National Biodiversity Strategies
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National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are the principal national planning instruments used by countries to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity. They translate international biodiversity commitments into national priorities, targets, policies, programmes, and actions addressing the conservation of ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity, the sustainable use of biological resources, and the equitable sharing of benefits derived from biodiversity.
The adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework has begun a new generation of national biodiversity planning. Countries are revising or replacing earlier NBSAPs to reflect the framework's goals and targets while adapting them to national ecological, economic, social, institutional, and cultural circumstances. The resulting strategies vary substantially, but many emphasize ecosystem restoration, protected areas, sustainable resource use, species recovery, biodiversity mainstreaming, finance, monitoring, community participation, and stronger coordination across government.
From Global Commitments to National Action
The Convention on Biological Diversity establishes the international framework within which NBSAPs operate. National strategies provide the bridge between international agreements and practical action inside individual countries. Following adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, governments have been encouraged to revise their strategies, establish national targets aligned with global goals, strengthen monitoring systems, and incorporate biodiversity into broader development and sectoral policies.
This process increasingly involves more than environmental ministries. Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, infrastructure, finance, energy, tourism, urban development, water management, and other sectors can all affect biodiversity. Modern NBSAPs therefore frequently employ whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches intended to make biodiversity a consideration in economic and development decisions rather than treating conservation as an isolated environmental activity.
International institutions support this process through technical assistance, capacity building, national reporting systems, finance planning, regional workshops, peer learning, and data tools. The Convention on Biological Diversity's reporting system also allows national strategies, targets, commitments, and reports to be compared across countries.
National Strategies Around the World
National biodiversity strategies reflect very different ecological conditions and governance systems. Canada, Australia, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Norway, the Netherlands, and other countries have developed or revised strategies connecting national conservation objectives with the Global Biodiversity Framework. These plans commonly address protected areas, ecosystem restoration, species conservation, biodiversity monitoring, sustainable land and resource use, and integration of nature into government decision-making.
Countries in Africa are also developing a new generation of biodiversity strategies. Rwanda, Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Ghana, and others illustrate a wide range of approaches. Their strategies frequently connect biodiversity conservation with restoration, food systems, rural livelihoods, development planning, protected areas, wildlife management, climate resilience, finance, and community participation.
Across Asia, countries including India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, Viet Nam, Lao PDR, Mongolia, and others have incorporated national biodiversity targets into planning frameworks. Several strategies explicitly connect biodiversity with agriculture, tourism, infrastructure, finance, economic development, Indigenous and local communities, and climate policy.
Latin American and Caribbean strategies demonstrate similar diversity. Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Belize, and other countries are using national planning processes to address protected areas, ecosystem restoration, forests, marine environments, sustainable development, community participation, and biodiversity governance.
Pacific island countries face distinctive challenges associated with island ecosystems, marine biodiversity, invasive species, customary resource management, and climate vulnerability. Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu, Tonga, Palau, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Kiribati, Tuvalu, and other island states illustrate how global biodiversity objectives can be adapted to local ecological and cultural conditions.
Mainstreaming Biodiversity
One of the most important themes in national biodiversity planning is mainstreaming biodiversity across government and economic sectors. Biodiversity loss is influenced by decisions involving agriculture, forestry, fisheries, transportation, mining, energy, infrastructure, urbanization, trade, and financial policy. Effective implementation therefore requires biodiversity objectives to influence the institutions and policies governing these activities.
Research examining national biodiversity strategies has found substantial differences in how successfully countries achieve this integration. Some strategies create broad national frameworks and responsibilities across ministries, while others remain more closely associated with environmental agencies. Conflicting policy objectives, institutional fragmentation, limited political authority, and weak coordination can make implementation difficult even when biodiversity goals are formally adopted.
Agrifood systems are particularly important because agriculture, livestock production, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture simultaneously depend on biodiversity and can be major drivers of biodiversity change. Integrating biodiversity into these systems can involve reforming incentives, changing production practices, restoring degraded ecosystems, conserving genetic diversity, and strengthening policy coherence.
Finance, Capacity, and Implementation
Producing a national biodiversity strategy does not by itself ensure biodiversity recovery. Implementation requires financial resources, capable institutions, technical expertise, reliable data, effective legislation, and sustained political commitment.
Biodiversity finance plans are increasingly being developed alongside NBSAPs. These plans can identify the cost of achieving national biodiversity objectives, estimate existing expenditure, reveal funding gaps, and identify possible sources of additional finance. Approaches include government budgets, biodiversity budget tagging, private investment, payments for ecosystem services, blended finance, bonds, trust funds, subsidy reform, and other financial mechanisms.
International initiatives such as the NBSAP Accelerator Partnership, UNDP biodiversity programmes, BIOFIN, UNEP programmes, and Global Environment Facility-supported projects provide financial, institutional, and technical assistance. Regional knowledge exchanges also allow governments to compare implementation problems and share experience with monitoring, geospatial information, institutional coordination, finance, and stakeholder engagement.
Capacity is particularly important for countries facing shortages of biodiversity data, trained personnel, institutional resources, or monitoring infrastructure. Technical assistance can help governments establish national indicators, map biodiversity priorities, improve reporting, strengthen institutions, and connect national targets with practical programmes.
Monitoring and Accountability
Monitoring is essential for determining whether national strategies produce measurable improvements in biodiversity. Modern NBSAPs increasingly include targets, indicators, implementation responsibilities, timelines, reporting procedures, and review mechanisms.
National reporting under the Convention on Biological Diversity provides an international mechanism for assessing progress. Online reporting systems allow governments and other observers to follow national biodiversity strategies, targets, commitments, and reports.
However, comparative research shows that the existence of national targets does not necessarily guarantee effective implementation. Strategies differ in the specificity and ambition of their commitments, and recurring weaknesses include inadequate indicators, insufficient funding, weak enforcement, fragmented institutions, limited monitoring, and unclear accountability.
The transition from earlier Aichi Biodiversity Targets to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework has therefore increased attention to whether national commitments are measurable and whether governments have the institutions and resources necessary to achieve them.
Participation, Indigenous Peoples, and Local Communities
Many contemporary NBSAPs emphasize participation by Indigenous peoples, local communities, civil society, researchers, businesses, landholders, and other stakeholders. This reflects recognition that biodiversity conservation occurs across landscapes and seascapes governed and used by many different groups.
Indigenous peoples and local communities are particularly important in numerous national strategies because they manage or depend upon biodiversity-rich territories and possess extensive ecological knowledge. National approaches in Canada, Australia, Bhutan, Pacific island states, parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America illustrate growing attention to Indigenous leadership, customary stewardship, traditional knowledge, equitable participation, and benefit sharing.
Community participation can also improve the legitimacy and practical effectiveness of biodiversity programmes. Consultation processes, community conservation initiatives, local restoration projects, payments for ecosystem services, citizen involvement, and partnerships between government and civil society provide mechanisms for translating broad national goals into local action.
Business participation is another emerging component. Companies can affect biodiversity through land use, supply chains, resource consumption, investment, pollution, and infrastructure development. Some national strategies consequently seek to involve businesses through voluntary commitments, finance mechanisms, reporting, incentives, mitigation measures, or broader nature-positive economic policies.
Biodiversity, Climate, and Development
National biodiversity strategies increasingly intersect with climate and development policy. Healthy forests, wetlands, grasslands, coastal systems, and other ecosystems can contribute to carbon storage, climate adaptation, water security, disaster-risk reduction, food production, and livelihoods.
Countries are therefore exploring ways to coordinate biodiversity strategies with climate plans, national development strategies, land-use planning, agricultural policies, and economic objectives. Kazakhstan's efforts to connect biodiversity and climate commitments, Pacific strategies linking ecosystem protection and climate resilience, and national plans integrating restoration with sustainable development demonstrate this trend.
At the same time, economic development can create direct pressures on biodiversity. Effective national strategies must therefore address trade-offs involving infrastructure, agriculture, energy, resource extraction, housing, employment, and conservation. Mainstreaming biodiversity seeks to ensure that these competing objectives are considered within broader policy decisions.
Persistent Challenges
The international expansion of NBSAPs has created a substantial body of national biodiversity planning, but implementation remains uneven. Research and country experience identify several recurring challenges: inadequate finance, insufficient institutional capacity, weak enforcement, fragmented government responsibilities, limited biodiversity data, unclear indicators, conflicting economic priorities, and gaps between national ambitions and practical action.
Another challenge is ensuring that strategies influence sectors responsible for major pressures on biodiversity. An NBSAP may contain ambitious conservation objectives while agricultural, infrastructure, energy, fiscal, or development policies continue to encourage activities that degrade ecosystems. Policy coherence is therefore a central requirement for successful implementation.
Participation can also vary substantially. Strategies may formally recognize Indigenous peoples, local communities, civil society, or private-sector actors without providing sufficient authority, resources, or mechanisms for meaningful involvement.
The quality of targets and indicators matters as well. Broad aspirations can establish political direction, but measurable objectives, deadlines, responsible institutions, financing mechanisms, and transparent reporting are needed to determine whether commitments are being fulfilled.
Conclusion
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans are the primary mechanism for converting international biodiversity commitments into national policy and action. The new generation of strategies associated with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework demonstrates broad international agreement that halting and reversing biodiversity loss requires more than protected areas or traditional conservation programmes.
Effective NBSAPs increasingly combine ecosystem protection and restoration with economic planning, sustainable resource use, finance, monitoring, scientific information, Indigenous and community participation, institutional coordination, and accountability. Countries have adopted widely different approaches based on their ecological conditions and political systems, but they face many common implementation challenges.
The central test for NBSAPs is therefore not simply whether countries publish strategies or announce targets. Their effectiveness depends on whether national commitments are supported by adequate finance, measurable indicators, capable institutions, policy coherence, public participation, transparent monitoring, and sustained implementation across the sectors and communities whose decisions shape biodiversity.
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Global Frameworks, Guidance, and International Support
CBD Online Reporting Tool | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | 2026-08-24
Provides the live international database for national biodiversity strategies, national targets, stakeholder commitments, and national reports. It is especially useful for tracking which countries have submitted NBSAPs aligned with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | 2026-02-10
Central CBD hub explaining NBSAPs as the principal national mechanism for implementing the Convention, with links to post-COP15 submissions, national targets, monitoring guidance, regional dialogues, peer review, and tools for aligning national plans with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
What are National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs)? | United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP | 2025-12-30
Explains NBSAPs as national roadmaps for conserving ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity while using nature sustainably and equitably. It also reviews the pace of post-2022 updates and stresses implementation, finance, law enforcement, restoration, and community participation.
Umbrella Programme to Support NBSAP Update and the 7th National Reports | United Nations Development Programme | UNDP | 2025-10-20
Describes technical and financial support for 139 developing countries, small island states, and economies in transition to update national biodiversity strategies and prepare seventh national reports under the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Strengthening collaboration for biodiversity planning in eastern and southern Africa | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | 2025-07
Highlights regional cooperation on geospatial data, technical capacity, and biodiversity planning across eastern and southern Africa, showing how shared technical platforms can support national implementation and monitoring of NBSAP commitments.
Moving from pledges to progress through national biodiversity strategies | United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP Nature Action Notes | 2025-06
Tracks national efforts to update biodiversity strategies after adoption of the Global Biodiversity Framework and emphasizes that submitting a plan is only a first step; meaningful implementation requires cross-ministry coordination, sector integration, monitoring, and sustained political commitment.
Learning from what works: Regional knowledge exchange workshop in Namibia | International Union for Conservation of Nature | IUCN | 2025-05-16
Reports on peer learning among Namibia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, Mozambique, and Côte d’Ivoire, focusing on practical NBSAP implementation challenges, coordination, institutional learning, and ways to translate national strategies into conservation action.
Revised and updated NBSAPs due by COP16 | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | 2025-03-25
Summarizes COP15 Decision 15/6 and COP16 follow-up on revising NBSAPs, submitting national targets, using headline indicators, adopting plans as policy or legal instruments, and mainstreaming biodiversity into national development and sectoral planning.
How Can Biodiversity Finance Plans Support NBSAPs? | United Nations Development Programme | UNDP | 2024-10-01
Explains how national biodiversity finance plans can complement NBSAPs by identifying funding gaps, matching finance solutions to biodiversity targets, coordinating planning processes, and turning national biodiversity commitments into implementable and adequately resourced programmes.
DaRT regional workshop for South Asian countries to support national reporting and NBSAP alignment | Yannik Friedli / UNEP DaRT team | InforMEA DaRT | 2024-09-17
Describes a South Asian workshop on using the Data Reporting Tool for multilateral environmental agreements to close biodiversity data gaps, improve reporting, coordinate convention obligations, and align revised NBSAPs with the Global Biodiversity Framework and SDGs.
Umbrella Programme to Support NBSAP Update and the 7th National Reports | United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP/GEF | 2024-06-12
Outlines a large global programme supporting countries in revising NBSAPs to align with the Kunming-Montreal framework and preparing seventh national reports, linking strategic planning with national monitoring, reporting, institutional coordination, and implementation.
Pacific leading the way in conserving unique biodiversity and work to achieve Global Biodiversity Framework targets | Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme | SPREP | 2024-04-05
Reviews Pacific efforts to align NBSAPs with the Global Biodiversity Framework, highlighting regional collaboration, protected-area targets, technical support, and the importance of adapting global commitments to island ecosystems and customary resource-management systems.
Bridging the gap: knowledge exchange for NBSAP acceleration | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | 2024
Summarizes country exchanges on implementation barriers and enabling conditions, including monitoring and evaluation, capacity building, finance, stakeholder participation, data management, and whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches to national biodiversity planning.
Assessment of post-2010 National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans | United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP | 2018-01-09
Reviews post-2010 NBSAPs and countries' readiness to implement the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, with particular attention to whether biodiversity was effectively mainstreamed into sectoral and cross-sectoral policies rather than confined to environment ministries.
Strengthening the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans: Revision and Implementation | United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP | 2016-11-14
Offers guidance for improving NBSAP revision and implementation while building synergies among biodiversity-related conventions, including CBD, CITES, CMS, Ramsar, World Heritage, plant genetic resources, and plant protection agreements.
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) | United Nations Environment Programme | UNEP | n.d.
Provides an overview of NBSAP design and implementation, emphasizing whole-of-government coordination, national priorities, early action under the Global Biodiversity Framework, technical assistance, capacity building, and the role of the NBSAP Accelerator Partnership.
Global Biodiversity Framework action and NBSAP support | United Nations Development Programme | UNDP | n.d.
Describes UNDP support for countries updating and implementing NBSAPs, including the Early Action Support project, the NBSAP and seventh national report umbrella programme, biodiversity finance planning, the NBSAP Forum, and the NBSAP Accelerator Partnership.
NBSAP Capacity Building Modules | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
Provides training modules on preparing and updating NBSAPs, mainstreaming biodiversity into sectoral policies, setting national targets, ensuring inclusive societal engagement, and improving planning, implementation, monitoring, and reporting.
NBSAPs and migratory species | Convention on Migratory Species Secretariat | CMS | n.d.
Explains how national biodiversity strategies can incorporate commitments and recommendations from biodiversity-related multilateral environmental agreements, helping countries integrate migratory species conservation and improve coordination among convention focal points.
About the NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | n.d.
Explains the country-led partnership created to accelerate implementation of Global Biodiversity Framework-aligned NBSAPs through finance, technical assistance, matchmaking, facilitation, knowledge exchange, and greater coordination among governments, institutions, and non-state actors.
Research, Implementation, Finance, and Accountability
Community-Led Biodiversity Conservation and Payment for Ecosystem Services Pilot Mechanism in Uganda | United Nations Development Programme Uganda | UNDP | 2026-08-11
Shows how Uganda is translating NBSAP objectives into a payment-for-ecosystem-services pilot supporting restoration, local stewardship, nature-positive enterprises, inclusive governance, and community livelihoods in the Albertine Rift.
Acting Locally, Financing Globally: South Africa Celebrates Biodiversity Day and the Role of Finance | United Nations Development Programme South Africa | UNDP | 2026-05
Links South Africa's NBSAP implementation to a new Biodiversity Finance Plan, discussing finance gaps, biodiversity budget tagging, blended finance, bonds, trust funds, private investment, and the need to align economic incentives with nature-positive outcomes.
A Comparison of National Biodiversity Strategies: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Implementation Issues | Research authors | International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management | 2026
Compares NBSAPs from highly biodiverse countries and finds strengths in planning and participation but recurring weaknesses in measurable indicators, enforcement, equitable access, Indigenous involvement, funding, monitoring, communication, coordination, and accountability.
Kenya welcomes the NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | 2025-09
Describes Kenya's national biodiversity coordination mechanism and partnership support for implementing its NBSAP, with emphasis on institutional roles, resource mobilization, technical assistance, stakeholder coordination, and translating global commitments into local action.
Strengthening public policies for biodiversity: Kenya hosts national dialogue on sectoral reform | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | 2025-07-30
Reports on efforts to align agriculture, livestock, and forestry policies with Kenya's NBSAP and the Global Biodiversity Framework, illustrating the importance of reforming sectoral incentives and production systems rather than treating biodiversity as a stand-alone environmental issue.
Advancing Biodiversity Integration Through the GGGI IKI SYMBIOTIC Project in Kenya | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | 2025-06
Describes a Kenya project designed to integrate biodiversity into key economic sectors, strengthen policy coherence and institutional capacity, improve natural-capital accounting, and support implementation of national biodiversity commitments.
Ocean-based climate actions communicated in updated NDCs and NBSAPs | Eliza Northrop, Bram Burger and Emily Belonje | UNSW Sydney | 2025-05-22
Analyzes ocean-based actions included in recent climate commitments and national biodiversity strategies, illustrating opportunities to align marine conservation, coastal resilience, climate mitigation, and biodiversity planning.
Ambitions in national plans do not yet match international protection and restoration commitments | Justine Bell-James and James E. M. Watson | Nature Ecology & Evolution | 2025-02-17
Review of 36 NBSAPs submitted before COP16 finding that none fully met all elements of the Global Biodiversity Framework’s restoration and 30×30 protection targets, highlighting a persistent gap between international ambition and national planning.
Assessment of NBSAP alignment with selected Global Biodiversity Framework objectives | Reed et al. | Conservation Letters | 2025
Compares submitted NBSAPs against selected Global Biodiversity Framework objectives, including halting biodiversity loss, protected-area commitments, finance, and Indigenous peoples and local communities, revealing substantial differences in specificity and ambition among countries.
Innovative financing solutions to advance biodiversity conservation in Bhutan | United Nations Development Programme Bhutan | UNDP | 2024-11-21
Discusses Bhutan's biodiversity finance gap and efforts to build capacity around innovative finance, illustrating the financial challenge of implementing national biodiversity strategies even in countries with strong conservation traditions.
National commitments to Aichi Targets and their implications for monitoring the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework | Research authors | npj Biodiversity | 2024
Examines how national commitments under the Aichi Biodiversity Targets can inform monitoring of the new Global Biodiversity Framework, highlighting gaps between global ambition, national target-setting, and actual implementation through NBSAPs.
National biodiversity strategies under-utilize the potential for individual behavior change | Research authors | Environmental Science & Policy | 2024
Analyzes NBSAPs through a behavior-change framework and finds that national policy actions tend to emphasize capabilities and opportunities while giving comparatively little attention to motivation and individual behavioral transformation.
Review of experience and recommendations for NBSAPs and National Biodiversity Finance Plans | Government of the Netherlands | Government.nl | 2023-07-17
Reviews how integrated landscape finance concepts, lessons, and tools can strengthen national biodiversity strategies and biodiversity finance plans so that national implementation becomes more effective, efficient, inclusive, and equitable.
Mainstreaming revisited: Experiences from eight countries on the role of National Biodiversity Strategies in practice | Research authors | Earth System Governance | 2023-04
Uses interviews from eight countries to examine how NBSAPs work in practice. The study finds that they can raise awareness and mobilize action, but implementation is often constrained by conflicting interests, weak finance, and fragmented institutions.
Global Biodiversity Governance: What Needs to Be Transformed? — NBSAPs: Strengths and Limitations | Academic authors | Cambridge University Press | 2022
Places NBSAPs within global biodiversity governance, explaining their legally significant role under the Convention, the importance of mainstreaming, lessons from the Aichi era, and the institutional changes needed for stronger national implementation.
Mainstreaming biodiversity: A review of national strategies | Research authors | Biological Conservation / PubMed Central | 2019
Reviews 144 post-2010 NBSAPs to assess biodiversity mainstreaming across economic sectors. It finds major variation among countries and shows that integrating biodiversity into agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and development policy is central to implementation.
Integrating corporate social responsibility into conservation policy: business commitments to the French National Biodiversity Strategy | Research authors | Environmental Science & Policy | 2018-08
Examines voluntary business commitments linked to France's national biodiversity strategy and explores how corporate social responsibility can be connected more effectively to public conservation policy, mitigation, value chains, and NBSAP implementation.
Research report on development and implementation of National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans | United Nations University | United Nations Digital Library | 2018
Reviews NBSAP development and implementation, with attention to integrated approaches in production landscapes and seascapes. The report identifies practical lessons for revising national strategies and improving biodiversity policy implementation.
Valuing the benefits of implementing a national strategy on biological diversity—the case of Germany | Research authors | Environmental Science & Policy | 2012-11
Uses economic valuation to estimate public benefits from implementing measures derived from Germany's national biodiversity strategy, demonstrating how monetary valuation can strengthen political and public support for national biodiversity policy.
Biodiversity financing through UNDP BIOFIN in Lao PDR | United Nations Development Programme Lao PDR | UNDP | n.d.
Examines the financial constraints on implementing Lao PDR's NBSAP and describes BIOFIN work to measure financing needs, identify gaps, improve budgeting, coordinate institutions, and mobilize more effective biodiversity investment.
Global Biodiversity Framework Early Action Support and NBSAP in Seychelles | United Nations Development Programme | UNDP Mauritius and Seychelles | n.d.
Describes Seychelles' early-action work on national targets, NBSAP review, monitoring systems, institutional alignment, biodiversity finance, and mainstreaming biodiversity across agriculture, fisheries, tourism, and other sectors.
Republic of Korea NBSAP targets and indicators | Government of the Republic of Korea | Korea Biodiversity Information System | n.d.
Provides a detailed example of translating biodiversity strategy into measurable national goals, targets, and indicators covering spatial planning, restoration, protected areas, pollution, climate change, sustainable use, business, finance, capacity, and stakeholder participation.
Review / Update of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan — Botswana | Lin Cassidy | Botswana Documents / Wageningen University & Research | n.d.
Reviews Botswana's NBSAP through stocktaking, gap analysis, synergies with other environmental agreements, biodiversity trends, economic valuation, national accounting, and assessment of how effectively the existing strategy had been implemented.
Botswana national biodiversity strategy and action plan — highlights on its implementation | Sekgowa Motsumi | Botswana Documents / Wageningen University & Research | n.d.
Focuses on implementation of Botswana's national biodiversity strategy, providing a country-level perspective on how strategic goals move from planning documents into institutions, programmes, and conservation action.
Mainstreaming biodiversity into agrifood systems to implement NBSAPs | Food and Agriculture Organization | FAO | n.d.
Explains how agrifood systems can become a major delivery mechanism for NBSAPs through policy coherence, institutional capacity, biodiversity-friendly incentives, finance, and reforms in crop, livestock, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture systems.
Americas and the Caribbean
Jamaica seeks preparation of an updated NBSAP | United Nations Development Programme | United Nations Global Marketplace | 2026-07-20
Procurement notice describing Jamaica’s 2026 process to prepare an updated NBSAP aligned with the Global Biodiversity Framework, with stakeholder engagement, gender mainstreaming, sectoral policy alignment, and stronger implementation planning.
Trinidad and Tobago NBSAP revision update | Environmental Policy and Planning Division | Government of Trinidad and Tobago | 2026-05-28
Reports on consultations, focus groups, validation exercises, and stakeholder participation in updating Trinidad and Tobago's NBSAP, showing how national targets and actions were reviewed before Cabinet consideration.
Chile National Biodiversity Strategy 2025–2030 | Chile Ministry of the Environment / UNDP | CIREN Digital Library | 2026
Chile’s updated strategy sets an integrated framework for conservation, sustainable use, and ecological restoration while strengthening environmental governance and mainstreaming biodiversity into agriculture, fisheries, energy, and territorial planning.
Argentina National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2030 | Nature Economy AI | NE-AI | 2026
Analytical overview of Argentina’s 2025–2030 biodiversity strategy, including its strategic and cross-cutting themes, national targets, ecological restoration component, implementation structure, and alignment with the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Belize advances update of its protected areas plan | United Nations in Belize | United Nations | 2026
Reports on Belize’s protected-area planning process and its alignment with the 2025–2035 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, including government, civil society, community, and Indigenous participation.
Brazil National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025-2030 | Government of Brazil | CBD Online Reporting Tool | 2025-06-03
Brazil's NBSAP establishes a 2050 vision, 2030 mission, strategic objectives, 25 national targets, and a federal action plan involving many ministries and agencies, supported by monitoring, financing, communications, and participatory governance.
Brazil sets new biodiversity targets for 2025-2030 term | MercoPress staff | MercoPress | 2025-02-24
Reports on Brazil's adoption of new national biodiversity targets and measures under the Global Biodiversity Framework, offering an external news account of the country's effort to regenerate biomes and update its NBSAP.
Brazil NBSAP 2025-2030 | Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change | Government of Brazil | 2025
Full national strategy setting out Brazil's 2030 biodiversity targets and action plan, with measures on conservation, restoration, sustainable use, territorial management, finance, monitoring, social participation, and cross-government implementation.
Planning Ministry makes citizens a key part of biodiversity management | Ministry of Planning, Economic Affairs and Development | Government of Trinidad and Tobago | 2025
Describes public participation in revising Trinidad and Tobago's third NBSAP, with priorities including biodiversity mainstreaming, protected areas, stronger legislation and enforcement, sustainable development, and alignment with the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Honduras National Biodiversity Strategy 2018–2022 | Government of Honduras | Honduras Clearing-House Mechanism | 2025
National repository providing Honduras’s biodiversity strategy and related reports, documenting its participatory framework for reconciling conservation, sustainable use, development, poverty reduction, and biodiversity governance.
National strategy to protect nature in Canada unveiled alongside bill to ensure accountability | Environment and Climate Change Canada | Government of Canada | 2024-06-13
Announces Canada's 2030 Nature Strategy alongside proposed accountability legislation, connecting biodiversity targets with public transparency, federal responsibilities, conservation investment, Indigenous partnerships, and national progress toward halting and reversing biodiversity loss.
2030 Nature Strategy and Nature Accountability Bill | Environment and Climate Change Canada | Government of Canada | 2024-06
Backgrounder summarizing the structure and policy logic of Canada's strategy, including its relationship to the Global Biodiversity Framework, the need for provincial and territorial participation, Indigenous stewardship, and mechanisms for implementation and accountability.
Canada’s 2030 Nature Strategy: Halting and Reversing Biodiversity Loss in Canada | Environment and Climate Change Canada | Government of Canada | 2024
Canada's NBSAP sets a national roadmap for implementing all 23 Global Biodiversity Framework targets. It emphasizes Indigenous rights and leadership, whole-of-society action, ecosystem restoration, protected areas, biodiversity mainstreaming, science, finance, and transparent monitoring.
Canada's 2030 nature strategy — Government of Canada Publications | Environment and Climate Change Canada | Government of Canada Publications | 2024
Catalog record for Canada's full 2030 Nature Strategy, a 177-page national biodiversity planning document covering the country's vision, targets, implementation approach, conservation priorities, Indigenous participation, nature-positive economic transition, and monitoring framework.
Ecuador National Biodiversity Strategy 2015–2030 | Government of Ecuador | Access and Benefit-Sharing Clearing-House | 2017
Official policy record describing Ecuador’s national biodiversity strategy as the principal instrument for knowing, valuing, protecting, restoring, and sustainably using the country’s biodiversity.
National Biodiversity Strategy of Mexico and Action Plan 2016–2030 | Government of Mexico | Convention on Biological Diversity | 2016
Mexico’s ENBioMex establishes the long-term framework for conserving, restoring, and sustainably managing biodiversity while coordinating government and societal action and integrating biodiversity into sectoral priorities.
Costa Rica National Biodiversity Strategy 2016–2025 | Government of Costa Rica / IICA | OPSAa | 2016
Summarizes Costa Rica’s national biodiversity strategy, including protected areas, ecosystem restoration, territorial planning, citizen participation, Indigenous engagement, and links between national biodiversity policy and long-term development.
Bolivia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan project | Inter-American Development Bank | IDB | 2015
Describes international support for Bolivia’s biodiversity strategy and action plan, including technical cooperation intended to strengthen biodiversity planning and implementation within the country’s broader environmental governance framework.
Mexico — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Mexico’s national biodiversity strategy and related submissions, providing a central reference for the country’s implementation of the Convention and its national biodiversity planning framework.
Colombia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile for Colombia linking successive versions of the national biodiversity strategy and action plan and related reporting, useful for tracing the evolution of biodiversity policy in one of the world’s megadiverse countries.
Peru — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
Provides access to Peru’s national biodiversity strategy and supporting national reports, offering a reference point for policies on protected areas, ecosystem management, biodiversity mainstreaming, and national implementation of CBD commitments.
Panama — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Panama’s updated national biodiversity strategy and national reporting, useful for examining biodiversity governance in a country spanning major tropical terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems.
Belize — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Belize’s national biodiversity strategy and reports, with emphasis on integrated protected-area management, institutional coordination, community participation, and conservation of globally significant tropical and marine biodiversity.
Cuba — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Cuba’s national biodiversity strategies and reports, providing a starting point for research on island biodiversity, protected areas, invasive species, sustainable use, and national CBD implementation.
Jamaica National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan records | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD reporting archive for Jamaica’s national biodiversity strategies and national reports, useful for comparing earlier biodiversity priorities with the country’s current post-2022 revision process.
Dominican Republic — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking the Dominican Republic’s national biodiversity strategy and reporting, covering a Caribbean biodiversity hotspot where conservation policy must address forests, freshwater, coasts, and island endemism.
Guatemala — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Guatemala’s national biodiversity planning and reporting, relevant to conservation of Mesoamerican forests, genetic resources, Indigenous stewardship, and biodiversity integration into national development.
Nicaragua national biodiversity action plans | Government of Nicaragua / InforMEA | InforMEA | n.d.
UN treaty portal listing Nicaragua’s national biodiversity strategy submissions, enabling comparison between successive NBSAP generations and the country’s formal implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
El Salvador — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile for El Salvador, providing access to national biodiversity strategies, targets, and reports on conservation, ecosystem restoration, sustainable use, and biodiversity mainstreaming.
Europe
Romania’s National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy 2026–2030 debate | AGERPRES | AGERPRES | 2026-07-28
Reports on the legal and political controversy surrounding Romania’s 2026–2030 biodiversity strategy, illustrating how national biodiversity planning can intersect with legislation, EU funding commitments, and domestic political processes.
Netherlands National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan 2025–2030 | Government of the Netherlands | Government.nl | 2026-01-09
Official publication of the Netherlands’ 2025–2030 national biodiversity strategy and action plan, providing the country’s updated framework for implementing global and European biodiversity commitments.
Wales Nature Recovery Action Plan 2026 | Welsh Government | GOV.WALES | 2026
Wales’s updated Nature Recovery Action Plan serves as its biodiversity strategy within the UK framework, connecting Global Biodiversity Framework targets with governance, monitoring, cross-sector integration, and national nature-recovery action.
Austria Biodiversity Strategy 2030+ | OECD | OECD Environmental Performance Reviews | 2026
OECD assessment of Austria’s Biodiversity Strategy 2030+, describing its ten-point programme, 100 objectives, more than 400 measures, data challenges, ecosystem-service assessment, and need for stronger biodiversity information systems.
Germany’s First Action Plan for the National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 | Federal Ministry for the Environment | Government of Germany | 2025-09-15
Sets out the first package of concrete measures for delivering Germany’s 2030 biodiversity targets, assigning responsibilities, timelines, and annual review mechanisms for implementation during 2024–2027.
Updated Belgian National Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 | Belgian National Focal Point to the CBD | Belgian Clearing-House Mechanism | 2025-04-23
Belgium’s 2025–2030 strategy contains 16 strategic and 82 operational objectives, with strong emphasis on coordination among federal and regional governments, sectoral integration, international commitments, monitoring, and stakeholder implementation.
Netherlands NBSAP documents | Netherlands Clearing-House Mechanism | Biodiversity-CHM.NL | 2025-03-25
Document portal containing the Netherlands' fifth NBSAP and related parliamentary and policy documents, useful for following the national strategy's development, Global Biodiversity Framework alignment, and supporting policy analysis.
UK national biodiversity strategy and action plan | Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and UK administrations | GOV.UK | 2025-02-26
Sets out how the four UK countries, Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies contribute to the Global Biodiversity Framework, with a collective commitment to achieving all 23 global targets at home and coordinating biodiversity action across jurisdictions.
Germany National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 | Federal Ministry for the Environment | Government of Germany | 2025
Germany’s updated national strategy contains 21 action areas and 64 targets and explicitly implements the Global Biodiversity Framework, with measures spanning restoration, species protection, urban nature, climate, digitalisation, energy, finance, and economic policy.
Italy’s National Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 | European Commission | EUR-Lex | 2025
European Commission assessment describing Italy’s 2030 biodiversity strategy, its two strategic objectives, 18 actions, 161 sub-actions, implementation programme, responsible administrations, financing sources, and planned mid-term review.
Portugal’s National Strategy for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity 2030 | European Commission | EUR-Lex | 2025
Reviews Portugal’s national biodiversity strategy, which contains more than 100 measures linked to indicators, priorities, deadlines, verification methods, responsible institutions, and related marine protected-area commitments.
Finland’s National Biodiversity Strategy remains under development | Government of Finland | Finnish Government | 2025
Finland’s 2025 sustainable-development review notes that a new NBSAP to 2030 had not yet been enacted, illustrating the political and institutional challenges countries face in translating global biodiversity commitments into national policy.
The Netherlands on its way to COP16: What is a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan? | IUCN Netherlands | IUCN NL | 2024-10-17
Explains the role of NBSAPs in implementing the biodiversity convention and examines the Netherlands' progress, delays, and policy context ahead of COP16, offering a civil-society perspective on national biodiversity planning.
Sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity: Norwegian biodiversity strategy and action plan | Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment | Government of Norway | 2024-09-27
Norway's new NBSAP is presented as a white paper to Parliament, linking the Global Biodiversity Framework to national nature management, ecosystem condition, land-use pressures, conservation measures, local government responsibilities, and long-term biodiversity policy.
Norway’s new national biodiversity strategy and action plan presented – initial views from NINA | Trine Hay Setsaas | Norwegian Institute for Nature Research | 2024-09-27
Provides an independent scientific response to Norway's new NBSAP, arguing that important gaps remain between the country's policy measures and the ambition and evidence base needed to meet Global Biodiversity Framework targets.
Malta National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan to 2030 | Government of Malta | Government of Malta | 2024-09
Malta’s strategy organizes national action around conservation and restoration, drivers of biodiversity loss, sustainable use, mainstreaming, awareness, implementation, and cooperation through targets and specific actions to 2030.
Ireland’s Fourth National Biodiversity Action Plan | Government of Ireland / CBD Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | 2024
CBD overview noting Ireland’s fourth National Biodiversity Action Plan for 2023–2030 and its role in mainstreaming biodiversity, strengthening evidence, restoring ecosystems, protecting species, and contributing to international biodiversity governance.
France National Biodiversity Strategy 2030 | Government of France | Ministry for Ecological Transition | 2023
France’s national strategy responds to biodiversity decline across metropolitan and overseas territories and connects domestic conservation, restoration, protected-area, species, and sectoral policies with the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Scotland Biodiversity Strategy to 2045 | Scottish Government | gov.scot | 2022
Scotland’s biodiversity strategy sets a nature-positive ambition for 2030 and long-term recovery by 2045, linking national outcomes, enabling conditions, monitoring, restoration, and policy reform to international biodiversity goals.
Public consultation on Ireland’s Fourth National Biodiversity Action Plan | Department of Housing, Local Government and Heritage | Government of Ireland | 2022
Describes Ireland’s consultation process and draft objectives for a whole-of-government, whole-of-society biodiversity plan focused on urgent conservation, restoration, climate, evidence, ecosystem services, and international commitments.
Cyprus National Biodiversity Strategy | Government of Cyprus | Republic of Cyprus | 2021
Government review describing Cyprus’s national biodiversity strategy, including ecosystem conservation and restoration, sustainable resource use, ecosystem-service assessment, invasive species, Natura 2000, and national implementation measures.
Greece National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Ministry of Environment and Energy | Government of Greece | n.d.
Official Greek biodiversity page providing the national biodiversity strategy and action plan and situating it within the country’s protected-area, species, habitat, and natural-environment governance system.
Romania — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD archive containing successive Romanian NBSAPs and national reports, useful for tracing the country’s biodiversity planning from earlier strategies through later EU-aligned implementation.
Croatia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD reporting archive for Croatia’s national biodiversity strategies and reports, supporting analysis of protected areas, Natura 2000 integration, species conservation, and implementation of global biodiversity commitments.
Switzerland — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Switzerland’s biodiversity strategy and reporting, relevant to ecosystem connectivity, protected areas, sustainable land use, species conservation, and biodiversity mainstreaming.
Sweden — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile providing access to Sweden’s national biodiversity planning and reporting, useful for examining forest, freshwater, marine, agricultural, and protected-area policy within a high-income national context.
Denmark — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Denmark’s national biodiversity strategy and reports, providing context for conservation, agricultural pressures, marine biodiversity, protected areas, and national implementation of international commitments.
Poland — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile for Poland linking national biodiversity plans and reports, relevant to forest conservation, agricultural landscapes, freshwater ecosystems, Natura 2000, and biodiversity policy integration.
Czechia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile providing Czech national strategy and reporting resources for research on ecosystem restoration, protected areas, landscape fragmentation, species conservation, and biodiversity mainstreaming.
Slovakia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Slovakia’s national biodiversity plans and reports, with relevance to Carpathian ecosystems, forests, protected areas, agricultural landscapes, and implementation of European and global biodiversity targets.
Hungary — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile documenting Hungary’s national biodiversity planning and reporting, including policy relating to protected species, green infrastructure, ecosystem services, forestry, agriculture, and water resources.
Slovenia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Slovenian biodiversity strategies and reports, useful for studying national policy in a country with extensive forest cover, karst systems, Natura 2000 sites, and high landscape diversity.
Lithuania — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile providing Lithuania’s national biodiversity strategy and reporting resources, including material on forests, wetlands, agricultural biodiversity, protected areas, and international target implementation.
Latvia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile connecting Latvia’s national biodiversity plans with reporting on forests, wetlands, coastal ecosystems, species, sustainable use, and biodiversity integration into national policy.
Estonia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile for Estonia providing access to national biodiversity planning and reports covering forests, peatlands, coastal and marine ecosystems, protected areas, and sustainable natural-resource management.
Africa
Draft South Africa National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2026-2035 | Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment | Government of South Africa | 2026-08-09
Publishes South Africa's draft updated NBSAP for public comment, framing the strategy as the main national vehicle for translating global biodiversity goals into measurable action through whole-of-government and whole-of-society implementation.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025-2035, The Gambia | Government of The Gambia | CBD Online Reporting Tool | 2026-06-15
Records The Gambia's final 2025-2035 NBSAP and a suite of supporting strategies covering public awareness, knowledge management, biosafety, capacity building, community engagement, gender, invasive species, restoration, protected areas, finance, wetlands, and wildlife.
Malawi launches Third National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2035 | Ministry of Natural Resources | Government of Malawi | 2026-05-27
Announces Malawi’s NBSAP III alongside a national ecosystem assessment and seventh national report, linking biodiversity recovery with Indigenous knowledge, science, sustainable agriculture, restoration, community conservation, and future investment.
Development of South Africa’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2026-2036 | Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment | Government of South Africa | 2026-05
Documents South Africa's consultation process, biodiversity governance discussions, policy and institutional review, finance planning, and efforts to finalize an updated NBSAP before CBD COP17.
Sierra Leone National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan 2026-2035 | Government of Sierra Leone | CBD Online Reporting Tool | 2026-02-16
Records Sierra Leone's final NBSAP for 2026-2035 as a national strategy aligned with the Global Biodiversity Framework, providing an example of a post-COP16 plan extending national implementation beyond the 2030 target horizon.
Namibia’s Third National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Government of Namibia / InforMEA | InforMEA | 2026
Treaty portal listing Namibia’s third NBSAP draft alongside earlier plans, providing a useful record of the country’s transition from Aichi-era biodiversity planning toward a new Global Biodiversity Framework-aligned strategy.
Nigeria action plans under the Convention on Biological Diversity | Government of Nigeria / InforMEA | InforMEA | 2025-11-14
Lists successive Nigerian NBSAPs, including the 2025-2030 strategy, making it useful for comparing generations of national biodiversity planning and tracking formal submission dates and supporting documents.
Kenya roadmap for aligning sectoral policies with the NBSAP | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | NBSAP Accelerator Partnership | 2025-11
Describes work to align Kenyan agriculture, livestock, forestry, horticulture, pastoralism, and charcoal policies with national biodiversity targets through government, civil society, private-sector, research, and development-partner participation.
Rwanda unveils National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025–2030 | Rwanda Environment Management Authority | Government of Rwanda | 2025-10-07
Announces Rwanda's NBSAP 2025-2030, with priorities on ecosystem restoration, biodiversity-rich habitats, economic mainstreaming, nature-positive finance, research, data, innovation, and inclusive conservation linked to Vision 2050 and national development strategies.
Rwanda National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025-2030 | Government of Rwanda | CBD Online Reporting Tool | 2025-10-07
CBD record for Rwanda's final NBSAP, documenting its national status, implementation period, approval, and explicit alignment with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Tanzania National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025-2030 | Government of Tanzania / InforMEA | InforMEA | 2025-07-07
Lists Tanzania's successive national biodiversity strategies and the 2025-2030 NBSAP submission, supporting comparison between earlier Aichi-era planning and the new Global Biodiversity Framework-aligned strategy.
Ethiopia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025-2030 | Government of Ethiopia / FAOLEX | InforMEA | 2025-01-01
Records Ethiopia's 2025-2030 NBSAP as a national policy instrument, placing the strategy within the country's broader environmental and development policy landscape.
Nigeria National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025-2030 | Government of Nigeria | CBD Online Reporting Tool | 2025
Nigeria's revised NBSAP uses a whole-of-society approach and aligns 23 national targets with the Global Biodiversity Framework, framing biodiversity protection as a whole-of-government policy aimed at halting and reversing loss by 2030.
Ghana National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Government of Ghana | ICSF Digital Repository | 2025
Repository overview of Ghana’s biodiversity strategy and 2030 vision, highlighting sustainable use, restoration, ecosystem services, equitable benefit sharing, and links to climate, forestry, development, and Sustainable Development Goal frameworks.
Malawi National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II 2015–2025 | Environmental Affairs Department | CEPA Library | 2025
Repository copy of Malawi’s second NBSAP, describing biodiversity status and the national strategies, targets, and actions intended to guide sustainable management of biological resources.
Mozambique National Biodiversity Funding Priorities 2026–2030 | Government of Mozambique | Convention on Biological Diversity | 2025
Sets out Mozambique’s biodiversity funding priorities while its revised NBSAP is being completed, illustrating how national targets, finance needs, forests, wetlands, marine ecosystems, productive landscapes, and implementation planning are connected.
Uganda National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan III 2025-2030 | Government of Uganda | UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform | 2024
Summarizes Uganda's NBSAP III, including biodiversity status and trends, threats, human well-being links, conservation priorities, implementation, monitoring, financing, and the use of biodiversity for inclusive wealth creation.
South Africa National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2025 | Government of South Africa | South African National Biodiversity Institute | 2015-07-01
Repository copy of South Africa's second NBSAP, which integrates biodiversity with national development, poverty reduction, ecosystem services, stewardship, indigenous knowledge, sustainable use, and cross-sectoral planning.
Uganda National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | National Environment Management Authority | Government of Uganda | n.d.
Official Uganda NBSAP page describing objectives on conserving ecosystems, sustainable resource use, equitable benefit sharing, policy integration, restoration, invasive species, pollution, climate adaptation, and mainstreaming biodiversity into economic and development planning.
Ghana — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Ghana’s national biodiversity strategy, which emphasizes mainstreaming biodiversity into development, safeguarding ecosystems and genetic diversity, sustaining ecosystem benefits, participation, knowledge management, and capacity building.
Namibia Strategy and Action Plans | Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism | Government of Namibia | n.d.
Government repository for Namibia’s biodiversity and environmental strategies, including NBSAP2, climate policy, communication plans, and related instruments used to integrate biodiversity into national development and resource management.
Zambia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Government of Zambia | Zambia Biodiversity Clearing-House Mechanism | n.d.
Explains Zambia’s biodiversity-policy principles, including equitable benefit sharing, citizen participation, Indigenous and scientific knowledge, sustainable resource use, multi-sector cooperation, and complementary in-situ and ex-situ conservation.
Zimbabwe — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Zimbabwe’s second national biodiversity strategy and reporting, useful for examining conservation policy, protected areas, wildlife management, genetic resources, and biodiversity mainstreaming.
Morocco — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Morocco’s national biodiversity strategy and reporting, relevant to Mediterranean, mountain, forest, wetland, coastal, and arid ecosystems and biodiversity mainstreaming across development sectors.
Tunisia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Tunisia’s successive national biodiversity strategies and supporting information, useful for examining conservation in Mediterranean, coastal, wetland, agricultural, and arid ecosystems.
Senegal — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Senegal’s national biodiversity strategy and reports, relevant to Sahelian ecosystems, coastal and marine resources, wetlands, agriculture, protected areas, and community-based conservation.
Cameroon — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile providing Cameroon’s national biodiversity strategy and reports, relevant to Congo Basin forests, mountains, savannas, coastal ecosystems, species conservation, sustainable use, and development policy.
Côte d’Ivoire — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Côte d’Ivoire’s biodiversity planning and reporting, useful for research on forest loss, protected areas, agriculture, restoration, wildlife conservation, and biodiversity mainstreaming.
Mauritius — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Mauritius’s national biodiversity planning and reports, particularly relevant to island endemism, invasive species, habitat restoration, coastal and marine conservation, and threatened-species recovery.
Botswana — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Botswana’s national biodiversity strategy and reporting, with relevance to wildlife, wetlands, rangelands, protected areas, tourism, community conservation, and biodiversity integration into development.
Angola — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile providing access to Angola’s biodiversity planning and reporting, relevant to tropical forests, miombo woodlands, wetlands, marine ecosystems, protected areas, and post-conflict environmental governance.
Benin — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Benin’s national biodiversity plans and reports, useful for examining protected areas, forests, wetlands, agricultural biodiversity, sustainable use, community participation, and mainstreaming.
Burkina Faso — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile for Burkina Faso providing national strategy and reporting resources on dryland biodiversity, forests, agrobiodiversity, ecosystem services, land degradation, sustainable use, and conservation policy.
Niger national biodiversity action plans | Government of Niger / InforMEA | InforMEA | n.d.
UN treaty portal listing Niger’s biodiversity action plans and formal CBD submissions, supporting historical comparison of national strategies for Sahelian ecosystems, land restoration, natural-resource use, and biodiversity conservation.
Asia
Cambodia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Government of Cambodia / InforMEA | InforMEA | 2026-04-10
Lists Cambodia's successive NBSAPs, including a new national strategy submitted in 2026, providing a useful record for comparing earlier biodiversity planning with the post-Kunming-Montreal generation.
Thailand NBSAP paper | Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact | AIPP | 2026-02
Reviews development of Thailand's 2023-2027 national biodiversity action plan, including stakeholder mapping, workshops, focus groups, national targets, flagship projects, Global Biodiversity Framework alignment, and participation of Indigenous peoples and local communities.
Pakistan Umbrella Programme to Support NBSAP Update and the 7th National Report | United Nations Development Programme Pakistan | UNDP | 2026-01
Describes Pakistan's NBSAP update process, including gender analysis, spatial mapping of key biodiversity areas and restoration zones, stronger monitoring, provincial capacity, biodiversity finance strategies, and preparation of the seventh national report.
Jordan National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Nature Economy AI | NE-AI | 2026
Analytical overview of Jordan's 2050 NBSAP, including its strategic goals, implementation architecture, policy instruments, financing approach, monitoring, and relationship to the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Saudi Arabia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan overview | Nature Economy AI | NE-AI | 2026
Analyzes Saudi Arabia's draft national biodiversity framework, its thematic goals, policy structure, conservation priorities, and relationship to the Global Biodiversity Framework and the country's earlier national biodiversity strategy.
Indonesia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Nature Economy AI | NE-AI | 2026
Provides an analytical overview of Indonesia's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2025-2045, including its goals, national targets, action groups, links to long-term development planning, implementation architecture, and Global Biodiversity Framework alignment.
Philippines National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Nature Economy AI | NE-AI | 2026
Analyzes the Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2024-2040, including national commitments, Indigenous participation, subnational delivery, monitoring, financing, and the plan's relationship to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Kazakhstan unites efforts to preserve biodiversity and tackle climate change | United Nations Development Programme Kazakhstan | UNDP | 2025-10-29
Reports on Kazakhstan's effort to coordinate its NBSAP through 2035 with climate adaptation, greenhouse-gas commitments, and national reporting, illustrating the growing integration of biodiversity and climate policy.
Summary for Stakeholders on India’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | United Nations Development Programme India | UNDP | 2025-05-23
Provides a stakeholder-oriented summary of India's updated 2024-2030 NBSAP and national biodiversity targets, explaining responsibilities, priorities, and alignment with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
Final Consultation Meeting on Bhutan’s Fifth NBSAP | National Biodiversity Centre | Government of Bhutan | 2025-03-24
Reports on Bhutan's final national consultation for its fifth NBSAP, covering biodiversity targets and actions across conservation, habitat, land, pollution, climate adaptation, biosafety, traditional knowledge, urban planning, agriculture, and private-sector engagement.
Jordan's national biodiversity strategy and action plan | Government of Jordan / repository staff | ICSF Digital Repository | 2025-01-08
Repository overview of Jordan's biodiversity strategy, emphasizing policy frameworks, traditional knowledge, incentives, research, international cooperation, finance, green business models, national accounting, monitoring, and equitable knowledge exchange.
Bhutan unveils 5th National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan | National Biodiversity Centre | Government of Bhutan | 2025
Announces Bhutan's fifth NBSAP as a collective-action framework linking biodiversity to agriculture, tourism, urban development, energy, finance, climate resilience, green jobs, and the country's economic transformation agenda.
Bhutan National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan 2025 | National Biodiversity Centre | Government of Bhutan | 2025
Full strategy document describing Bhutan's biodiversity, protected-area network, conservation context, national targets, implementation priorities, and the relationship between biodiversity, development, ecosystem resilience, and the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Singapore National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | National Parks Board | Government of Singapore | 2025
Explains Singapore’s urban biodiversity strategy, with goals to conserve and enhance biodiversity, ensure sustainable use, share benefits equitably, integrate biodiversity into national planning, and regularly monitor implementation.
Parliament Question: National Biodiversity Strategy | Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change | Press Information Bureau, Government of India | 2024-12-19
Summarizes India's updated NBSAP priorities, including terrestrial and marine conservation, ecosystem restoration, pollution and invasive species control, sustainable use, ecosystem services, urban green space, wildlife corridors, and national implementation of global biodiversity commitments.
Financial Resource Mobilization for the implementation of Viet Nam's NBSAP to 2030 | UNDP Biodiversity Finance Initiative | BIOFIN | 2024-12-01
Assesses how Viet Nam can finance implementation of its National Biodiversity Strategy to 2030, addressing funding needs for ecosystem conservation and restoration, threatened species, biodiversity mainstreaming, and sustainable development.
India launches updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan at COP16 | Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change | Press Information Bureau, Government of India | 2024-11-03
Announces India's updated NBSAP, emphasizing whole-of-government and whole-of-society planning, ecosystem restoration, species recovery, community conservation, national targets, and alignment with the four goals and 23 targets of the Global Biodiversity Framework.
UNDP organizes workshop on Mongolia’s national biodiversity strategy and action plan | United Nations Development Programme Mongolia | UNDP | 2024-04-12
Describes stakeholder consultation on revising Mongolia's national biodiversity targets, goals, and actions to align the NBSAP with the Global Biodiversity Framework and domestic policy priorities.
Updation of India's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023-2024 | National Biodiversity Authority | Government of India | 2024
Official portal documenting the process of updating India's biodiversity strategy, draft and adopted national targets, Global Biodiversity Framework alignment, historical national biodiversity plans, and planning, monitoring, reporting, and review materials.
Lao PDR National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and 7th National Report project | United Nations Development Programme Lao PDR | UNDP | 2024-2027
Describes support for updating Lao PDR's NBSAP, strengthening monitoring and data systems, aligning national targets with the Global Biodiversity Framework, improving multi-sector coordination, mobilizing finance, and preparing the seventh national report.
China National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2023–2030 | Government of China / Hong Kong Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Hong Kong Government | 2024
Overview of China’s updated NBSAP, which sets 27 priority actions across mainstreaming, reducing biodiversity threats, sustainable use and benefit sharing, and modernization of biodiversity governance, with guidance for local implementation.
The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of Japan 2023-2030 | Ministry of the Environment | Government of Japan | 2023-03
Japan's sixth NBSAP adopts a Nature-Positive by 2030 vision, with state-oriented and action-oriented targets, hundreds of measures, a 30by30 roadmap, indicators, and periodic reviews designed to connect national implementation with the Global Biodiversity Framework.
Maldives National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016–2025 | Ministry of Tourism and Environment | Government of Maldives | 2016-08-04
Official publication of the Maldives’ NBSAP, addressing governance, sustainable use, biodiversity threats, information management, resource mobilization, public awareness, international cooperation, and equitable benefit sharing in an island context.
Lao PDR National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 | Government of Lao PDR | Asian Development Bank Law and Policy Reform Program | 2016
Summarizes Lao PDR's previous NBSAP, structured around situation assessment, strategy, and national action plan, with goals linking biodiversity conservation, sustainable use, poverty reduction, equitable benefit sharing, and national development.
Bangladesh National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016–2021 | Government of Bangladesh | Asian Development Bank Law and Policy Reform Program | 2016
Reviews Bangladesh’s NBSAP objectives, national targets, biodiversity-loss drivers, mainstreaming, capacity development, resource mobilization, coordination, monitoring, sustainable use, and equitable sharing of genetic-resource benefits.
Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Government of Nepal | Asian Development Bank Law and Policy Reform Program | 2014
Summarizes Nepal’s comprehensive strategy, developed through extensive stakeholder consultation, with long-term vision and action priorities for forests, mountains, agriculture, wetlands, protected areas, genetic resources, and sustainable use.
National Biodiversity Strategy for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Government of Saudi Arabia | Convention on Biological Diversity | 2008
Foundational Saudi biodiversity strategy aimed at integrating conservation and sustainable use into national planning, organizing biodiversity information, and providing practical guidance for development decisions affecting fragile ecosystems and biological resources.
The Biodiversity Finance Initiative in Thailand | United Nations Development Programme Thailand | UNDP | n.d.
Examines Thailand's biodiversity finance gap and the resources required to implement its NBSAP, emphasizing public budgeting, policy reform, harmful-subsidy realignment, private investment, and innovative finance for national biodiversity priorities.
The Biodiversity Finance Initiative in Cambodia | United Nations Development Programme Cambodia | UNDP | n.d.
Explains Cambodia's work to identify biodiversity financing needs and solutions, including policy and institutional review, a finance-needs assessment, and mechanisms to improve funding for protected areas and NBSAP implementation.
Malaysia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Malaysia’s national biodiversity strategy and reporting, important for research on tropical forests, marine ecosystems, protected areas, species-rich landscapes, Indigenous communities, and biodiversity mainstreaming.
Sri Lanka — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile providing Sri Lanka’s national biodiversity strategy and reports, covering high endemism, forests, wetlands, agriculture, coastal ecosystems, protected areas, species conservation, and sustainable resource use.
Iran — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Iran’s national biodiversity planning and reporting, relevant to mountains, forests, deserts, wetlands, coastal ecosystems, threatened species, protected areas, and sustainable use.
United Arab Emirates — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking UAE biodiversity strategies and reports, useful for studying desert, mountain, coastal and marine conservation, protected areas, urban development pressures, species recovery, and biodiversity mainstreaming.
Oman — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile providing Oman’s national biodiversity planning and reports, covering arid landscapes, mountains, coastal and marine ecosystems, fisheries, threatened species, protected areas, and sustainable resource use.
Qatar — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Qatar’s biodiversity strategy and reporting, relevant to desert, coastal, marine, migratory-species, protected-area, pollution, urbanization, and sustainable-development policy.
Iraq — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Iraq’s national biodiversity planning and reports, including policy relevant to Mesopotamian marshes, freshwater ecosystems, drylands, agricultural biodiversity, protected areas, restoration, and sustainable use.
Pacific and Oceania
Australia’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water | Australian Government | 2026-03-27
Explains how Australia's Strategy for Nature functions as its NBSAP and describes the national targets, Global Biodiversity Framework alignment, implementation plan, monitoring approach, and joint responsibilities of federal, state, territorial, First Nations, business, research, and civil-society actors.
Developing Papua New Guinea’s NBSAP 2025–2030 | United Nations Development Programme Papua New Guinea | UNDP | 2025-11-28
Reports on Papua New Guinea’s latest NBSAP revision, including review of national targets, regional consultation, alignment with the Global Biodiversity Framework, and the importance of biodiversity to customary livelihoods and national development.
Implementing Australia’s Strategy for Nature 2024-2030 | Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water | Australian Government Consultation Hub | 2025
Consultation page on translating Australia's NBSAP into an implementation plan, including strategic direction, existing actions, gaps, indicators, reporting, and the roles of governments, business, NGOs, communities, and other stakeholders.
Fiji national statement at COP16 | Dr. Sivendra Michael | Fiji Government | 2024-10
Fiji's COP16 statement links NBSAP revision with traditional custodianship, marine protected areas, ridge-to-reef conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate resilience, and concerns about whether revised national strategies worldwide are sufficiently ambitious and implementable.
Fiji Cabinet approves Global Biodiversity Framework Early Action Support Project | Fiji Government | Fiji Government | 2024-09-23
Describes Fiji's decision to review priority biodiversity areas under its 2020-2025 NBSAP and align national planning with the Global Biodiversity Framework using interministerial dialogue and consultations with civil society, resource owners, academia, and other stakeholders.
Australia’s Strategy for Nature 2024–2030 | Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water | Australian Government | 2024
Australia's updated NBSAP establishes national targets and enablers to tackle biodiversity decline, protect and repair ecosystems, and put nature on a recovery path, supported by an implementation plan involving governments, First Nations peoples, business, NGOs, researchers, and communities.
The Global Biodiversity Framework: International protection of ecosystems | Department of Conservation | New Zealand Government | 2024
Explains New Zealand's two-stage response to the Global Biodiversity Framework, including submission of national targets and development of an updated NBSAP based on the Aotearoa New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy and its implementation plan.
Samoa's National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Government of Samoa / Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment | Samoa Environment Data Portal / SPREP | 2021-07-05
Repository for Samoa's published national biodiversity strategies, providing access to successive NBSAPs and documenting the country's policy framework for biodiversity conservation, sustainable use, and national implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Solomon Islands National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016–2020 | Government of Solomon Islands | Asian Development Bank Law and Policy Reform Program | 2016
Summarizes Solomon Islands’ strategy across environmental education, governance, finance, traditional knowledge, marine and coastal biodiversity, forests, agro-biodiversity, invasive species, climate, protected areas, species, inland waters, and benefit sharing.
Australia's Strategy for Nature 2024-2030 | Australia's Nature Hub | Australian Government | n.d.
Summarizes Australia's national biodiversity framework, its goals and objectives, and its role as an overarching structure connecting federal, state, territory, and local strategies, legislation, policy, science, and nature-positive action.
Vanuatu — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Vanuatu’s national biodiversity strategy and reports, relevant to customary stewardship, coral reefs, forests, agriculture, invasive species, climate vulnerability, and community-based resource management.
Tonga — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile for Tonga linking national biodiversity strategies and reporting on island ecosystems, marine conservation, invasive species, climate resilience, traditional resource use, and protected areas.
Palau — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Palau’s biodiversity planning and reports, especially relevant to marine protected areas, coral reefs, customary governance, terrestrial ecosystems, sustainable tourism, fisheries, and climate resilience.
Marshall Islands — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking national biodiversity planning for a low-lying island state where coral reefs, coastal ecosystems, fisheries, traditional knowledge, invasive species, and climate adaptation are closely intertwined.
Federated States of Micronesia — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile providing access to Micronesia’s national biodiversity strategies and reports, including conservation issues involving forests, reefs, fisheries, invasive species, customary tenure, and community resource management.
Cook Islands — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Cook Islands biodiversity planning and reports, useful for examining marine spatial management, island endemism, traditional stewardship, invasive species, fisheries, and protected-area policy.
Kiribati — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile for Kiribati providing national strategy and reporting resources relevant to coral reefs, seabirds, fisheries, coastal ecosystems, invasive species, climate vulnerability, and biodiversity-dependent livelihoods.
Nauru — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD profile linking Nauru’s biodiversity strategy and reports, particularly relevant to ecological restoration, mining legacies, coastal and marine biodiversity, invasive species, and sustainable resource management.
Tuvalu — National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan | Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat | Convention on Biological Diversity | n.d.
CBD country profile linking Tuvalu’s biodiversity planning and reporting on coral reefs, coastal ecosystems, fisheries, invasive species, climate impacts, traditional knowledge, and sustainable island development.
