Weather, El Niño, and Climate Forecasting
ENSO Updates and El Niño/La Niña News
El Niño Arrives and Could Rank Among Strongest Events
Article link | Phys.org | Phys.org | June 13, 2026
Article reports that El Niño had arrived and could intensify into a powerful climate pattern affecting drought, floods, heat, and global weather risks.
NOAA Says El Niño Has Formed and Is Expected to Strengthen
Article link | NOAA | NOAA | June 11, 2026
NOAA forecasters announced that El Niño had formed in the tropical Pacific and was expected to intensify into the Northern Hemisphere fall and winter.
ENSO Diagnostic Discussion: El Niño Conditions Present
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | June 11, 2026
NOAA's Climate Prediction Center reported El Niño conditions and described the forecast probabilities for strengthening through late 2026 and early 2027.
Odds Climb for Record El Niño as Models Predict Major Pacific Warming
Article link | Phys.org | Phys.org | June 10, 2026
Article reports that global forecasters were increasingly confident a very strong El Niño could develop, with some model projections showing major Pacific warming.
WMO: Prepare for El Niño
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | June 2, 2026
WMO warned governments and communities to prepare as forecast models showed high odds of El Niño developing and continuing into late 2026.
UN Warns World to Prepare for El Niño Extreme Weather
Article link | Phys.org / AFP | Phys.org | June 2, 2026
Article reports WMO warnings that El Niño could raise risks of drought, heavy rainfall, heat waves, and cascading climate impacts.
A Giant Warm Wave Is Crossing the Pacific, Signaling an El Niño
Article link | NASA / Phys.org | Phys.org | May 27, 2026
Article explains how satellite-observed warm Kelvin waves and elevated sea level in the Pacific can signal a developing El Niño.
What Scientists Know About a Potential Super El Niño
Article link | Phys.org | Phys.org | May 22, 2026
Article examines forecasts for an unusually strong El Niño and explains why scientists were watching Pacific sea-surface temperatures and subsurface heat.
When La Niña Lingers: Researchers Uncover Two Mechanisms
Article link | Phys.org | Phys.org | May 15, 2026
Article reports research into why some La Niña events persist for multiple years and how that affects climate extremes.
El Niño and High Tide Flooding: A Possible Double Whammy
Article link | NOAA Ocean Service | NOAA | May 15, 2026
NOAA article explains how El Niño can combine with high-tide flooding risk along vulnerable coastlines.
A Super El Niño? Why It's Too Early to Forecast One With Certainty
Article link | Phys.org | Phys.org | May 14, 2026
Article explains why early forecasts of a possible super El Niño remain uncertain and depend on ocean-atmosphere feedbacks.
Warming El Niño Set to Return in Mid-2026: UN
Article link | Phys.org / AFP | Phys.org | April 24, 2026
Article reports WMO expectations that El Niño could return in mid-2026 after neutral conditions.
Why the Phrase Super El Niño Makes Australian Climate Scientists Nervous
Article link | Phys.org / The Conversation | Phys.org | April 11, 2026
Article explains why the term “super El Niño” can oversimplify regional impacts, especially for Australian rainfall and drought forecasts.
Warming El Niño May Return Later This Year
Article link | Phys.org / AFP | Phys.org | March 3, 2026
Article reports that WMO expected weak La Niña to fade and saw rising chances of El Niño later in 2026.
A Subtle Return of La Niña
Article link | Phys.org | Phys.org | December 2025
Article reports on signs of weak La Niña conditions and explains how subtle Pacific cooling can still influence seasonal weather patterns.
A Hitchhiker's Guide to the June 2025 ENSO Update
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | June 12, 2025
NOAA's ENSO Blog reported neutral tropical Pacific conditions and explained why forecasters expected neutral conditions through summer.
May 2025 ENSO Update: Eye of Neutral
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 8, 2025
NOAA's ENSO Blog explained neutral Pacific conditions and reviewed how forecasters classify El Niño, La Niña, and neutral phases.
April 2025 ENSO Update: La Niña Has Ended
Article link | Emily Becker | NOAA Climate.gov | April 10, 2025
NOAA reported that the short-lived La Niña had ended and the tropical Pacific had returned to ENSO-neutral conditions.
March 2025 ENSO Update: Neutral Conditions Expected Soon
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | March 13, 2025
NOAA's ENSO Blog explained that La Niña was weakening and that a transition to neutral conditions was favored.
February 2025 La Niña Update: La Niña Today, Gone Tomorrow?
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | February 13, 2025
NOAA reported that weak La Niña conditions continued but were likely to transition toward ENSO-neutral conditions soon.
January 2025 Update: La Niña Is Here
Article link | Emily Becker | NOAA Climate.gov | January 9, 2025
NOAA announced that La Niña conditions had emerged and discussed the odds of persistence into early 2025.
December 2024 ENSO Update: Party Time, Excellent
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | December 12, 2024
NOAA's ENSO Blog reported that weak La Niña conditions were still possible, while forecasters continued to track a late-developing event.
November 2024 ENSO Update: Ask Me Anything
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | November 14, 2024
NOAA explained why La Niña development was delayed and likely to be weak if it emerged.
October 2024 ENSO Update: Spooky Season
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | October 10, 2024
NOAA reported that forecasters continued to favor La Niña development later in 2024, though timing remained uncertain.
September 2024 ENSO Update: Binge Watch
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | September 12, 2024
NOAA's ENSO Blog explained a high chance of La Niña emerging during fall and persisting into the Northern Hemisphere winter.
August 2024 Outlook: A La Niña Watch in the Dog Days of Summer
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | August 8, 2024
NOAA reported ENSO-neutral conditions while La Niña remained favored to develop during autumn.
July 2024 ENSO Update: Summer Vacation
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | July 11, 2024
NOAA explained that El Niño had ended and La Niña was favored for the coming school-year season.
May 2024 ENSO Update: We're 10
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 9, 2024
NOAA's ENSO Blog marked its anniversary while discussing the odds of La Niña developing after the 2023-24 El Niño.
April 2024 ENSO Update: Gone Fishing
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | April 11, 2024
NOAA reported that El Niño was likely ending and that the tropical Pacific was transitioning toward neutral conditions.
March 2024 ENSO Update: Award Season
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | March 14, 2024
NOAA explained why a strong El Niño was likely to weaken and why La Niña sometimes follows strong El Niño events.
February 2024 ENSO Outlook: All Along the La Niña Watch-Tower
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | February 8, 2024
NOAA discussed the forecast transition from El Niño toward neutral conditions and the possible development of La Niña.
January 2024 El Niño Update: For the Birds
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 11, 2024
NOAA reported that El Niño was near peak strength and likely to continue for several months before weakening.
December 2023 El Niño Update: Adventure
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | December 13, 2023
NOAA reported that El Niño was continuing and had a notable chance of becoming historically strong.
August 2023 El Niño Update: Back to School
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | August 10, 2023
NOAA reported that El Niño was expected to continue through winter with high confidence.
July 2023 El Niño Update: Learning the Steps
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | July 13, 2023
NOAA explained why forecasters were confident the young El Niño would persist through winter.
June 2023 ENSO Update: El Niño Is Here
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | June 8, 2023
NOAA announced the arrival of El Niño and discussed the chance that it would become moderate or strong.
May 2023 ENSO Update: El Niño Knocking on the Door
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 11, 2023
NOAA reported that warming in the tropical Pacific increased the odds of El Niño development.
Why Making El Niño Forecasts in the Spring Is Especially Anxiety-Inducing
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 4, 2023
NOAA explains the spring predictability barrier and why ENSO forecasts can be especially uncertain during spring.
April 2023 ENSO Update: El Niño Watch
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | April 13, 2023
NOAA issued an El Niño Watch as forecast odds rose for El Niño development in 2023.
March 2023 ENSO Update: No More La Niña
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | March 9, 2023
NOAA reported that a long-running La Niña had ended and the tropical Pacific had returned to neutral conditions.
February 2023 ENSO Update: The ENSO Blog Investigates, Part 3
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | February 8, 2023
NOAA continued its explanation of multi-year La Niña and discussed whether El Niño could form later in 2023.
January 2023 La Niña Update and the ENSO Blog Investigates, Part 2
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 12, 2023
NOAA reported that La Niña was likely to end and explained the conditions behind the long-running event.
December 2022 La Niña Update: The ENSO Blog Investigates, Part 1
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | December 7, 2022
NOAA examined the ongoing La Niña and began exploring why multi-year La Niña events can occur.
November 2022 La Niña Update: Let's Get Some Exercise
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | November 10, 2022
NOAA explained why La Niña was likely to last through winter before transitioning toward neutral conditions.
October 2022 La Niña Update: Snack Size
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | October 13, 2022
NOAA discussed the chance of a third consecutive La Niña winter and what that meant for seasonal forecasting.
September 2022 La Niña Update: It's Q&A Time
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | September 8, 2022
NOAA answered questions about the ongoing La Niña and forecast odds for another winter of cool tropical Pacific conditions.
August 2022 ENSO Update: Summer Nights
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | August 11, 2022
NOAA described La Niña conditions and how forecasters monitor Pacific sea-surface-temperature departures.
July 2022 La Niña Update: Comic Timing
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | July 14, 2022
NOAA reported that La Niña was favored to continue through summer and possibly into fall.
June 2022 ENSO Update: How Does Your Garden Grow?
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | June 9, 2022
NOAA reported that La Niña was favored to continue through summer and possibly into winter.
May 2022 ENSO Update: Piece of Cake
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 12, 2022
NOAA described the odds for continued La Niña and explained why forecasts can change across seasons.
April 2022 La Niña Update: Measuring Up
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | April 14, 2022
NOAA discussed La Niña's continuation and the measurements used to track ENSO conditions.
March 2022 La Niña Update: Three-Bean Salad
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | March 10, 2022
NOAA explained the possibility of a multi-year La Niña and why such events matter for seasonal forecasts.
November 2021 La Niña Update: Movie Night
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | November 11, 2021
NOAA reported strong odds that La Niña would remain through winter and influence seasonal climate patterns.
August 2021 ENSO Update: Rockin' Out of Neutral?
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | August 12, 2021
NOAA explained why a return to La Niña was becoming more likely after neutral conditions.
May 2021 ENSO Update: Bye for Now, La Niña
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 13, 2021
NOAA reported that La Niña conditions had ended and neutral conditions were likely to continue through summer.
ENSO Forecasters in Offices Getting Coffee
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 24, 2017
NOAA explains how ENSO forecasters discuss observations, models, and uncertainty when producing official forecasts.
Details on the April ENSO Forecast
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | April 9, 2015
NOAA explains how forecasters interpreted early signs of El Niño in the tropical Pacific and the probability of persistence.
January ENSO Update: The Little Engine That Couldn't Quite
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 8, 2015
NOAA discusses borderline El Niño conditions and why forecasters sometimes maintain watches when signals are incomplete.
Seasonal Forecasts, Outlooks, and Climate Services
Global Seasonal Climate Update for July-August-September 2026
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | June 19, 2026
WMO's seasonal update projects rapid development of El Niño and describes global temperature and rainfall expectations for July through September 2026.
Official NOAA CPC ENSO Strength Probabilities
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | June 2026
NOAA provides probability estimates for weak, moderate, strong, and very strong El Niño or La Niña categories across future forecast seasons.
El Niño/La Niña Update May 2026
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | May 2026
WMO's update reported a clear shift toward El Niño conditions and outlined probabilities for tropical Pacific warming during mid-2026.
Below-Normal Rainfall Expected for Northern Greater Horn of Africa
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | May 2026
WMO reported a seasonal rainfall outlook for the Greater Horn of Africa and connected regional forecasts to broader climate drivers.
NOAA Atlantic Hurricane Outlook
Article link | NOAA | NOAA | May 21, 2026
NOAA's 2026 hurricane outlook connected Atlantic storm expectations to climate conditions, including the influence of El Niño.
El Niño/La Niña Update February 2026
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | February 2026
WMO update described ENSO-neutral conditions as most likely in spring 2026 while El Niño chances increased later in the outlook.
Keeping Fans Safe in a Warming World
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | June 25, 2025
Article explains how heat forecasts, climate data, and risk communication are becoming more important for outdoor events.
U.S. Climate Summary for June 2024
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | July 2024
NOAA summarizes U.S. temperature, precipitation, drought, and extreme-weather conditions during June 2024.
How Does El Niño Influence Winter Precipitation Over the United States?
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | November 30, 2023
NOAA explains how El Niño shifts winter precipitation odds across the United States and why stronger events tend to produce clearer patterns.
Climate Highlights of 2023
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | December 27, 2023
NOAA summarizes major 2023 climate events, including the developing El Niño and record-breaking global warmth.
March 2021 Outlook: A Warm Start to Meteorological Spring
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | March 2, 2021
NOAA's monthly outlook explains expected temperature and precipitation patterns and how seasonal forecasts communicate probability.
January 2021 Outlook: Wetter and Warmer Than Average for Much of the United States
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 4, 2021
NOAA's outlook explains expected winter weather patterns and the role of seasonal climate signals in forecast probabilities.
December 2020 Outlook: Warmer and Drier Than Average for Most of the United States
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | December 1, 2020
NOAA's monthly forecast described widespread odds for warmer and drier conditions across much of the United States.
Australian Bureau of Meteorology ENSO Outlook
Article link | Bureau of Meteorology | Australian Government | Bureau of Meteorology
Australia's ENSO Outlook tracks El Niño, La Niña, Indian Ocean Dipole, and other climate drivers that affect Australian rainfall and temperature.
Climate Prediction Center
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's Climate Prediction Center provides official U.S. climate outlooks, ENSO monitoring, drought outlooks, and seasonal forecast tools.
Copernicus Seasonal Forecasts
Article link | Copernicus Climate Change Service | Copernicus | Copernicus
Copernicus seasonal forecasts combine multiple models to estimate climate conditions months ahead.
ECMWF Seasonal Forecast
Article link | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts | ECMWF | ECMWF
ECMWF's seasonal forecast products provide model-based outlooks for temperature, rainfall, pressure, and ocean-atmosphere climate drivers.
El Niño/La Niña Updates
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO's update archive tracks official El Niño and La Niña outlooks used by governments, climate services, and risk planners.
Indian Ocean Dipole and Climate Drivers
Article link | Bureau of Meteorology | Australian Government | Bureau of Meteorology
Bureau of Meteorology climate-driver pages show how ENSO and Indian Ocean conditions influence regional seasonal outlooks.
IRI ENSO Forecast Plume
Article link | International Research Institute for Climate and Society | IRI | IRI
IRI's ENSO forecast pages show model plumes and probability tables used by climate forecasters around the world.
Met Office Seasonal Forecasting
Article link | UK Met Office | Met Office | Met Office
The UK Met Office explains seasonal-to-decadal forecasting and how ocean-atmosphere patterns influence climate predictions months to years ahead.
NOAA 6-10 Day Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's 6-10 day outlook shows probability forecasts for temperature and precipitation across the United States.
NOAA 8-14 Day Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's 8-14 day outlook gives medium-range climate probabilities that help planners anticipate warm, cold, wet, or dry periods.
NOAA Global Tropics Hazards Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's hazards outlook tracks tropical rainfall, cyclone, and climate-pattern signals that can influence weather risk during the next several weeks.
NOAA International Research Institute ENSO Forecast
Article link | International Research Institute for Climate and Society | IRI | IRI
IRI provides probabilistic ENSO forecasts that summarize model expectations for El Niño, La Niña, and neutral conditions.
NOAA Monthly Climate Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's long-range outlook pages provide official monthly and seasonal temperature and precipitation probabilities.
NOAA Monthly Drought Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's monthly drought outlook gives near-term forecast guidance for drought risk and recovery across the United States.
NOAA Seasonal Drought Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's seasonal drought outlook uses climate forecasts and current conditions to assess drought development, persistence, or improvement.
NOAA Week 3-4 Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's Week 3-4 outlook bridges weather and seasonal forecasting by estimating temperature and precipitation odds several weeks ahead.
WMO Climate Prediction and Adaptation
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO explains how climate prediction supports adaptation decisions in water, food security, health, energy, and disaster risk reduction.
WMO Climate Services
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO explains how climate services turn forecasts and monitoring into practical information for agriculture, health, water, disaster risk, and energy planning.
WMO Global Producing Centres for Long-Range Forecasts
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO coordinates global centers that produce long-range seasonal forecasts used in El Niño, La Niña, and climate-risk outlooks.
WMO Global Seasonal Climate Update
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO's seasonal climate updates synthesize global model forecasts for temperature, rainfall, and ocean-atmosphere drivers.
WMO Regional Climate Outlook Forums
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
Regional Climate Outlook Forums bring scientists and decision-makers together to translate seasonal forecasts into regional risk planning.
WMO Seasonal Prediction
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO explains seasonal prediction, including how ocean and atmosphere signals can shift weather odds months ahead.
Forecast Models, Research, and Verification
New Modeling Study Demonstrates Importance of ENSO Influence in Multiple Ocean Basins
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | June 2026
Article reports that interactions among the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans can shape ENSO predictability and tropical sea-surface-temperature forecasts.
New Relative Niño Index Introduces More Robust Way to Measure El Niño Strength
Article link | Robert Egan | Phys.org | June 8, 2026
Article explains a new ECMWF Relative Niño index designed to separate El Niño signals from the background warming of the global tropics.
How Does El Niño Impact Atlantic Hurricane Season?
Article link | NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory | NOAA AOML | June 2, 2026
NOAA explains how El Niño can increase wind shear over the Atlantic and reduce hurricane activity, while affecting Pacific storm activity differently.
Simple Ocean-Based Model Forecasts a Powerful El Niño
Article link | Phys.org | Phys.org | April 21, 2026
Article reports on an ocean-memory model that showed useful skill in forecasting El Niño and La Niña more than a year ahead.
Can NOAA Predict the Next Flood? New Research Shows Promise
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | June 18, 2025
Article explains NOAA research into improving extreme rainfall and flood prediction by identifying new sources of weather predictability.
NOAA Climate Forecast System
Article link | NOAA Environmental Modeling Center | NOAA NCEP | NOAA
NOAA's Climate Forecast System couples atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice models to support seasonal climate prediction.
NOAA Climate Test Bed
Article link | NOAA Climate Program Office | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's Climate Test Bed helps transition climate prediction research into operational forecast products.
NOAA Environmental Modeling Center
Article link | NOAA Environmental Modeling Center | NOAA NCEP | NOAA
NOAA's Environmental Modeling Center develops operational models used for weather, climate, hurricane, ocean, and ensemble forecasting.
NOAA Forecast Verification
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA
NOAA provides forecast tools and verification resources to evaluate how well seasonal outlooks perform.
NOAA Global Forecast System
Article link | NOAA Environmental Modeling Center | NOAA NCEP | NOAA
NOAA's Global Forecast System provides global weather model output used in medium-range forecasts and downstream climate tools.
NOAA Global Systems Laboratory Weather Modeling
Article link | NOAA Global Systems Laboratory | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA GSL develops weather models, data assimilation systems, and forecast tools that improve prediction from hours to weeks ahead.
NOAA Modeling, Analysis, Predictions, and Projections
Article link | NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory | NOAA GFDL | NOAA
NOAA GFDL develops climate and weather models that help scientists simulate ocean-atmosphere patterns, climate variability, and future change.
NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory: Weather and Climate Research
Article link | NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory | NOAA PSL | NOAA
NOAA PSL studies atmospheric and oceanic processes that influence weather extremes, climate variability, and forecast skill.
NOAA Subseasonal and Seasonal Forecasting
Article link | NOAA Climate Program Office | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA research supports improved climate variability and predictability, including work on ENSO, drought, rainfall, and extreme weather outlooks.
NOAA Unified Forecast System
Article link | UFS Community | NOAA / Community Modeling | UFS Community
The Unified Forecast System is a community modeling effort supporting weather, subseasonal, seasonal, and climate prediction.
Weather Hazards, Warnings, and Public Forecasting
NOAA Hazards Outlook
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's hazards outlook highlights potential weather and climate threats such as heavy precipitation, excessive heat, cold, drought, and high winds.
NOAA Storm Prediction Center
Article link | NOAA Storm Prediction Center | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's Storm Prediction Center issues severe thunderstorm and tornado outlooks using atmospheric observations and forecast models.
NOAA Weather-Ready Nation
Article link | National Weather Service | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's Weather-Ready Nation program uses forecasts, warnings, and preparedness partnerships to reduce impacts from hazardous weather.
Observing Systems, Satellites, and Climate Data
ENSO Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's weekly ENSO report summarizes recent tropical Pacific conditions, forecast models, and probabilities for El Niño, La Niña, and neutral phases.
International Ocean Satellite Monitors How El Niño Is Shaping Up
Article link | NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory | NASA JPL | October 2023
NASA article shows how satellite sea-level measurements help scientists monitor the evolution of El Niño in the Pacific.
International Sea Level Satellite Spots Early Signs of El Niño
Article link | NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory | NASA JPL | May 2023
NASA explains how Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich detected ocean-height signals associated with developing El Niño conditions.
NOAA ENSO Monitoring: Oceanic Niño Index
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index tracks three-month average sea-surface-temperature anomalies used to classify El Niño and La Niña episodes.
ARGO Ocean Observing System
Article link | Argo Program | Argo | Argo
Argo floats measure ocean temperature and salinity, providing data that support climate forecasting and ocean heat monitoring.
Copernicus Climate Bulletins
Article link | Copernicus Climate Change Service | Copernicus | Copernicus
Copernicus climate bulletins summarize global temperature, sea ice, precipitation, and ocean conditions relevant to climate monitoring.
European Space Agency Climate from Space
Article link | European Space Agency | ESA | ESA
ESA's climate data records support monitoring of oceans, atmosphere, ice, and land conditions used in climate research and prediction.
NASA Earth Data for Weather and Climate
Article link | NASA Earthdata | NASA | NASA
NASA Earthdata provides satellite observations used for climate monitoring, weather analysis, ocean conditions, and environmental forecasting.
NASA Sea Level Change: El Niño Monitoring
Article link | NASA Sea Level Change Team | NASA | NASA
NASA's sea-level monitoring work helps scientists detect warm-water movement and ocean-height changes linked to El Niño development.
NOAA Arctic Oscillation Monitoring
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA
NOAA tracks the Arctic Oscillation, which can influence winter weather patterns and cold-air outbreaks across the Northern Hemisphere.
NOAA Climate Data Online
Article link | NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information | NOAA NCEI | NOAA
NOAA's climate data archive supports climate monitoring, forecast verification, and research on weather and climate extremes.
NOAA Climate Monitoring
Article link | NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information | NOAA NCEI | NOAA
NOAA's monitoring tools provide climate maps, rankings, and anomaly data used to understand weather and climate patterns.
NOAA ENSO Quick Look
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA CPC
NOAA's ENSO advisory page gives public-facing information on current El Niño, La Niña, or neutral conditions.
NOAA GOES Satellites
Article link | NOAA NESDIS | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's GOES satellites provide continuous monitoring of storms, clouds, lightning, and atmospheric conditions across the Americas.
NOAA JPSS Satellites
Article link | NOAA NESDIS | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's polar-orbiting satellites provide global observations that improve weather models, climate monitoring, and hazard forecasting.
NOAA Madden-Julian Oscillation Monitoring
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA
NOAA monitors the Madden-Julian Oscillation, a tropical weather pattern that can influence rainfall, storms, and subseasonal forecasts.
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction
Article link | NOAA NCEP | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction support operational weather, ocean, climate, and seasonal forecast products.
NOAA North Atlantic Oscillation Monitoring
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA
NOAA monitors the North Atlantic Oscillation, a climate pattern that affects storm tracks, temperatures, and precipitation across the Atlantic sector.
NOAA Ocean Observing Systems
Article link | NOAA | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA explains ocean observing systems that provide the data needed for weather prediction, climate monitoring, and marine forecasts.
NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Article link | NOAA PMEL | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA PMEL studies ocean conditions, tropical Pacific observing systems, and climate processes important for ENSO monitoring.
NOAA Pacific-North American Pattern Monitoring
Article link | NOAA Climate Prediction Center | NOAA CPC | NOAA
NOAA tracks the Pacific-North American pattern, a climate mode that can shape North American temperature and precipitation patterns.
NOAA Reanalysis
Article link | NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory | NOAA PSL | NOAA
NOAA reanalysis data combine observations and models to reconstruct past weather and climate patterns for research and forecast verification.
NOAA Satellites and Weather Forecasting
Article link | NOAA NESDIS | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA satellites monitor clouds, sea-surface temperatures, storms, water vapor, and other data essential for weather and climate forecasts.
NOAA State of the Climate
Article link | NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information | NOAA NCEI | NOAA
NOAA's State of the Climate reports summarize monthly and annual climate conditions for the United States and the world.
TAO/TRITON Tropical Pacific Observing System
Article link | NOAA PMEL | NOAA | NOAA
The TAO/TRITON array monitors tropical Pacific winds, ocean temperatures, and other data central to El Niño and La Niña forecasting.
Climate Monitoring, Reports, and Resilience Tools
NOAA Global Climate Report
Article link | NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information | NOAA NCEI | NOAA
NOAA's global climate reports track monthly temperature, precipitation, and major climate anomalies worldwide.
NOAA Climate Resilience Toolkit
Article link | NOAA | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit
Toolkit provides climate data, projections, and adaptation resources for communities planning around heat, flooding, drought, and other hazards.
WMO State of the Global Climate
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO's annual climate reports summarize global temperature, ocean heat, sea level, greenhouse gases, and extreme weather trends.
Regional Impacts, Applications, and Risk Planning
ENSO as a Climate Conductor for Global Crop Yields
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | July 20, 2021
NOAA explains how El Niño and La Niña can influence crop yields by shifting rainfall and temperature patterns across agricultural regions.
Climate Forecasting for Disaster Risk Reduction
Article link | United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs | UN-SPIDER | United Nations
UN-SPIDER supports use of satellite data and forecasting tools for disaster risk reduction, emergency response, and climate-related hazards.
Climate Prediction for Agriculture and Food Security
Article link | Famine Early Warning Systems Network | FEWS NET | FEWS NET
FEWS NET uses climate forecasts, rainfall monitoring, and food-security data to anticipate drought, crop stress, and hunger risks.
ENSO Conditions and Coral Bleaching
Article link | NOAA Coral Reef Watch | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA explains how ENSO conditions can affect ocean heat stress, coral bleaching risk, and marine heatwave monitoring.
Rainfall Forecasting in the Greater Horn of Africa
Article link | IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre | ICPAC | ICPAC
ICPAC provides climate outlooks and early-warning information for rainfall, drought, floods, and food-security risks in the Greater Horn of Africa.
Weather and Climate Explainers
Weather Repetitions and Climate Fitness
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 25, 2024
NOAA's ENSO Blog explains climate variability, repeating weather patterns, and how seasonal averages help forecasters interpret climate behavior.
What Is the Jet Stream?
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 27, 2022
NOAA explains the jet stream and why upper-level winds are important for weather patterns and seasonal climate impacts.
Moose Tracks Through Alaska and ENSO
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | June 23, 2022
NOAA explains how ENSO can influence Alaska's climate patterns and why regional impacts vary.
Variable Walks in Our Climate Forest
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | October 28, 2021
NOAA explains internal climate variability and why weather and climate do not always behave as expected.
Global Impacts of El Niño and La Niña
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | February 9, 2016
NOAA maps typical global temperature and precipitation impacts associated with El Niño and La Niña.
El Niño and La Niña: Frequently Asked Questions
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 18, 2016
NOAA explains the basics of ENSO, including how El Niño and La Niña form and why they affect global weather.
Impacts of El Niño and La Niña on the Hurricane Season
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | May 30, 2014
NOAA explains how El Niño tends to suppress Atlantic hurricane activity while favoring stronger activity in parts of the Pacific.
How Weather Forecasts Are Made
Article link | NOAA SciJinks | NOAA / NASA | SciJinks
NOAA SciJinks explains how observations, computer models, and meteorologists work together to produce weather forecasts.
NASA Earth Observatory: El Niño
Article link | NASA Earth Observatory | NASA | NASA
NASA explains El Niño through satellite observations, sea-surface temperatures, and global weather impacts.
NASA Earth Observatory: La Niña
Article link | NASA Earth Observatory | NASA | NASA
NASA explains La Niña, including tropical Pacific cooling and its influence on rainfall and atmospheric circulation.
Weather Forecasting and Climate Forecasting Explained
Article link | NOAA SciJinks | NOAA / NASA | SciJinks
NOAA SciJinks explains why weather forecasts become less certain farther into the future and how forecast reliability changes over time.
What Is a Computer Model?
Article link | NOAA SciJinks | NOAA / NASA | SciJinks
NOAA SciJinks explains how forecast models use math and observations to simulate the atmosphere and predict future weather.
What Is a Weather Satellite?
Article link | NOAA SciJinks | NOAA / NASA | SciJinks
NOAA SciJinks explains how satellites collect data that help forecasters monitor storms, clouds, oceans, and climate conditions.
What Is Climate?
Article link | NOAA SciJinks | NOAA / NASA | SciJinks
NOAA SciJinks explains the difference between weather and climate and why long-term averages matter.
What Is El Niño?
Article link | NOAA SciJinks | NOAA / NASA | SciJinks
NOAA SciJinks explains El Niño for general readers, including Pacific Ocean warming and global weather effects.
What Is La Niña?
Article link | NOAA SciJinks | NOAA / NASA | SciJinks
NOAA SciJinks explains La Niña, including tropical Pacific cooling and its typical effects on weather patterns.
What Is the El Niño-Southern Oscillation in a Nutshell?
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov
NOAA explains ENSO as a major climate pattern capable of altering global atmospheric circulation.
Forecast Tools and Climate Resources
Anticipating More Activity in the Arctic, NOAA Invests in Sea Ice Prediction Research
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | January 29, 2020
Article explains NOAA research aimed at improving sea-ice forecasts as Arctic activity and climate risks increase.
CSI: NOAA Climate Scene Investigators
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | October 23, 2009
Article describes NOAA researchers who investigate major climate patterns behind heat waves, droughts, floods, and other extreme events.
El Niño and La Niña Climate Portal
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov
NOAA's ENSO portal collects updates, explainers, maps, and forecast resources on El Niño and La Niña.
El Niño and La Niña Phenomena
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO explains El Niño and La Niña as tropical Pacific climate patterns that affect temperature, rainfall, and extreme weather worldwide.
Missouri River Flood Drama Likely Took Direction From La Niña
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov
NOAA article explains how La Niña likely influenced the atmospheric setup behind major Missouri River flooding.
NOAA Climate and Health Outlook
Article link | CDC / NOAA | Climate and Health Outlook | CDC
The Climate and Health Outlook connects heat, drought, wildfire smoke, and other climate hazards to public health planning.
NOAA Drought Monitor
Article link | National Drought Mitigation Center / NOAA / USDA | U.S. Drought Monitor | U.S. Drought Monitor
The U.S. Drought Monitor combines climate data, expert analysis, and local reports to map drought conditions and support forecast planning.
NOAA HeatRisk
Article link | NOAA / National Weather Service | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's HeatRisk tool helps translate heat forecasts into public health risk categories for planning and warning decisions.
NOAA National Hurricane Center
Article link | NOAA National Hurricane Center | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's National Hurricane Center provides tropical cyclone forecasts, watches, warnings, and seasonal information for the Atlantic and eastern Pacific.
NOAA National Integrated Drought Information System
Article link | NOAA NIDIS | Drought.gov | NOAA
Drought.gov provides drought monitoring, forecasts, maps, and early-warning resources for communities and decision-makers.
NOAA Weather Prediction Center
Article link | NOAA Weather Prediction Center | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's Weather Prediction Center provides national precipitation, excessive rainfall, winter weather, and medium-range forecast guidance.
WMO Early Warnings for All
Article link | World Meteorological Organization | WMO | WMO
WMO's Early Warnings for All initiative promotes better weather and climate warnings to protect people from extreme events.
Reference Portals and Archives
ENSO Blog Index Page
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov
NOAA's index collects ENSO Blog posts that explain monthly forecasts, El Niño and La Niña mechanics, and seasonal climate impacts.
Blogs: ENSO
Article link | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov | NOAA Climate.gov
NOAA's ENSO Blog provides ongoing explanations of El Niño, La Niña, model forecasts, and climate impacts.
National Weather Service Forecast Office and Warning System
Article link | National Weather Service | NOAA | NOAA
NOAA's National Weather Service provides public weather forecasts, warnings, watches, and hazard information across the United States.
