can substantially reduce food insecurity.
171. A Bayesian Approach to Improving National Food Security
| Ujjwal KC et al. | Food Security | 2025-07-29
The study uses probabilistic modeling to identify interconnected factors that can make national food systems more resilient to extreme events and disruptions.
172. Closing the Gender Gap in Global Food Insecurity
| Research team | Global Food Security | 2025-06
Analysis of hundreds of thousands of individuals across 137 countries finds women experience higher food insecurity even after several socioeconomic factors are considered.
173. Gender Equality, Food and Nutrition Security: What Can Science and Innovation Contribute?
| Jemimah Njuki | FAO | 2025-05-04
The article examines land rights, technology, agricultural resources and other gender inequalities that constrain women's contributions to food security.
174. Home-Grown School Meals in East Africa
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2025-04-08
A regional initiative links school nutrition in Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda with climate-smart farming and local procurement from smallholder producers.
175. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025: UNICEF Analysis
UNICEF highlights persistent hunger, poor dietary diversity, child wasting and stunting while emphasizing the effects of food prices on vulnerable families.
176. Household Dietary Deprivation in Kenya
| Research team | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research | 2025
The analysis finds widespread deprivation across essential food groups and significant differences between rural and other Kenyan households.
177. Evaluation Evidence on Home-Grown School Feeding
| World Food Programme | WFP | 2024-09-27
Evidence from dozens of evaluations examines how locally sourced school meals can improve nutrition while supporting farmers and local economies.
178. The Status of Women in Agrifood Systems
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | 2024-03-08
FAO highlights research indicating that narrowing gender gaps in farm productivity and agricultural wages could improve economic output and reduce food insecurity.
179. Gender and Food Security
| Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | n.d.
FAO summarizes evidence showing that women remain more likely than men to experience food insecurity and that gender equality can improve nutrition and agricultural productivity.
Financing, Agricultural Transformation and Future Food Security
180. Building Resilience Through Sustainable Food Environments and Diets
| Joana Morgado, Lerato Phali and Fabio Gaetano Santeramo | Agriculture & Food Security | 2026-07-17
The editorial links resilient food environments, sustainable diets, agricultural practices and SDG 2 objectives.
181. Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Productivity and Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa
| Christine Dushimiyimana, Jules Ngango and Aristide Maniriho | Discover Sustainability | 2026-07-14
Cross-country analysis examines how temperature, rainfall and resilience mechanisms influence agricultural productivity, trade and food-price stability.
182. Vulnerability of Asia-Pacific Agricultural Food Systems to Climate and Economic Shocks
| Yudi Ferrianta and Nuri Dewi Yanti | Agriculture & Food Security | 2026-06-20
The study combines machine learning and panel analysis to examine how climate variability and economic instability affect food systems across the Asia-Pacific region.
183. ADB Surpasses $14 Billion Food Security Commitment
| Asian Development Bank | ADB | 2026-03-17
ADB reports that its food-system programs reached millions of farmers and says future investments will increasingly emphasize resilience, nutrition, employment and private capital.
184. African Food Safety and Nutrition Initiative
| African Development Bank and African Union Commission | AfDB | 2025-09-19
The initiative connects food safety with food security, public health and agricultural trade across Africa.
185. ADB Supports Agrifood Systems Transformation in Lao PDR
| Asian Development Bank | ADB | 2025-07-07
The project combines agricultural finance, infrastructure, technical services, food safety and climate adaptation to improve nutrition and rural incomes.
186. Transforming Asia's Rice Sector for Smallholder Farmers
| ADB, CGIAR and Gates Foundation | Asian Development Bank | 2025-06-09
The initiative seeks to increase investment in sustainable rice farming while protecting smallholder livelihoods and the food security of populations dependent on rice.
187. ADB Support for Food Security to Reach $40 Billion by 2030
| Asian Development Bank | ADB | 2025-05-04
ADB plans major investment across farming, processing, distribution and consumption to strengthen food and nutrition security throughout Asia and the Pacific.
188. Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation and Food Security
| African Development Bank | AfDB | 2025-04-16
The TAAT program distributes improved crop varieties and agricultural technologies intended to raise African farm productivity and resilience to climate change.
189. Agriculture Illustrates the Potential of African Capital
| African Development Bank | AfDB | 2025-03-26
African Development Bank programs demonstrate how agricultural processing zones, improved inputs and national investment commitments can strengthen regional food production.
190. Strengthening Rice Value Chains in West Africa
| African Development Bank and ECOWAS | AfDB | 2025-03-12
Regional investment in rice production aims to reduce reliance on costly imports while improving agricultural productivity and food security.
191. Mobilizing Finance for Africa's Smallholder Farmers
| African Development Bank | AfDB | 2025-03
The proposed financing mechanism addresses the large credit gap preventing African smallholders and agricultural businesses from investing in productivity and resilience.
192. Supporting Family Farmers in Brazil
| World Bank | World Bank | 2024-11-07
A major Brazilian agrifood program seeks to increase family-farm productivity, market access, food and nutrition security and climate resilience.
193. Global Food and Nutrition Security Under Changing Climates
| Waqar Ahmad, Najeeb Ullah, Ling Xu and Ayman El Sabagh | Frontiers | 2022-02-09
This research collection examines how floods, heat, rainfall extremes and other climate changes affect crop yields, food quality and global food and nutrition security.
194. Climate Change, Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Security Policies in Kenya
| CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security | CCAFS | 2020-12-21
The paper evaluates how Kenyan agricultural and nutrition policies incorporate climate adaptation and identifies opportunities for stronger policy coordination.
195. Mapping Supply- and Demand-Side Measures in Climate-Smart Agriculture
| Laura Scherer and Peter H. Verburg | Agronomy for Sustainable Development | 2017-12-11
This review concludes that farm-level climate measures will often need to be combined with changes in food consumption and demand to achieve broader sustainability and food-security goals.
196. Beyond Climate-Smart Agriculture: Safe Operating Spaces for Global Food Systems
| International research team | Agriculture & Food Security | 2013
The authors argue that climate-smart agriculture must demonstrate genuine improvements in food security, adaptation and mitigation rather than simply relabeling conventional practices.
197. Achieving Food Security in the Face of Climate Change
| Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change | CCAFS | 2011-11-16
The report calls for major changes in agricultural production, distribution and consumption to feed vulnerable populations while adapting to climate change.
198. Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change: Outlook for Knowledge, Tools and Action
| CGIAR-ESSP Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security | CCAFS | 2010-11-01
This early synthesis outlines scientific and policy challenges associated with maintaining food security as climate change alters agricultural production.
199. Food Security, Energy and Resource Depletion
| Cornelia Butler Flora | Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems | 2010-03-25
The article examines how declining soil fertility, resource degradation, energy dependence and agricultural development strategies affect food security in developing countries.
